♪ amna: good evening and welcome. i'm not on nevada's. geoff: scientists at the you and issue a warning about climate change, saying it is now or never for taking drastic steps needed prevent catastrophe. >> former president trump faces potential charges >> american marines and their families reflect on the invasion of iraq and its lingering impact on their lives. >> i had to find it within me to start making the hard choices of facing myself, finding help, doing whatever i had to do to get healthy again. ♪

>> major funding for thebs has been provided by -- and with the ongoing support of these individuals and institutions and friends of the newshour, including leonard and norma, and patricia. the william and flora hewlett foundation, advancing ideas and supporting institutions to promote a better world at hewlett.org. ♪

this program was made possible for the corporation for public broadcasting and contributions from viewers like you. thank you. geoff: welcome to the newshour. scientists warned today that climate change is warming the planet to the point where it is causing irreversible damage in some parts of the world. amna: the new report, from the united nations intergovernmental panel on climate change, or ipcc, found that within a decade, the world is likely to miss its goal of holding global waing to 1.5 degrees celsius, or 2.7 degrees fahrenheit. if or when the planet reaches that level, scientists say earth will pass tipping points that will lead to catastrophic environmental damage, including dangerous sea level rise, entire species going extinct, and even greater suffering in many nations, especially the poorest.

u.n. secretary general antonio guterres said the time to act is now. >> humanity is on thin i and that ice is melting fast. temperature rise is the highest in 2000 years. concentrations of carbon dioxide are at their highest in at least 2 million years. the climate timebomb is taking. -- is taking. amna: for a closer look at the report, and what can be done to change the direction the planet is headed, i'm joined by katharine hayhoe, climate scientist at texas tech university and chief scientist for the nature conservancy. welcome back to the news hour. that is strong language from antonio guterres there, that humanity is on thin ice. the climate time bomb is ticking. this is about as dire and urgent a report and a warning as we've heard. why now? >> it is completely justified. we scientists have been warning of the impacts of climate change

on humans and all other life on this planet for decades. yet our carbon emissions continue to rise, as the ipcc report says. the window of opportunity we have to make decisions that will lead us to a better future is closing rapidly. amna: that increase in global average temperatures we've been trying to keep to 1.5 degrees celsius, that's often referred to as the tipping int. we seem to be hurtling towards that right now. just as we cross that threshold, if we are to cross that threshold, to help us understand, what does that mean for life here on earth? for our viewers who have kids or grandkids, how would their lives be different? >> 1.5 degrees is not a magic threshold or a tipping point. rather, it is a goal that we have set ourselves, knowing that the science is very clear. every bit of warming matters. every little bit that the planet warms carries additional costs with it.

so how much do we need to do? as much as possible. when? as soon as possible. why? because we will all benefit from that action. amna: and if we don't, paint that picture for us. what looks different here on earth? >> well, we are already seeing the impacts here today, in the way that climate change is loading the weather di against us. we know, we've always had droughts and floods and hurricanes and heat waves in a warming world. but in a warming world they're getting stronger and more dangerous. and they're impacting all of us, but they are particularly affecting those who are vulnerable and marginalized the most. the warmer the world gets, the more it endangers our food supply, our water supply, the safety of our homes, our own health, economy and supply chains, the natural environment, every aspect of life on earth, including our life on earth. it is at risk the warmer this planet gets. amna: so this report says, in order to shift course, we need to slash greenhouse gasses in half by 2030, and stop adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere altogether by the early 2050's.

do you see that happening? >> it is possible. if we have the will to do so, we can accomplish it. the problem we have today, though, is, we still, many of us don't really understand how this issue affects us here and now, and we don't understand that the majority of the solutions we need are already in our hands. and that's what the ipcc report makes very clear, that these changes are already affecting us. our homes, our food, our water, our economy, our cities, our states. and the solutions, effiency, clean energy, investing in nature, adapting and building resilience, many of those solutions are already here today, as well. the only question at this point is, what are we waiting for? if we wanted to accomplish this, we could. amna: you know, there are some who have said there have been worse climate scenarios predicted before. some who said there could be a warming of four degrees or more

sooner, which now looks unlikely. there will be some who look at this and say, well, could these predictions be wrong, as well? the previous predictions were -- >> the previous predictions were not wrong. the uncertainty is us. predictions were for what is going to happen, depending on the choices we make. prior to the paris agreement in 25, the world was heading towards a future that was between 5 degrees celsius warmer than today. and you might say, well, that doesn't sound so bad. it's four or five degrees outside or inside warmer. but think of it in terms of the human body. the temperature of the planet has been as stable as that of the human body over the course of human civilization on this planet. if our body is running a fever of one or two degrees celsius, or three or 4 or 5 or six degrees celsius, that is life threatening. so we have already, thanks to the paris agreement, changed, reduced the amount of change that we expected, due to policies that have already been

enacted, by at least a degree. but we still need more, because every bit of warming carries a cost with it. amna: these warnings, as you say, have been coming for decades. so i'm curious why you think it is that the climate threat has resided in in many people's minds as a future threat, not cessarily an imminent one. >> for many of us, it's because we haven't seen the impacts with our own eyes. we've heard about them. we know what's happening to polar bears or antarctica ice sheets, but we're not seeing it here and now. well, that has changed over the last year. over the last year, at least one in three americans were personally affected by the way that climate change is making our extreme weather more severe. we might live somewhere where sea levels are rising, where esre getting stronger, where wildfires are burning greater areas, where the summers are dominated by record-breaking heat waves. climate change is no longer a future issue. it is right here where we live. it is right now, and the time to fix it is also here. amna: that is katherine hayhoe,

climate scientist and chief scientist for the nature conservancy. thank you for joining us. >> thank you so much for having me. ♪ stephanie: i'm stephanie sy with newshour west. here are the latest headlines. a new report estimates somalia's longest drought on record killed 43,000 people last year, and half may have been children under 5. u.n. agencies released the study today. it focused on somalia and neighboring ethiopia and kenya, where 6 dry years have caused severe food and water shortages. the study forecasts at least 18,000 more drought-related deaths in the first half of this year. the financial world endured another tense day. trading in first republic bank shares had to be halted several times. the stock fell nearly 50%, despite a $30 billion rescue by major u.s. banks.

european bank stocks generally leveled out after swiss regulators brokered a takeover of credit suisse by ubs. shares in credit suisse tumbled nearly 60%. in france, the government survived no-confidence votes today over hiking the retirement age from 62 to 64 without parliament's approval. but president emmanuel macron still faced another day of strikes and protests. walkouts by waste disposal workers kept garbage piling up in paris. union members demanded that the government reverse course. >> president macron is going to realize that the country is in opposition, there are many employees on strike, that a very large majority of puic opinion is against his social regression in this pension reform, and he must listen tomployees. stephanie: a new round of nationwide strikes and protests is set for thursday. israel is facing new criticism after its finance minister declared there is no such thing as a palestinian people.

that drew condemnation today from the european union and others. separately, israeli officials are pushing ahead with part of a plan to overhaul its judicial system, despite protests. in a sunday phone call, president biden urged prime minister benjamin netanyahu to compromise on the overhaul. the u.s. charged today that all sides in ethiopia's 2-year war committed war crimes, including rder, rape, and ethnic cleansing. the conflict pitted the tplf rebels in tigray against the ethiopian and eritrean armies. an estimated half million civilians were killed. today's announcement did not mention penalties. instead, secretary of state antony blinken called for the factions to police themselves. >> in terms of what happens next in ethiopia, including what process they establish to provide for justice, for accountability, we'll see. i don't think that's been determined. stephanie: the ethiopian war

ended with a cse-fire last november. so far, all sides have denied allegations of war crimes. a federal jury in washington has convicted 4 people aociated with the oath keepers militia in the january 6th attack on the u.s. capitol. they were found guilty today of conspiracy and obstruction. two other defendants were acquitted. president biden today issued his first veto. he rejected a bill to prohibit federal retirement plan managers from considering climate change or social justice when making vestment decisions. republicans favor the ban, but don't have the votes to override the veto. a school worker strike in los angeles will keep more than 420,000 students from school tomorrow. 30,000 support workers are seeking a 30% raise and the teachers union says 35,000 members will walk out in solidarity for three days. efforts to avoid the strike

failed this evening. still to come on the newshour, chinese president xi jinping visits vladimir putin in moscow. can the takeover of credit suisse calm the banking sector? and, how a new claim about the iran hostage crisis changes the history of the carter presidency. ♪ >> this the pbs newshour from wbt a studios in washington and in the west, from the walter cronkite school of journalism at arizona state university. amna: this week might bring a historic and high stakes moment, what would be the first-ever indictment of a former president. former president donald trump says he expects to be arrested is week on possible charges from the manhattan district attorney, related to the stormy daniels case. lisa desjardins has been following this and other trump cases. she joins me now. let's start with the manhattan case. what do we need to know and where is it now? lisa: we are about to enter a

complicated road trip so let's set up a roadmap starting with the manhattan casand the district attorney. the case centers around $130,000 paid to stephanie clifford, known as stormy daniels, allegedly hush money some say, and that is what the charges are about if they come, for covering up an affair. two charges we will be watching for, accounting, whether trump and his organization falsely claimed the money was for something se, and campaign finance. whether the money was used for a campaign purpose. as we wait for the indictment, which could come anytime heard from trump and leading republicans. they are going on offense against the prosecutor, saying he has corrupt bias. >> stop going after people because you have political differences. >> it just feels like a politically charged prosecution here. >> like other soros funded prosecutors, they weaponize

their office to impose a political agenda on society. lisa: that was the message up from republicans, about the prosecutor, not trump. democrats say no, charges could be justified and based off at the idea that this is politics. >> i think it's clear that they were trying to cover up the campaign finance benefit. there's a campaign finance violation there. so if you've got a case that's supported by the law and the facts, it's not really fair to say that it's political. it would be political not to bring the case. why should a former president get special treatment different than everybody else? lisa: there are lots of details about the case, debate over whether it would be a strong or weak case. if the indictment comes we will get to that. we are talking about that first

because that is the charge we expect first today, tomorrow, wednesday possibly. amna: this case is one of several investigations around former president trump. remind us where the other probes are unfolding in what we need to know. lisa: this can be dizzying. i want to take viewers through the cases. think of them in terms of location and the types of prosecutors involved. in fulton county, georgia, this is the next case we expect in terms of time. this is a local case. for fulton county, the questionnaire, did president trump try to overturn the 2020 results in georgia? charges could include election felonies, racketeering. this is the case we talked about, the grand jury filed its report in the case to the prosecutor there two months ago. we are waiting for the prosecutor to make her decision and that is expected soon. that is the georgia case. there is a national case that is incredibly high stakes.

the department of justice has a special counsel in a separate case we have talked about. the special counsel is looking into two different kinds of cases, the classified documents found at mar-a-lago and elsewhere, and also the 2020 election where the president had a role. possible charges include things like document mishandling, which could be a misdemeanor come all the way to insurrection itself. a timeline is unclear. the special prosecutor has an open-ended charge but there is reporting at the idea is this would likely happen before 2024. former president trump is a candidate for 2024. that is a national case. one more case for all four, this would be the last one. new york state is investigating the trump organization, has been. the question by the attorney general, did the trump organization lie to lenders about the organization, the business? it is a civil case.

this wouldn't send anyone to jail but the result could be if pursued, if it ends up this way, the trump business could be banned from new york. the trial is set for november. think of this in terms of three major potential criminal cases and one civil case that would really affect former president trump's business. he is defending himself and we are seeing increasingly republicans ratcheting up the rhetoric. amna: you mentioned this isn't just about the president, it is about the party and fellow republicans. lisa: i thi we are headed to another dangerous back and forth in corridors of power. we saw two powerful house committees, judiciary and oversight, ask for communications from the department of justice to the prosecutor in manhattan about the case that we are waiting the indictment on. what you are setting up is house republicans versus the current department of justice and the current prosecutor, each accusing the other of being political.

there are questions of whether they can step in. this is republican primary ramp up season. what happens to former president trump will very likely affect the publican primary significantly. there are security concerns here. i don't have to tell you, we were there on january 6, president trump asked for protests over this potential indictment in manhattan. there is increased security and heightened awareness in new york and athe u.s. capitol, a little bit of awareness. nothing too much yet but it is on the radar. people are getting nervous to see what could happen and help trump supporters react. -- how trump supporters react. amna: thank you, lisa desjardins. ♪ geoff: chinese president xi jinping arrived in moscow today for a three-day state visit to russia. relations between the two countries have grown closer over the past year, as china's

imports of russian oil have increased and both countries seek to undercut the u.s. on the world stage. nickchifrin has the story. nick: they call each other dear, old friends. and in their 40th meeting, chinese president xi jinping labeled russian president vladimir putin his partner in war and peace. >> china attaches great importance to china-russia relations. because we are each other's biggest neighboring countries, as well as strategic partners. nick: the two men share authoritarian recipes for power, and a mutual desire to upend u.s. influence. china remains one of the biggest buyers of russian energy. chinese companies are providing russia with parts essential to maintain russian weapons. the two countries contin joint military exercises. and since the war in ukraine began, china has neither endorsed, nor condemned it.

beijing's new peace plan calls for upholding ukraine's sovereignty, but not for russian troops to withdraw, an approach putin endorsed today. >> we know that you proceed from the principles of justice and observance of the fundamental provisions of internatnal law, of indivisible security for all countries. nick: but today, secretary of state antony blinken rejected in advance, any call for a ceasefire. >> calling for a ceasefire that does not include the removal of ruian forces from ukrainian territory would effectively be supporting the ratification of russian conquest. it would recognize russia's attempts to seize a sovereign neighbor's territory by force. it would enable russia to further entrench positions in ukraine. nick: this weekend, putin tried to show just how entrenched his position in ukraine already is. in a staged and scripted nighttime visit, russian tv showed him speaking to residents of mariupol. nevermind the daytime view, of a city nearly obliterated by russian troops.

this weekend, putin also visited russian-occupied crimea, including what russian media described as a children's center, one day after putin became an indicted war criminal for allegedly overseeing the forced deportation of ukrainian children. in part because of those war crimes, putin and russia are increasingly isolated. but today's visit came with an endorsement, from the leader of the world's second largest economy and military. >> thanks to your strong leadership, russia has achieved significant success in reaching prosperity and well-being of the country. i am sure that the people of russia will support you in your best efforts. nick: beijing casts xi as a peacemaker, and he is expected to speak with ukrainian president volodymyr zelensky following his trip tmoscow. so what is driving the increased level of cooperation between russia and china? for that we turn to sasha gabuev, a senior fellow at the carnegie endowment for international peace, who joins us from geneva.

welcome to newshour. thanks very much. how important is it for putin to get this visit? >> it is important. china, over the course of the last 12 plus months, has turned into a major supporter of russia. it's the major market for russian hydrocarbons and the major source of cash for putin's war chest. it's the major source of imports, including dual use imports and civilian chips that enable putin's war economy going. when china stands next to your -- you or behind you, you can say that you are not isolated. nick: so i want to drill down into what china is sending to russia. but first, let's get the other side. how does xi jinping see the importance of the relationship between beijing and moscow right now? >> i think what xi jinping' relationship with russia was always important. russia is an important source of raw materials, and russia is the only like minded authoritarian state on the un curity council

among permanent members. but what also colors his perspective now is this view that the u.s.-china relationship is going off the cliff. it's continued confrontation that gets worse. and here, russia as a junior partner is a very valuable asset. nick: and that is the case, especially as president biden sees the world or at least paints the world in terms of democracy versus authoritarianism, right? >> that's absolutely right. that's the depiction that helps to bring russia and china closer together, particularly since both are quite obsessed about what they see the u.s. democracy promotion effort. both xi jinping and putin see themselves lnerable at home, and they denitely want to join hands to push back against u.s. hegemony . nick: senior u.s. officials are particularly worried about right now if china were to decide to send weapons openly to russia. but how do you see china already

already supporting russia's war in ukraine? >> i think that providing cash by opening its market for russian hydrocarbons is very important because soldiers need to be paid, and all of them military procurements also need to be covered. but also, china provides the civilian chips and also some of the components of russian arms, like radars and surface to air missiles, and many other arms and russian weapons that are used on the battlefield in ukraine. nick: and are these supply chains that are going from china to russia, are they long established? because us officials have repeatedly said that beijing hasn't made the overt decision to arm russia. >> these are long established relationshipthese are not ready weapons that are complete. these are just components. but these are ties from sanctioned chinese entities to sanctioned russian entities that go back years and years. we don't see evidence that china has already provided some significant amount

of weapons that will be lethal and that will be used on the battlefield. nick: as i mentioned before, beijing portrays xi jinping as a peacemaker in this visit as part of a diplomatic effort to try and end the war in ukraine. how much othis visit is really about that effort? >> right now, the mood in kiev and in moscow is, "give war a chance." china perfectly gets it. and for beijing, its diplomatic effort is just more a tool to push back against western criticism that it's leaning too much in support of vladimir putin's war. and at the same time, it provides a justification for xi jinping to go to moscow to engage putin on a state visit, but that needs to be coupled with outreach to president zelensky, which will also happen, but in a separate phone call rather than a full fledged visit. nick: and finally, we expect a joint statement out of this trip from both leaders. what should we be looking out for?

>> the language mighbe a little bit guarded, but it cannot mask that the relationship is getting deeper. it's increasingly asymmetric. the terms are dictated by china and that the primary target that they have in mind as their opponent are the united states of america. there will be some documents that are the underwater part of the iceberg. for example, decisions to sell secretive russian military technology like surface to air systems, s-500, or the most advanced russian fighter jets to china that both moscow and beijing feel is not the right time to publicize that, given the war and the negative optics. but it's okay to start implementing them and go public about that months from now and maybe even years from now. nick: sasha from the carnegie endowment for international peace, thank you very much.

>> thank you for having me. ♪ geoff: ten days after the collapse of silicon valley bank and emergency measures from the federal government to stabilize the system, key parts of the banking industry are still reeling and anxious. this weekend, switzerland's largest bank agreed to buy out its rival credit suisse for a fraction of its market value. and there were new efforts today to help stabilize first republic bank. we are joined by roben farazad, host of public radio's full disclosure podcast it's great to see you. l's talk about the demise of credit suites. overnight, a 100-year-old institution is dead. why should americans care what is happening? what does this say about the stability of the global banking system? >> this was the c student of

international banking but it was a student of international investment banking. it is connected to all the too big to fail banks. after what we did with silicon valley and that mini panic, all eyes were across the atlantic. that is how this works. what about this guy or that guy? show us your balance sheet. they realized credit suisse couldn't stand on its own two feet. thgovernment in europe, there was a lot of persuasion to force what is effectively a shotgun merger. you saw that with bear stearns and j.p. morgan in 2008, when it was bought for two dollars per share. this is largely to telegraph that we are on top of this. but all eyes are back on the united states. geoff: let's talk about domestic banks. j.p. morgan is reportedly advising first republic on next steps. you have the new york community bank, buying a share of the

failed signature bank. for 15 years regulators have focud on banks that are too big to fail as posing the greatest risks to the financial system. were they blinded the -- to the potential threat posed by smaller lenders? ask smaller regional lenders, sub-regional banks, were able to fly somewhat under the radar because of the deregulation in 2017 and 2018. we can't make money with these dodd frank rules, give us a break. donald trump was president, everybody forgot about 2008 when there was another risk coming down the pipe. it wasn't about subprime and toxic assets, it was interest rate risks and grabbing yield. it is amazing to people that a bank that was so big and flush with deposit and reputable as silicon valley bank could blink and everyone is asking, where are the regulators?

they flew under the radar in reality. geoff: the decision by the federal government to make all of silicon valley bank depositors whole, even folks well above the $250,000 amount insured by the fbi see, it sets a precedent and there is a question of, is what is good for thee, good for me? >> it is unthinkable. it is not like the fed and fdic will get together and write a $30 trillion check for the banking system. i don't know the number above $250,000 and the president -- the percentage of deposits that are uninsured. the telegraphing, the suasion might be enough in this era of twitter and fiction list transfers and going on your phone and moving something from a regional bank to a too big to fail banks forced all of that. this is a crisis of confidence. it's not toxicity or

malfeasance, it is inside baseball. might there be a run on one bank? if enough people echo that, the fear becomes reality and the fed wanted to put a psychological wall in front of that. i mixed 3000 metaphors but i tried to explain this to my relatives who call and that is where we are right now. geoff: what is the fed to do? what will they do next? until now they have tried or had to balance growth and inflation. now they have to navigate growth, inflation and the financial stability of the banking sector. >> it is not like you have two interest rates, one for hospitality and real estate speculation. you have backdoor facilities with the fed and liquidity channels. that will help you warehouse bounds and if you need ample liquidity. the fed balance sheet is swelling real time. until two or three weeks ago, it was focused on inflation and that is hard to do when you have a banking license.

-- banking crisis. if they don't hike rates, people will say that is worse than hiking by 0.25 points. the steady hand, at least that was today's wall street digest. who knows what people will romance tomorrow or the day after? it is treacherous. it is a function of unprecedented stimulus. geoff: for folks who have their money stored away at theank down the street, the -- do they have reason for concern? >> if you are above $250,000, you might have working capital or small business. it makes sense to read the fine print. if it is a joint account with a spouse, you are protected, read the fine print. don't transfer first and ask questions later. rarely in history have depositors taken a haircut. the system doesn't want an overall run on the system. you don't need to lose sleep at night about it. geoff: thanks so much.

♪ amna: tonight, we begin a series looking back at the u.s. invasion of iraq, 20 years later. the attacks began march 20, 2003, in a thunderous hail of airstrikes on baghdad. soon, american troops would race across the desert from kuwait toward the iraqi capital. special correspondent mike cerre was embedded with the marines of fox company, second battalion, fifth marines, known as fox two five. they would help take baghdad, and return to iraq on subsequent deployments. mike has stayed in touch with many of those marines and their families, and tonight heegins our coverage, which will stretch over the coming weeks, with this look at fox two five then, and now.

>> still teenagers 20 years ago, most of these marines and listed right after 9/11, straight out of high school, for what became the largest military apple -- operation in the war against terror. >> my husband said it seems like every generation has to do this and this is this generations battle. >> do you think the country appreciates this? >> they don't have a clue. >> we have a beat up helmet. we will fix it up on the plane over there. >> as a reporter and a veteran of vietnam, i am bedded with fox company second battalion, fifth marines in 2003 to report on the war for abc news, and to chronicle how much another generation of americans would likely be changed by a war. >> as we are now moving on trying t penetrate into southern iraq as fast as we can. as you hear from mike cerre it is now a full scale invasion. >> eagle six, this is eagle three. over. >> any abstract notions of war

these marines might have had quickly turned into reality. as one of the first american units to invade iraq in march 2003. >> we came over with 206 and i want to go home with 206. if we don't have to get decisively engaged, that is fine. >> first sergeant ed smith was fox 25's senior enlisted man and one of the few with previou combat experience. he delayed his scheduled retirement to accompany his unit to iraq. on their final push to baghdad, first sergeant ed smith was fox 25 plus first and only fatality during the units first of several deployments to iraqver the next five years. i think it affects me more now in my adult life than it did obviously when i was eight. i couldn't really process it, being so young. >> his daughter, shelby smith, and other gold star families who

lost relatives in iraq, don't need anniversaries to remind them of the sacrifices made in iraq. >> for people who don't know it personally and it hasn't affected them personally, i think the war probably never crosses their mind. >> slby smith is continuing her father's legacy as a polytheist -- police officer, like the new career he had started prior to his delayed retirement. >> 20 years is a long time to heal and process things. there are times at work that i feel close to him there, because i imagine him doing the same things that i'm doing, you know, and i can feel him next to me sometimes. i think he's keeping me safe. i am really happy to have been able to follow in his footsteps. >> others i've reconnected with over the years have had to deal with less obvious injuries. >> don't sweat the small stuff. >> i first met former corporal

mike elliott region -- reading this pop psychology book while in his foxhole wearing a chemical protection suit. >> this is called "don't sweat the small stuff." it is about simple ways to keep yourself cool in stressful times. >>ichael was one of the first members of the unit to enter a veterans administration residential program for ptsd. the va believes more than one in four iraq war vets have or will experience varying degrees of ptsd. he has since earned a counseling degree, and has helped other montana vets deal with their ptsd through wilderness programs. >> about a week ago, a sniper got real close to me. you never know out here. ied's, we saw them every day the first couple months. >> former corpsman sal chavez has tried newer

alternative ptsd therapies to help him deal with some of his most intense iraq memories. this is a virtual reality reenactment of a roadside ambush when they're first sergeant was killed. >> everything was on fire. it was loud. rounds were being shot off. there was a gun being shot off. you could feel the percussions of allhe explosions. >> so how you feel? in your body right now as you watch this? >> a little tense. i had to find it within me and start making the hard choices of facing myself, finding help and doing whatever i had to do to get healthy again. >> others have not been as successful. more members of fox 25 have since died from suicide than were killed in combat. all three had been diagnosed with ptsd. >> we didn't know if you were going to make it. >> since their homecoming after

the invasion, most of these marines have resumed their lives interrupted by war, and now have familiesnd civilian careers. >> it did help us that the country was unified behind us. we felt after 9/11, that everyone wanted to go and get the bad guys, and that we had a lot of support from our country, which is way different than my father in law and my uncle who served in vietnam. >> former sergeant ryan smith learned of his acceptance to college in his first letter from home, after reaching baghdad in april 2003. >> i never thought i would have a chance of getting in. hopefullye will get out in time for me to start in september. >> he went on to ucla lawsuit cool and is a corporate attorney in newport beach. >> i struggled making social connections. i struggled interacting with people that hadn't served in the military. i felt i had a chip on my shoulder that the average civilian couldn't understand what me and my friends had gone

through. >> as far removed from war as his personal and professional life are today, some memories from his iraq experiee are still inescapable. >> we have a vehicle coming. >> the same day their first sergeant was killed, the unit was involved in a civilian tragedy at a roadblock that killed 10 iraqis, some of them children. it was later determined to be a fog of war accident. >> i think yesterday was the defining moment in my life. after yesterday, and the day before, i think there is no more curiosity. people have seen the horrors of combat and no one wants to see anymorof it. >> i can remember coming up to you that morning afterwards, and you were certainly a bit rocked back on your heels and you said you had had enough of war. you didn't tnk about innocent

people and children gettiing in the line of fire. and after that happened it shattered whatever noble vision i had of war or romanticized sion of war. and it really dawned on me that war is a is a dirty, ugly business >> did yr feelings about the war change while you were in it or did take a period of time to evolve afterwards? >> a lot of us took a more nuanced approach towards the war after that and realizing that we did what we were told to do. and we served our country. and we're proud that we stood up when we were asked to serve and that we stood shoulder to shoulder with some of the best people i've ever met in my life. some of the finest americans. but at the end of the day, you look how the iraq war ended, and it does make you question, what was that all for? >> whatever their personal feelings about the war 20 years

later, they all share wit former chief justice all over wendell holmes called the incommunicable experience of war when their hearts were touched by fire. for the pbs newshour, this is mike cerre. amna: tomorrow we will continue our look at the war and its aftermath through the eyes of two iraqi families. ♪ geoff: in the summer of 1980, a prominent republican, close to ronald reagan's campaign, sought to sabotage then-president jimmy carter's re-election by asking middle eastern leaders to get a message to the iranians. keep the american hostages until after the election and the reagan administration will give you a better deal. that stunning reporting this weekend by the new york times is prompting a re-thinking of presidential history. jonathan alter details jimmy carter's presidency and re-election bid in his book "his

very best: jimmy carter, a life". jonathan, thank you for being with us. this reporting by peter baker of the new york times that there was in fact a secret effort by the reagan campaign to sabotage the carter campaign by urging the iranians to hold the american hostages until after the election, how does that change your understanding of american history and of the carter presidency? >> this is a pretty big deal. what you have is the campaign of a candidate for president who is prolonging the captivity of americans at the u.s. embassy in tehran in order to achieve a political victory. the deal itself has not been completely nailed down, but

there is considerable circumstantial evidence that this took place, and the latest story is just another piece of that evidence. it has been accumulating over the years. this was rumored at the time. there was a congressional investigation in 1992 that said there was quite a bit of suggestive evidence but no smoking gun. in the time since then, tre have been two major disclosures that have lent cleat -- grievance -- credence to this. it was an extremely unpatriotic move on the part of ronald reagan's campaign manager and later his director of the cia. as to whether the hostages had been released before the election, whether jimmy carter would have won, that is unknowable. jimmy caer believes so and the poles were closer than the final result in the weeks before the

election, it turned out a landslide. there were other factors in 1980, including a wretched economy. we can't know for sure that if this hadn't happened, history would be different, but we do know for sure that there as a plot by the reagan campaign to do carter dirty. geoff: let me ask about that. peter baker and his reporting stresses there is no evidence ronald reagan knew about this effort, or william casey directed it. he wrote a piece this weekend where you said not only is the reporting credible, but in your own reporting, you encountered information that is even more incriminating. >> this is all in my book, my biography of jimmy carter. what happened is, the question of whether there was a so-called october surprise turned on a very, very specific thing in

1992 when it was being investigated by congressman lee hamilton on capitol hill. the question was whether william casey, this was reagan's campaign manager and later cia director, whether he left a meeting in london and went to madrid to meet with four iranian reesentatives of the ayatollah to discuss a deal. those four iranians say casey did leave london and go to madrid in summer 1980 not long before the election. for a long time, there was no proof of that. and then, just nine years ago now, a document surfaced in president bush senior's library where the u.s. ambassador in spain said in a cable, william casey is here this week, we are not sure why. that pretty much established he

was there for the meeting. i have something else in my book that is also very relevant, and that is that banker and diplomat joseph warner read, later ambassador to morocco and head of protocol for reagan, i came across a letter he wrote to his family in which he said, i'm proud of my role in preventing the hostages from being released before the election. so that jimmy carter wouldn't get credit for that. that is a pretty sick thing when you think about it. 52 americans are being held in captivity and you have people very close to reagan, whether reagan himself to or not, we don't know but people very close to reagan who were definitely trying to do this, whether they completed a deal or not is unclear. the original deal would be that if the iranians waited to

release the hostages until aer the election, which they did, that reagan would unfreeze their assets and give them arms. it turns out it was carter who negotiated the release of the hostages, although, and this was extraordinary when i came across this, remember iran contra where we shipped arms to the iranians? that was in 1986. this is in 1981, just a couple months after our citizens are released, and at that point, the reagan administration was already shipping arms to its enemy in iran through the israelis. it was quite possible that this was a payoff for the decision by the is -- the iranian govnment and not release the hostages before the election, which would have course -- of course aided

jimmy carter. geoff: the iran expert of president carter's national security team spoke with my colleague yesterday. he said this reporting basically backs up what they believed to have been the case. you know president carter. you have interviewed him. what did he think and how might he view this report? >> i think this reporting will be yet more evidence of what both president carter and rosalynn carter expressed to me, which is that they have vy strong suspicions that william casey cut a deal with the iranians. whether directly or through intermediaries. but they have suspected this for many years, and they have had good reason to do so. geoff: jonathan, thank you for your time and insights. >> thanks.

♪ amna: tonight, we are revisiting the brief but spectacular take by choreographer and dancer stuart, who died last week at age 98. he took his first dance flesh and -- lesson at the martha graham school after a stint as an aviator in world war ii. he was dancing two years ago when we featured his memoir. here is another look at a life well lived and beautifully danced. >> well, i'm 96. how are you supposed to feel at 96? a lot of people don't live that long and i'm here. death doesn't bother me. i don't really think it ever bothered me . when i was 19, your age, i was flying combat missions and they were shooting at me. i didn't like being shot at. who the heck would?

but the idea of dying was not like, oh my god, i might die. i still don't feel that way about it. when the time to die, i'll be quite content to understand or to experience whatever comes next. or, if nothing, that. ♪ i guess i've been a dancer most of my life. although it was really foolish to become a dancer, but i did it anyway. i started at the age of 20 and the last performance i had was four years ago. i was 92. i flew b-17's in world war ii. that was the time when you flew in the cockpit and you felt the whole country was up there with you. i knew i loved flying. i had to solo first, you have to fly the plane yourself. and the plane became an extension of my body.

and, uh, i was crazy about it. and after the war, i had the same experience hitting dance. i loved it. i felt that dancing and flying were two ways of getting to the same state. people don't understand how flying and dancing can be similar, but they do something to you. i think anything that you do with every particle of yourself can be wonderful and it can make you forget the world. it's magic. how the heck am i supposed to describe it? something happens. it takes everything you've got. and for that, for those brief moments that you're dancing, you're transported. you're in another world. you sense nothing but that moment. when it hits you, you want more. i can't imagine dancing outside of being completely myself. i never liked my own dancing because i was too conscious of

my own flaws. well, i wanted to be perfect. i think all dancers do. when i watchld videos of myself today, i think i'm not as bad as i thought i was. sometimes i like them. i still see the flaws, but i don't expect to be perfect anymore. so why make a fuss about it? my name is stuart hodes and this is my brief but spectacular take on magic time. done? you got a big editing job don't you? >> that was perfect. it was great. >> it's gonna be terrible. amna: of course, our thoughts are all with all of stuart hodes' family and friends. you can watch more brief but spectacular videos online at pbs .org/newshour/ brief. that is the newshour for

tonight. geoff: thanks for being with us. have a great evening. >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by -- ♪ >> actually, you don't need vision to do most things in life. yes, i'm legally blind and yes, i'm responsible for the user interface. data visualization. if i can see and understand it quickly, anyone can. it is exciting to be part of a team driving the technology forward. i think that is the most rewarding thing. >> people who no, know bdo. >> the kendeda fund. committed to advancing restorative justice and meaningful work through investments and transformative leaders. more at kendedafund.org.

supported by the john d. and catherine t. macarthur foundation, committed to building a more just, verdant and peaceful world. and with support from these institutions. ♪ this program was made possible by the corporation for broadcasting and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. this is pbs newshour west from w eta studios in washington and from our bureau at the walter cronkite school of journalism at arizona state university. ♪

♪♪ ♪♪ ♪♪ ♪♪ -today on "america's test kitchen," becky makes bridget hearty tartiflette, jack talks all about mushrooms, and bridget and julia make paniscia. it's all coming up right here on "america's test kitchen." -"america's test kitchen" is brought to you by the following.