geoff: good evening. i'm geoff bennett. amna: and i'm amna nawaz. on the newshour tonight, hundreds more troops are deployed to the west bank after a new wave of violence between palestinians and israelis leaves vehicles torched and multiple people dead. geoff: crime is the top issue for many voters in chicago's mayoral race, setting up a tough reelection bid for incumbent lori lightfoot. amna: and an alabama artist works to correct the historical narrative around the beginnings of gynecology and honor the women who have been left off of state monuments. >> nothing of these 11 enslaved girls of african descent who were tortured, mutilated without anesthesia, nothing that talks about what they contributed,

forcibly of course. ♪ >> major funding for the "pbs newshour" has been provided by -- and with the ongoing support of these individuals and institutions. and friends of the newshour, including leonard and norma clorevine, and koo and patricia yuen. the william and flora hewlett foundation. for more than 50 years, advancing ideas and supporting institutions to promote a better world at hewlett.org. ♪

>> this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting, and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. amna: good evening and welcome to the newshour. tens of millions of americans are under winter storm advisories tonight as a major front heads toward the northeast and new england. geoff: it's the latest in a barrage of late-winter systems sweeping the nation. they've forced blizzard warnings in california and piled up tornado wreckage in the southern plains. stephanie sy has our report. stephanie: homes and buildings were leveled in norman, oklahoma after fierce winds and nine

tornadoes touched down in oklahoma and kansas sunday night. >> what in the world is that? stephanie: in parts of texas, winds reached 114 miles an hour. >> as of early this morning -- stephanie: norman police chief said no one was killed, but there were at least a dozen injuries. >> have several homes, businees and schools that appear to have some damage from the storm. multiple roadways are closed due to debris and downed power lines. stephanie: a full frontal left more than 5.5 feet of snow for elevations of southern california this weekend, with more snow and rain expected through wednesday. >> we were supposed to go to our airbnb. because of thenow, we could not get to the house, because it was trapped. stephanie: in a site rarely seen, snow blanketed los angeles suburbs, while several inches of rain flooded highways and elevated area rivers. all of that moisture lead to more erosion and the collapse of this cliff. taking an rv down with it.

>> unable to get back to work for a couple of days, and also i'm afraid we are going to have to evacuate if it gets worse. stephanie: in michigan, more than 150,000 customers started today without power. five days after a historic ice storm snapped power lines. and new england braced for its most significant snow. . so far this season. while no single weather event can be blamed on climate change, scientists say the occurrence of more extreme events are likely due to the warming planet. for the pbs newshour i am stephanie sy. amna: the weekend snow in california followed a series of snowfalls this winter, but the entire state remains under some form of drought emergency. air raid sirens sounded across ukraine overnight and intense fighting raged in the east around the town of back mood. president volodymyr zelenskyy said the situation is worsening. u.s. treasury secretary janet

yellen visited kyiv, and met with president zelenskyy. she also visited a memorl wall dedicated to war dead. in nigeria, all three presidential frontrunners claim they're headed for victory as results from the weekend's election trickle in. nigerians cast ballots to decide the next leader of africa's most populous nation. officials said the voting was largely peaceful, despite widespread delays. a winner may not be announced until tuesday, at the earliest. another sizeable earthquake struck southern turkey today, killing one person and injuring more than 100. emergency personnel worked to clear debris from cars and collapsed buildings. the quake hit three weeks after a much stronger tremor devastated parts of southern turkey and northern syria. the world bank now estimates th overall damage in turkey has exceeded $34 billion. back in this country, wall street managed to start the week on a positive note, after last week's big losses. the dow jos industrial average

gained 72 points to close at 32,889. the nasdaq also rose 72 points. the s&p 500 added 12. still to come on the newshour, chicago's mayoral candidates ofr various proposals to crack down on violent crime. companies draw scrutiny for employing migrant children. the rise of sports betting places colleges in difficult positions. plus much more. >> this is the pbs newshour from weta studios in washington and in the west from the walter cronkite school of journalism at arizona state university. amna: the renewed wave of violence and vengeance between israelis and palestinians continued today as a palestinian gunman killed a motorist near the city of jericho, on the occupied west bank. the u.s. ambassador to israel said the victim was an american, though the man has yet to be identified. the killing comes amid

intensified conflict in nablus, and the town of hawara, also on the west bank. it is a dark new chapter in an old conflict, punctuated by the worst violence in decades. overnight, israeliettlers rampaged through the palestinian town of hawara, torching dozens of homes and cars. daylight revealed the extent of the damage, blackened buildings and burnt out vehicles. >> at night settlers attacked us, i saw them. when they burned the car my mother went down with a bucket of water to put outhe fire. >> they burned the container, burned the warehouses, burned the storehouse for electrical appliances and destroyed the house. amna: these attacks were retaliation ter a palestinian gunman killed two israeli brothers in a nearby jewish settlement. thousands of mourners attended their funerals today in jerusalem. their mother, grief stricken.

>> two loved ones, my sons, my loved sons, who walk in the path of god, for them i cry. we have suffered a rupture and there is no one to console us. just days earlier, an israeli army raid targeting militants in nablus killed 11 palestinians. this latest spasm of violence is showing no signs of abating. israel is now deploying hundreds more troopto the west bank. >> we've seen over the past several years a gradual increase in the number and intensity of settler terrorism against palestinians. amna: khaled elgindy is a senior fellow with the middle east institute. he says settler violence in the west bank isn't new but has become more radical. >> this is happening within the context of israeli politics that have steadily moved more and more to the right. when you have this convergence of the state power, combined with the very strong ideological

extremism of settlers on the ground, it is a recipe for escalating violence. amna: israel's ultranationalist public security minister itamar ben-gvir called today for an end to vigilante is him. -- vigilantism. a settler himself, he spoke during the eviction of settlers from an illegal outpost on the occupied west bank. >> i understand the hard feelings, but this is in the way. you can't take the law into your hands. israel's government, the state of israel, idf, the security forces, they are the ones who need to crush our enemies. amna: israeli prime minister benjamin netanyahu echoed those same sentiments yesterday. >> i ask that even when the blood is boiling and the spirit is hot, not to take the law into your hands. i would like to let the idf and the security forces do their job. amna: but the recent wave of clashes is exposing divisions in israel's new right-wing government and fanning tensions.

tzvika fogel, a lawmaker from the ruling coalition, said rampages like the one this past weekend could deter further lestinian attacks. >> when there are those who say this enhances deterrence, that is actually the equivalent of incitement. amna: dennis ross was a middle east peace negotiator in bot republican and democratic administrations. he is now a distinguished fellow at the washington institute. >> i think there are rifts within the israeli government. the prime minister is calling very clearly that we are a state of laws. there has to be law and order. but it's interesting that it took ben-gvir so long to say anything about that. and that's why i say i see the difficulty -- i see the challenge that prime minister netanyahu faces. he's got a government that is a very difficult government, probably more difficult than anyone who's ever had to manage before. amna: ross also lays blame for the uptick in violence on palestinian leaders. >> part of the problem with the palestinian authority is it has almost no credibility with the palestinian public. it's a result of dysfunction.

it's a result of great corruption. it's basically a loss of faith. if there was to be a serious effort at political and economic reform, which also produce law and order, i think you would see the ability to get greater control over the current situation as well. amna: the weekend's violence broke out shortly after top israeli and palestinian envoys met in jordan to discuss how to curb violence ahead of the muslim holy month of ramadan. they issued a joint communique that "reaffirmed the necessity of committing to de-escalation on the ground and to prevent further violence." israel also agreed to halt discussions of new settlement units in the west bank for four months. >> the fact that the palestinians were able to get an israeli leaders to commit to anything along those lines is an achievement in and of itself. but there is almost no hope of it being implemented on the ground. and that's frankly, a responsibility of the

international community to compel israel in some form to to -- to abide by these commitments. amna: israeli forces have killed at least 62 palestinians so far this year. during that same time, palestinian attacks have killed 14 israelis. the u.s. is pushing for an end to the bloodshed. state department spokesman ned price. >> these events underscore the fragility of the situation in the west bank and the urgent need for increased cooperation to prevent further violence. amna: but divisions within the israeli government and increasing palestinian despair cast doubt on whether they will answer that call. ♪ geoff: it was another deadly weekend in chicago. at least 14 people were shot and thre people were killed by gun violence in the city. more than 70 people have been murdered in chicago already this year.

as john yang reports, crime has become the top iss in tomorrow's mayoral election. john: miracle boyd -- >> think of the violence that's been happening. john: -- and carrie hogan, two lifelong chicago residents from two different neighborhoods and two different perspectives. >> sometimes i do get numb. john: boyd grew up on chicago's gritty southside. just 21 years old, she says she has already seen far too much gun violence. >> my brother was shot entering my freshman year of high school. john: her father, brother and uncle have all been shot. one, she said, was mistake identity, another a case of wrong place, wrong time. many of those she grew up with have also been victims of gun violence. >> i can count on more than both my hands how many classmates have died because it's more than 10 since elemeary school all the way through high school. i would like to say that some of our high schools, some of our

youth, are cursed, but that's what it is seeming to be. >> i literally dropped to the ground. i was laying on the sidewalk thinking, i don't want to be the next person on the news that's killed by a stray bullet. john: hogan is an attorney who lived in a north side neighborhood for nearly two decades and saw it change. after a family member was shot during a botched carjacking, hogan and her two chocolate labs packed up and moved to a sleek neighborhood in the center of the city. >> i'm living in a condo, so i have a door person now. i have 24 hour security. it just seems safer. it might be an illusion, but i feelafer here because there are more people around and the neighborhood is lit up. john: ask each of them their top issue in tomorrow's nonpartisan mayoral election, and it may sound as if they are in agreement. >> public safety safety is a number 18 -- number one issue. and if we could address public safety, then we could address crime. >> for me, crime affects everything. it's the only issue that matters in this election. john: but for carrie, the answer is more police. >> you have less police

generally, and then the police that are left don't feel empowered to really do anything. and so that is a pfect formula for crime. john: and from miracle's point of view, the police are irrelevant. >> the police show up after the crime has already been committed. they don't show up to prevent. >> public safety means very different things to very different people in chicago. john: heather cherone is a reporter for wttw, chicago's pbs station. she says sentiments about crime in the city is as much about perception as reality. >> we are seeing crimes and high profile crimes in neighborhoods that are not used to being in the headlines for those reasons. and that, i think, can add to sort of people's sense that, well, i used to feel safe here, but i don't feel safe anymore. and that is really in many ways disconnected from what the reality of crime is. john: shootings spiked in chicago during the pandemic more than 800 people were murdered in 2021 alone.

while the number of homicides dropped last year, reports of a up 12% since 2019, the year of -- dropped last year, reports of violent crimes continue to rise up 12% since 2019, the year of the last citywide election. a recent poll found that nearly two-thirds of chicago residents say they feel unsafe from gun violence and crime. >> i'm not going to rest until we are the safest big city in america. john: that could spell trouble for mayor lori lightfoot as she runs for a second term. she faces a crowded field. eight challengers are trying to make her the first incumbent in decades to be defeated for reelection. >> what we don't need is somebody who doesn't support the police and in fact, wants to divert resources from the police to other projects. jo: the candidates are drawing sharp contrasts over public safety in the city's police department, which remains guided by a consent decree imposed after the 2014 fatal police shooting of 17-year-old laquan

mcdonald. lightfoot points to her record as mayor. hiring more than 950 police officers last year and removing more than 12,000 guns from the city's streets. >> we are bending the curve on violent crime. john: everyone of lightfoot's challengers has pledged to replace the police superintendent she appointed. teacher turned cook county commissioner brandon johnson -- >> what's up, chicago? john: says he would reallocate funds in the police department and focus on the root causes of crime by investing in schools and housing. >> over 40% of the violence that happens in the city of chicago happens in 6% of the neighborhoods where i live. >> let's get chicago back on track. john: congressman jesus chuy garcia says he would increase staffing and improve data collection. >> people need to feel safe to do business. john: and current frontrunner

paul vallas, the former ceo of chicago schools, promises to hire 1800 new officers with a focus on community policing. >> community policing is critical because, you know, you can't have half of the high priority 911 calls not being responded to. john: that's an approach carrie hogan says turned this one-time lightfoot voter onto a new candidate this year. why did you decide on paul vallas? >> we have to give power back to our police. we have to put more police back on the streets. we have to start policing our city again to keep it safe. so paul vallas is the person that i think has the most rational, reasonable picies in that regard. john: in the closing days of the campaign, miracle boyd and the gun violence prevention organization she works witheld a forum for chicago's youth to engage directly with the candidates. >> our communities are suffering. our youth are dying of gun violence. john: of the four candidates polling in double-digits, only johnson showed up. >> i believe a better, stronger,

safer chicago is possible and we can build that together. john: johnson's plan for community-based interventions resonated with boyd, and was a big reason she says she's voting for him. >> he's actually been in the communities, been on our talks, been on zoom with us. the citizens of chicago is calling for treatment, not trauma, and not police to show up. john: while voters have been casting ballots for a month, it may be weeks more before they know which candidate will be tasked with trng to lower crime in chicago and to restore faith in the police department. if no candidate wins a majority of votes tomorrow, the top two finishers will advance to a runoff election in april. for the pbs newshour, i am john yang. ♪ john: the biden administration announced new steps today to crack down on child labor violations, including tougher investigations of the companies

who may benefit from the work. it comes days after a new york times investigation into the explosive growth of migrant child labor across the u.s. the times found a major surge in child migrant labor in every state and under punishing working conditions, on factory floors, inside slaughterhouses and atop buildings as roofers. the times found at least a dozen underage migrant workers have died on the job since 2017. hannah drier is a pulitzer prize winning reporter who broke this story, and she joins us now. tell us about hannah: when i first started this reporting, i thought this would be an agriculture story. i thought kids would be working but mostly on farms, maybe in restaurants.

i was shocked that i actually found most of these kids outside of factories. the kids were young. i talked to a 13-year-old who had just come to this country a few months ago. he was looking for his first day of work. at a date labor site. i talked to a lot of kids who are making snack foods. some of them were making major valley bars, chewy bars, and i ended up spending time talking to one girl who came to this country when she was 14 and ended up making kyrgios. geoff: tell us more about her. hannah: i name is karen lena. -- her name is karen lena. she found herself in guatemala living with her grandmother during the pandemic. there was not a lot of food. there was not a lot of electricity. she decided to come to the u.s. she came walking, and she was

encountered at the border. she went through a government shelter and was released to her aunt who she had never met in michigan. her and said sure, you can come and stay with me, but i can't provide for you, we are living on $600 a week. when i met her, karolina was going to ninth-grade every day and then she was working eight hours a night in a dangerous fact, a place -- dangerous factory, a place where there are mechanical arms, a fast conveyor beltshe would get a couple hours sleep and go back to school the next day. geoff: we should emphasize something that you note in your reporting. these children did not sneak into the u.s. undetected. the federal government knows they are here. the department of health and human services is responsible for managing them with sponsors. but you note in your reporting that the systems meant to protect children have broken down, especially since 2021,

when this problem really exploded. hannah: one thing to understand is that the nature of who is coming across the border has changed. there used to be some number of kids who would come here unaccompanied, and they were released to their parents. now, the majority of these kids are coming here and being sent by their parents, and they are living with more distant relatives, family friends, sometimes strangers. once they are released by the government, these people who are supposed to take care of them, there is no follow-up for the majority of these kids. they get a phone number for a hotline they can call, and severalf these children told us they ended up in real trafficking situations, called the hotline, and never heard back. geoff: the labor department is supposed to find and punish child labor violations. you spoke with inspectors in a dozen states and each said their offices are understaffed, and

that they could barely respond to complaints, let alone open new investigations. now the biden administration, because of your reporting, says it is 20 crackdown on these violations. how is that to work -- how is that going to work when the department of labor says they cannot keep up the current demand? hannah: that is a great question. one thing i found appalling with this reporting was how easy it was to find these kids. i thought i would have to crack some kind of. subterranean trafficking ring what i did was i showed up in different towns and cities. by the next day, i was usually talking to a migrant child who came here without their parents, and was working in illegal conditions. throughout this process, i kept asking myself, why isn't the department of labor here? one thing inspectors told me is there has not been an emphasis on protive child labor investigations. that is one thing that hopefully will change with this new ben

initiative. the department of labor is going to launch a new operation to go out, not just respond to tips, but actively try to search for these kids. the same staffing issues that have been there will be there, but i think a lot of people who work with these children are celebrating that part of the announcement today. geoff: help us understand -- these kids are not working because they want to. they are working because they have to. they are under intense pressure to earn money, to send it back home as remittances. what do solutions look like when that pressure will still remain? hannah: solutions for immigration issues are tortured. in a lot of cases, i think they are going, because their parents can't go to the u.s., their parents would like to be here instead of them working and sending home remittances. but the way the system is set up, those parents know they will be turned around at the border. instead, these kids come. one thing a lot of child welfare

advocates think is at least the government cld provide these kids with social workers, someone to check out and monitor if they have fallen into a bad exploitative situation. another thing that struck me is a lot of these kids could work legally. they are not here undocumented. the government knows they are here. if they had access to legal services, they could get work permits and work at mcdonald's. because they can't get that lawyer, they end up in these jobs that will take fake social security numbers. it is sort of the worst case scenario in every way. geoff: hannah dreyer, thank you for your time and sharing your reporting with us. appreciate it. hannah: thank you. ♪ amna: we are mere weeks away from college basketball's march madness. with it, billions of dollars worth of wagers on the games.

as more states legalize sports betting, paul reports on worries that some colleges are too involved in its promotion. a concern since an all -- in all but four states, residents must be 21 years old to place a legal but. this story is a partnership with the sports journalism and the howard center for investigative journalism at the university of maryland's merrill college of journalism. >> i'm winning and, you know, i feel like an idiot for not betting higher and betting more often. reporter: saul malek, betting on sports through an online bookie at his texas college in 2017. >> with my strategy, i can make hundreds of dollars in a minute. reporter: once, says malek -- >> i was up a few thousand credit that week and i lost it all betting on someone in an individual tennis game. and i didn't even know if it was a man or a woman. reporter: eventually, he owed nearly 10 different bookies between $15,000 and $20,000.

in 2018, the u.s. supremcourt struck down a ban on sports gambling, making it even easr to bet. more than 30 states have legalized sports gambling since. and enticing ads are now everywhere. >> $200 instantly. reporter: offering free first bets. >> and now five major colleges, michigan state, lsu, maryland, university of denver, and th university of colorado have announced multi-year partnerships with sports betting companies that include placing ads at games, along with promises to, for example, afocus -- focus on response of a gaming and education. colorado was actually paid for bets made using a university promo code until that deal became public. >> i think it's very scary. reporter: sports economist andy zimbalist. >> there are many colleges now that are jumping into bed with sports book companies. they're allowing the sports book companies to come onto campus and to appeal to the students to get involved in gambling.

reporter: hey, i gamble on sports. it can be fun. sometimes lots of fun. but, says zimbalist -- >> 6% of betters tend to become probably more compulsive -- problem or compulsive gamblers. we're talking about tens of thousands of students who are likely to become or if they're not already problem gamblers. reporter: students like these at the university of maryland. >> to introduce something like gambling on campus seems like putting kerosene on a fire. >> if there is supposed to be some sort of educational aspect about betting cultures, the negative ramifications that betting can have on students, particularly at a young age, why aren't we seeing that side of a program? reporter: now some maryland students said they like the partnership. but not social work professor greg stewart. >> i am concerned that certainly the state of ohio has made this an option. reporter: stewart studies addiction at

the university of cincinnati in ohio, where sports betting became legal last month. >> it's so convenient for people to engage in this experience. the use of my phone and i don't have to go anywhere. i don't have to talk to anyone. reporter: you could do it in class. >> you could. reporter: and as mit finance professor andy lo once told me: >> neuroscientists have documented that the component of the brain that gets stimulated when we engage in financial rewards is really the same component that is stimulated by cocaine. it's the dopamine system. >> we've seen a big spike since 2018 in risk for gambling problems. reporter: keith whyte is tracking that impact at the national council on problem gambling, supported in part by the gaming industry. >> our national surveys between 2018 and 2021 show a roughly 30% increase in risk for gambling problems nationwide. but the majority of that increase in risk is among those

young male online gamblers. people with gambling problems have much higher rates of substance use and abuse. but what we're really concerned about are things like the very, very high rate of depression amongst people with gambling problems, and also a very high rate of suicidal behavior. reporter: college kids, especially young men, are more vulnerable than most because they think they know sports, they like risk, and they are comfortable doing everything on their phones. >> much of the promotion that the gaming companies have sought to bring to college campuses seems pretty clearly aimed at building new customers. reporter: and that's the problem, says former indiana governor mitch daniels, who wouldn't allow any betting on purdue university sports when he was, up until recently, president there. >> young people are facing more emotional and psychological challenges than they have before. at a minimum, schools should be careful not to be facilitating, enabling, and while they're

doing so, profiting off the marketing that might spread this behavior further. reporter: so are they? all universities declined our five requests for interviews. the university of colorado sent a statement. "the last two years have demonstrated that the necessary safeguards are in place to ensure this agreement is beneficial and safe." the betting companies involved just didn'respond. but martin lycka of europe's entain did. and his is one of the world's largest gambling companies. >> i strongly believe that any country, including the united states, is much better off having regulated this space and helped drive out the black market, the unlicensed bookmakers that afford their customers absolutely no protection tools, no nothing, than continuing to step in the dark. reporter: if you were running a university now, would you invite in your company or another sports betting company?

or would you say no, too much risk, too many young people? >> i definitely would, because the young people now are filming this right after the super bowl, so all of them arguably would have gotten exposed to gambling related adverts and the tv coverage. reporter: but does your company have any deals with universities to do advertising, sponsorship and the like? [00:10:04][6.2] -- and the like? >> no. that is a categorical no. my company has no commercial partnerships with universities. reporter: and will you never? >> we never will because of those reasons you just alluded to. shattering majority of college students are under age. they're under 21 and they've got nothing to do on the gambling side. so that is not our target audience. reporter: but how can it not be the target audience affirms that partner up? in which case, why should universities allow it? welcome us as a fmer

congressman -- >> i don't think you can stop sports betting on college campuses. reporter: alsa former maryland basketball star, tom mcmillen winces at the partnerships, like his own alma mater's. >> but this is inevitable. i think there are risks to higher education with that, but it is almost inevitable. you have this huge sports enterprise on campuses across the country. and so universities are adopting it much like they adopted, you know, beer drinking and liquor in football games. reporter: as for saul malek, he went into rehab four years ago and is still in recovery, still paying off his debts. and more worried than ever about college kids like he once was. >> it doesn't seem like you could just go off to college and lose your entire livelihood gambling, and you just don't know any better. reporter: until, for an estimated tens of thousands of u.s. undergrads a year, if all colleges were to follow

suit, it will be too late. for the pbs newshour, paul solman. ♪ geoff: the history of gynecology as a medical specialty has deep roots in the american south but that legacy is as complicated as the history of the south itself. correspondent fred de sam lazaro has our report from alabama's capital, montgomery. it is part of fred's series "agents for change" and our arts and culture series, canvas. >> welcome to more than a tour. fred: for some years, she has conducted trolley tours of montgomery area. from rosa parks home, to the bus depot that is now the freedom ride's museum. >> this is where they were beaten and bludgeoned right here. fred: alabama's capital is a living history museum of the

civil-rights era, with so many iconic events, people, and places. but for browder, artist by training, activists by leaning, there is one chapter of an earlier history that she is working to rewrite. it has manifested in the monument on the capital brought -- grounds to jane sims, he was a physician who practiced in the 1840's, developing tools for pelvic exams, and a technique to sutra vaginally tears. two michelle, but is only half of the story. >> there is nothing on the monument that says anything about the women he worked on. >> absolutely not. nothing of these 11 enslaved girls of african dissent that were tortured, mutilated without in see that -- without anesthesia, nothing about what they contributed. fred: no mention in a well known

paintings as the father of modern gynecology. michelle browder first solid -- first saw it as an art student. >> i was triggeredl. . from there, i promised myself that one day i would change that narrative. got the welding station. fred: a promise renewed years later when she moved to montgomery and discovered the statue at the capital. >> i was horrified. i still am. if he is the father of gynecology, then where are the brothers? fred: browder decided she would do something about it. relying heavily on sin's own notes, she focused on the three women named in his writings. that is a lot of welding and school. how many people doing this? >> 15 volunteers. fred: today, about a mile from the monument are soaring rod iron tributes to the women she calls the mothers of gynecology. betsy, lucy, and anarca.

>> they did not have autonomy, so it made sense to not have arms or feet. fred: young women endured months of trial and errors. the humiliating vaginally injury usually caused by obstructed labor, renders women in continent unable to bear children. >> if you see around her legs, that wire represents the silk sutra. the sutures he used to basically torture them, and then of course, betsy, her crown is made up of the speculum. fred: tell us the significance of the flower in its place. >> throughout all of the trauma, something came out of it that has been useful. for women suffering from this condition. >> the first time i ever viewed the monument, i cried. i didn't know exactly why. fred: lauren marcel and alana

taylor our local artists in recent transplants to montgomery. they were on the tour. >> just seeing that work erected in just -- in such a way as a healing device was beautiful. >> the only thing that differentiates us from that -- from those women is time. fred: there was no such thing as informed consent from subjects in experimental medical trials. the only consent that mattered had to come from slaveholders, who had a keen economic interest in the health of their workers, and because these were young women, a particular interest in their reproductive health. especially so after the transatlantic slave trade was abolished. >> if it is outlawed in 1808, that we cannot go back in traffic folks from africa, then where are we getting these ople? plantations. breeding plantations. black women, their wounds are the engine that maintain the institution of slavery. fred: deidre is a medical

historian and author. as for anesthesia, she says it was not commonly used in his day. but his reason for avoiding it rested on a widely held stereotype that black people do not feel pain. something contradicted, she says come in his own work. >> i call it racial cognizant dissidents. he holds onto the sets of beliefs that are swirling in the 19th century, that black people are somehow different than white people biologically. but he will write this patient lost sense of herself and struggled violently as we had to restrain her during surgery. why would you need to restrain a black patientho is insensible to paint? >> look at it today that even with the advancements we have, african-american women tend to have high mortality and morbidity. i think it is just a trickle-down from the troubles our ancestors had to endure.

fred: latoya clark, a montgomery obstetrician gynecologist, says anti-black stereotypes have endured through the years. even today, she notes studies find many providers believe african-americans feel less pain, at their complaints are exaggerated. the flip side, she says, his deep distrust of the health care system. do you have patients who actively want to see you because they think you are more culturally competent, because they think you would better understand their predicament? >> yes, i have had numerous patients that say, i have seen a man gynecologist all my life, and now i want to see a female gynecologist, or an african-american gynecologist. reporter: for michelle browder, the next step in reframing the legacy is quite literal. a mural based on that fateful painting, this time with sim's on the operating table. it will be installed in a new mothers of gynecology center she

is opening in a downtown montgomery building that is brimming with history and irony. >> this is the site of the niekro women's hospital. fred: very site it turns out where jay marion sims experimented on his enslaved patients. when they were not on the table, she says come in these women became skilled surgical attendance, nursing women through their ordeals. tell us your grand plan for the space now. >> prenatal care, rolling it up stairs, a teaching clinic the hopes of teaching with dignity and respect. fred: she says she has faced pushback in this deep red state, where he is revered for work that was indeed a frat -- indeed groundbreaking. >> i have had doctors say i am actually trying to stain this man's reputation, who has done something good. he was a man of his time. in any case, whether or not he was a man of his time, then his time was barbaric, and therefore, he was barbaric. let's start there.

and then seek out ways to help and repair what was broken. fred: and tn there have been moments of grace, notably after she explaineher plans for the new center to the white owners of the building. >> she says, michelle, little miss gone with the wind, she was like, we are just so proud of you. and if you were going to do all of that, we are going to let you have that building for $3500. fred: not what you expected. >> don't judge the book by the cover. fred: the building is appraised at $250,000, she says. but the ribbon-cutting for the mothers of gynecology health and wellness museum and clinic is scheduled this coming mother's day. for the pbs newshour, i am hard to say malaise or, in montgomery, alabama. geoff: fred's supporting -- fred's reporting is supported. amna: we will be back shortly

with a brief but spectacular take on the power of a name. but first, take a moment to hear from your local pbs station. geoff: it is a chance to offer your support, which helps keeps programs like this one on the air. ♪ amna: for those station staying with us, a reprise of a conversation with a nobel laureate. last year, french -- a french writer receive the prize in literature for her work, mixing fiction and memoir. when announcing the award, the nobel committee called her novels "uncompromising and written in plainly, scraped clean." jeffrey brown sat down with the author to discuss what inspires her and how her writings are resonating today. >> and a new documentary titled

"the super eight years" we see a young french woman named annie ernaux, a wife and mother, a high school teacher in the early 1970's. what we don't see, taking place at this time secretly off-camera, the book she's working on. her first. the film, based on home movies and produced many years later by ernaux and her son david captureshe early inner struggles of a woman, as she says, tormented by the need to write of her life to become what she would later call in and a of myself. >> i truly hoped to transmit an individual, personal experience, but in such a way that it would be received by others. it was really that desire that motivated me to write. to be an ethnologist of myself means to speak from my being, from my experience, but looking at it from a great distance, approaching it from the exterior of myself. jeffrey: many books later,

ernaux would win literature's biggest prize. >> the nobel prize in literature for 2022 is awarded to the french author annie ernaux. jeffrey: soon after the announcement, ernaux, now 82 and living outside paris, came to new york. we spoke in at the office of her longtime u.s. publisher, seven stories press, and i asked about mining the past, and a line that begins "the years" one of her best-known books. "all the images" she writes "will disappear." >> i do think that in each of us, images disappear when we die. and perhaps that's what made me right. to think of is moment when all the images i have seen would disappear. this feeling of the lots of things. but i also think that the true reality of the world is forgetting. we forget a great deal, from a collective perspective. for instance, we always surprised when war arises again, as we are seeing now. so is more a question of

forgetting then of memory. and to write is to fight forgetting. jeffrey: in some 23 volumes, 16 of them translated and published in english, she has written one woman's story, a woman who is both her and not her. she has been described as a genre defying. her books not quite novels, but not traditional memoirs. >> i don't try to define myself in terms of a genre. for me, the most important thing is to find the form of the writing that fits with what i'm writing. so to me, t right term is writer. jeffrey: one constant theme, her working class roots in normany, where her parents ran a grocery, far outside france's traditional literary culture. her move through education and iting into a more intellectual world, and the distance that created from her family and within herself. >> i remain divided between two

worlds. writing is the place where, with the tools i have acquired, i see the world. but always from the world of my youth, which i never could erase . what the writer albert camus called the first man. well, there is a first woman in me, which means that i will always write from that separate place. jeffrey: has it been important to you as a woman to tell a story that is perhaps less told? >> it's obvious these stories have not been told. especially because they haven't been told in the way i wanted them to be told. jeffrey: without sentimentality but with finely crafted language and probing honesty, always working from memory, she has written of deeply personal and traumatic experiences. in "happening" first published in 2000 and recently turned into

a feature film, she looks back to a 1963 pregnancy and abortion. an almost barbaric procedure that nearly killed her, at a time wheabortion was still illegal in france. the story, she knows, has a new relevance. >> it is a problem that wasn't ultimately resolved. i think my book "happening" reveals the savagery of abortion for women when it is banned. but those things are forgotten now. jeffrey: are you surprised that what you experienced so long ago and then wrote about could perhaps be with us again? >> i am -- above all, i am horrified and outraged that this could happen again. at the same time, i think that there is something about the power of women to bring children into the world that men wanted to appropriate and once again

want to appropriate. jeffrey: sometimes in the books, you seem to be trying to understand what you are writing. at the end of "a woman story" you write "this isn't a biography. neither is it a novel. maybe a cross between literature, sociology, and history." >> the sentences that you quoted from "a woman story," the book about my mother, were indeed about trying to situate myself in relationship to what i had just written. it is work to write, and i want the reader to understand that i'm asking this of questions. for me, to write is to go looking for what i don't even know myself before i write it. jeffrey: in her nobel lecture, annie ernaux spoke of her hope that her work can "shatter the loneliness of experiences endured and repressed, and enable beings to reimagine themselves."

for the pbs newshour, i am jeffrey brown in new york. ♪ geoff: elliot wade is a trans advocate who co-founded the louisia trans name change fund. he was born and raised in cecilio, louisiana where he didn't have much access to conversations about identity. he says he's looking change that for others. tonight, wade shares his brief but spectacular take on the power a name. >> i'm thing at these statistics, and i know there are high rates of violence. i know louisiana is one of the highest rates of murders in the country for trans people. i know black trans people, especially black trans women, are subjected to that violence at a higher rate. i know i have to maybe prepare myself to be homeless. but i would rather live as

myself, or not live at all. i am in cecilio, louisiana. people have not really heard of trans people, it didn't make sense to people. it was not something they could conceptualize or wrap their heads around. i'm struggling with my gender identity and what that means for me. i'm agonizing over what feels like living a lie because i have to interact at home in this way, or talk to my friends and have them call me elliot, and then whenever my parents are there, make sure they are not calling me elliot. there is a weird split that happens, and it is hard to keep up. you spend nine months in a womb, and your parents are thinking out the sort of person you are ing to become. choosing a name for you, that is the first gateway into forming yourself as a human being. whenever you choose your own name, you take the power to

shape your destiny for yourself. the name change process is daunting. it is expensive. it's tiring. and it is intimidating. you have to go and interact in these courthouses with majority of old white men, that probably don't respective, and on top of that, you have to spend maybe half a grand. pretty much all facets of everyday life, you were going to need documentation for something. whether that is going to schl or going to work, if you want to go to a bar and even get a drink, thehave to look at your id. a lot of times, one of the first instances folks have where they can be put in a dangerous situation is when those documents don't match their prestation. starting the name change fund for me was a necessity. i need other people to have the same access that i did and i think about being the person that i needed when i was in a 17. sort of trans queer utopia in louisiana, people would just

mind their business. that's it. folks would just have an awareness that trans people exist. thathey're human beings, and that they're just trying to live their lives like everyone else. so in a trans utopia, you know, no one cares that i'm trans. my name is elliott nicholas wade, and this is my brief but spectacular take on the power of a name. geoff: you can watch more brief but spectacular videos online at pbs.org/newshour/brief. join us tomorrow night where we will have the latest on a supreme court case challenging president biden's student debt relief plan. that is the newshour for tonight. i am geoff bennett. amna: and i'm amna nawaz. on behalf of the entire newshour team, thank u for joining us. ♪ >> major funding for the "pbs newshour" has been provided by -- >> actually, you don't need

vision to do most things in life. yes, i am legally blind. and yes, i'm responsible for the user interface. data visualization, if i can see it and understand it quickly, anyone can. it is exciting to be part of a team driving the technology forward. i think that is the most rewarding thing. people who know, know bdo. >> the kendeda fund. committed to advancing restorative justice and meaningful work through investments in transformative leaders and ideas. mo at kendedafund.org. supported by the john d. and catherine t. macarthur foundation, committing to -- committed to building a more just, verdant, and peaceful world. more information at macfound.org . and with the ongoing support of these institutions.

this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting and by contributions to your pbs station from vwers like you. thank you. [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy.] ♪ >> you're watching pbs.

. hello, everyone and welcome to "amanpour and company" from the ukrainian company kyiv. here is what is coming up. >> [ speaking non-english ] >> a somber mood across ukraine as it marks the first anniversary of russia's full scale invasion and president zelenskyy vows victory this year. i'm joined by ukraine's deputy minist of foreign affairs. then. >> what the war says about russian society with nina historian and descendant of the former soviet leader. also ahead -- ♪ guess who i saw today my dear ♪