geoff: good evening. i'm geoff bennett. amna: and i'm amna nawaz. on the “newshour” tonight, smoke from canadian wildfires blankets wide swaths of the eastern united states, causing air quality concerns for millions of americans. >> the high levels of air pollution are going to be detrimental to people who are at risk. but really, everyone is impacted by this. geoff: rescuers rush to get civilians to safety in southern ukraine after a catastrophic dam breach floods streets and buildings. amna: and the republican presidential field expands with former vice president mike pence and rth dakota governor doug burgum announcing their bids for the white house.

>> major funding for the "pbs newshour" has been provided by. ♪ >> moving our economy for 160 years. bnsf. the engine that connects us. >> actually, you don't need vision to do most things in life. it's exciting to be part of a team driving the technology forward. i think that's the most rewarding thing. people who know, know bdo.

>> the walton family foundation, working for solutions to protect water during climate change so people and nature can thrive together. supported by the john d. and catherine t. macarthur foundation, committed to building a more just, verdant, and peaceful world. more information at macfound.org. and with the ongoing support of these institutions. this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. amna: hundreds of wildfires continue to burn across canada, many of them out of control. geoff: the smoke has more than

55 million americans under air quality alerts, prompting safety warnings to stay indoors, and the cancellation of some major events, including professional baseball and basketball games. stephanie sy has our report. stephanie: an ominous orange haze envelops the statue of liberty. wildfire smoke from canada has billowed across the border, degrading air quality across the northeast and upper midwest. pilots and passengers flew through thick clouds of black smoke before the faa temporarily grounded flights out of new york. >> it's very unexpected, like it really happened out of the blue. and i just really hope that everyone stays safe, you know, wear a mask outside so the smoke doesn't go into the lungs. stephanie: today, the big apple ranked worst in the world for its air quality. new york city mayor eric adams issued health advisories for all five boroughs. >> this is an unprecedented event in our city and new yorkers must take precaution. stephanie: as wildfire smoke continues to blanket the u.s.,

100 million americans are under air quality alerts. the potential health threat posed by wildfire smoke spanning as far south as georgia and texas. >> the high levels of air pollution are going to be detrimental to people who are at risk. but really, everyone is impacted by this. stephanie: peter decarlo is an associate professor of environmental health and engineering at johns hopkins university. >> exposure to air pollutants isn't something you can undo. these are particles that are about 100 times smaller than the width of our hair. when we breathe those in and they get into our lungs, they can basically travel to all parts of our body. and so we usually think of the respiratory system as the most impacted. but this also impacts our heart, it can impact our brain. stephanie: in canada, more than 20,000 canadians can't go home, still under evacuation orders as firefighters struggle to contain hundreds of wildfires. >> fortunate enough to have a trailer right now that we could get out for the time being. stephanie: in british columbia,

this crew is fighting fire with fire, burning out fuel ahead of approaching blaze. canada's minister of public safety says there are 414 active fires across the country, 239 are out of control. >> i want to assure canadians that all orders of government are working closely together including with our indigenous partners to ensure a coordinated and effective response. it's all hands on deck and it's around the clock. stephanie: coast-to-coast, forest fires have scorched more than 9.1 million acres in canada already this year, an area bigger than the state of maryland, and it's just the start of what is on track to be the most devastating fire season in canada's history. >> the fact that we're seeing so many fires burning such large areas and burning this early in the season is definitely worrisome stephanie: climate scientist kristina dahl says several factors at play. >> we know that climate change isn't the only factor that's at play in driving worsening

wildfires around the world. we know that things like suppressing fires for many decades or even a century can cause a lot of undergrowth in our forests to build up that would have been naturally cleared by naturally occurring fires and low severity fires. but now that we have been suppressing those fires, we have a lot of overgrowth. and that's causing fires to burn larger and more severely. stephanie: as firefighters try to contain the fires across canada, officials in many u.s. cities warn air quality is at code red. it is not the highest alert level, but it does mean the air may be unhealthy for some, and outdoor activity is discouraged. for the "pbs newshour," i'm stephanie sy. amna: in the day's other headlines, a former top aide to president trump, taylor dowich, testified before a federal grand jury about

classified documents at mr. trump's florida estate. on twitter, budowich said, i fulfilled a legal obligation to testify and i answered every question honestly. the new grand jury is separate from a panel in washington. both are reportedly investigating mr. trump's handling of classified material recovered from his mar-a-lago home. a teenager in richmond, virginia was arraigned today in a shooting that killed two people and wounded five just after a high school graduation. tuesday's attack left families stunned and police trying to restore order. the interim police chief says the 19-year-old suspect singled out one of the new graduates. he was killed, along with his father. >> this was targeted at one individual. and so they knew each other and had an ongoing dispute. that's what we know at this time.

but again as i said, this is still a fluid situation. we're hours into the investigation and we'll learn more as we go. amna: the accused gunman is charged with second-degree murder and is being held without bond. a white woman in ocala, florida is now charged with killing a black neighbor, ajike owens, in a case that brought demands for action. owens was fatally shot in a friday night confrontation. last night, susan lorincz was charged with manslaughter. the local sheriff says it took time to review her claim of self-defense. >> when we do these investigations of cases of this level, rushing in to make an arrest is not the right thing to do sometimes. my detectis cannot complete an investigation without getting all sides of the story. and that night all we had was one person's story, and that was the shooter's story. amna: lorincz had said she fired through her front door when owens tried to break it down. the sheriff said ultimately, investigators found it was not a

stand-your-ground case, but, in his words, simply a killing. in rome, pope francis is recovering tonight after undergoing abdominal surgery. the pontiff left for the hospital earlier today. his doctor said the three-hour operation repaired a hernia apparently caused by colon surgery in 2021. >> the surgery and general anesthesia went off without complications. the holy father reacted well to both the surgery and the anesthesia. the holy father is already awake, he has already joked around and teased me. amna: pope francis is 86 years old. he's expected to remain hospitalized for several days. back in this country, a school board in southern california has voted to designate june as pride month after supporters and opponents came to blows. people on both sides gathered tuesday evening outside the glendale school district headquarters. tempers flared and a fight erupted in the parking lot with people punching and tackling each other.

police quickly moved in to break up the brawl and clear the area. cnn has fired its embattled ceo chris licht after just a year on the job. he had vowed to bring the cable network closer to the political center, but ratings and revenues sagged. the final blows may have been a scathing profile in "the atlantic" following a widely criticized live town-hall with former president trump. and, wall street had a mixed finish as losses by big-tech stocks weighed down the market. dow jones industrial average gained 91 points to close at 33,665. but the nasdaq fell 171 points, or 1.3%. the s&p 500 slipped 16 points. still to come on the "newshour," how police officers' words in the first seconds of a traffic stop affect the outcome for black drivers. a new role on theatre and film sets aims to ensure safety in intimate scenes. a statue of pulitzer prize

winning novelist willa cather is unveiled in the u.s. capitol. plus much more. >> this is the "pbs newshour" from weta studios in washington and in the west from the walter cronkite school of journalism at arizona state university. geoff: floodwaters are inundating parts of southern ukraine and rescue and relief efforts are underway. yesterday's's dam collapse has unleashed disasters in a nation already suffering from 16 months of war. evacuations continuing today after the ukraine dam disaster as the scope of devastation comes into full view. drone footage showed rooftops barely holding above rising water lines. some, swept away entirely by the rushing dnipro river. as floodwaters engulfed village after village in southern

ukraine. >> it is our home where we live. or it was. maybe it will be again when it dries out. geoff: flood victims in kherson sifted through their belongings desperate to save pets from drowning, and to salvage soiled items. earlier today, ukrainian authorities said the river was still swelling and water levels could remain at peak heights for as long as 10 days. evacuation efforts were swift. residents joined ukrainian police as they navigated the streets on inflatable boats and makeshift rafts, even as the sounds of nearby shelling persisted. >> i've been coming here for a whole year. i want to do something useful for our country, for our people. geoff: so far, about 3000 people have fled their homes, but over 60,000 people reside in the flood-impacted areas. the exact cause of yesterday's breach is still undetermined. both ukraine and russia have accused each other of deliberate attacks, while others say

russian attacks on the dam last year could have caused cracks that led to its collapse over time. security footage from november showed a fiery blast tearing through a section of the dam's walls. this satellite image from june 1 shows the dam intact. on june 2, clear damage to a sectioof road. and by yesterday, june 6, the dam was completely destroyed, with water bursting through. as the kakhovka reservoir empties downstream, the humanitarian implications are immense. ukrainian officials warn that floating mines, unearthed by the deluge, pose a threat to civilians across the region. and as a critical source of drinking water is cut off, experts fear the spread of diseases and hazardous chemicals. >> dozens of towns and villages will struggle with the issue of portable water supply. the destruction of the kakhovka hydro-electric power station is a crime against humanity and an ecocide.

geoff: all this, on top of a relentless war. for an update on the ongoing rescue and relief eforts, we turn to ewan watson. he's the head of communications at the international committee of the red cross, he joins me from geneva. thank you for being with us. how is the red cross assisting with the ongoing rescue and relief efforts across southern ukraine? what are you hearing from your partners on the ground? ewan: our partners, the ukrainian red cross, are doing incredible work right now. on day one they already managed to evacuate 800 people including approximately 60 people with low or absolutely no mobility. you have to remember that in this flood stricken area, this was already an area devastated by fighting. many people have fled. many of the people that remain are people that were sick, too old, who cannot really go

anywhere. so they were desperately vulnerable already before the dam was destroyed, and here we are with yet another tragedy on our hands. what we have been focusing on through our partners in the ukrainian red cross is really to move people to a degree of safety. long shocked by the rapidity of the rising water. it is obviously extremely dangerous with landmines floating around with the possibility of those exploding at any time. it is dire and we are extremely concerned. geoff: ukrainian president volodymyr zelenskyy said today he was shocked at what he said was the failure of the red cross and the united nations to provide help after the dam collapse. he said of the organization, quote, they are not here. how do you respond to that? ewan: i think the frustration is understandable and we can recognize that. you minute here he needs in

front of you, it is understandable. i can only say our partners are working incredibly hard on the ground and we support them in many different ways through technical support and others to make sure they are best placed to make sure people have drinking water and basic necessities. where we are going to become stronger in time is in terms of tackling the longer-term needs of this. what you have is an area now that was typically used for agriculture and now that land is no longer available for agriculture between the flooding in the landmines. and therefore what are people to do in terms of making a livelihood? that is a desperate concern. the other one is the availability of the longer-term of drinking water. these are two massive concerns for today and also the longer-term. that is where we expect to work very closely with our partner on the ground helping the communities. geoff: when president zelenskyy

said we have had no response, to what event do you think he is referring? ewan: i don't want to comment further on what the president is saying. from the humanitarian perspective we have sought to respond across ukraine since the intensity of this conflict broke in february last year. i think what is important here is that firstly, we really echo what is an important point of law here, which is that a dam just like a nuclear facility must be protected. it should not be attacked during warfare. that is against the law. and the problem when there is an attack like this is that it unleashes the dangerous forces water, that moves landmines in different directions, that then

triggers all sorts of different dangers to a population already in grave danger. we have been working since day one of this international armed conflict to respond to different needs across the country and we will continue to do so. geoff: to your point, this is the most significant damage to civilian infrastructure since the start of this war. it has far-reaching in grave consequences. how does this compound what people across southern ukraine are already experiencing with this brutal war? ewan: yeah. i mean, if you take a city like harris on -- kherson, which has been and remains at the epicenter of this conflict, that is a city that has been taken and retaken, has been really at the center of a frontline that has seen vicious fighting, where people have had to flee, possibly felt safe enough to come back, and now again

wondering where the next foothold of safety lies. you can see that happening in all sorts of different communities in this region. if you look further east, of course there has been conflict raging there since 2014. for many communities in these areas, fighting is nothing new. they have had to live in the middle of it, working out how to find daily bread each day. it is a devastating situation and it is not getting better, it is getting worse. geoff: ewan watson, thank you for your time. ewan: thank you. ♪ amna: today was one of the busiest days of the republican presidential campaign so far, as mike pence and doug burgum

joined the race. we'll look at both of the new candidates, starting with the former vice president. as laura barron-lopez reports, during his kickoff in iowa, pence drew a sharp contrast with his former running mate. >> i stand before you today, as a candidate for president to say to the republican party, the republican party must be the party of the constitution of the united states. laura: the right wing radio host turned politician, serving six terms in congress and four years as indiana governor before joining the trump white house, now hopes to take the top job himself. >> anyone who puts themselves over the constitution should never be president of the united states. and anyone who asks someone se to put them over the constitution should never be president of the united states again. laura: one of the most outwardly evangelical christians in government, pence's faith and conservatism have defined his career.

elected governor of the hoosier state in 2012, pence enacted a staunchly anti-lgbtq and anti-abortion agenda. in 2015, pence supported a bill that allowed businesses to discriminate against lgbtq customers under religious objections, a law he quickly amended after facing national backlash. in the lead-up to his presidential bid, pence has called for a nationwide abortion ban and an end to the commonly used abortion medication pill, mifepristone. >> i'd like to see this medication off the market to protect the unborn. laura: as trump's vice president, pence stood by trump's side throughout his time in office. until january 6, 2021. trump repeatedly pressured pence to reject certification of the 2020 presidential election and overturn the will of voters. >> if mike pence does the right thing, we win the election. laura: a mob incited by trump descended on the capitol, searching for pence.

>> hang mike pence. hang mike pence. laura: pence refused. >> to those who wreaked havoc in our capitol today, you did not win. laura: in the years since, pence has seesawed between criticizing trump for his role in the january 6 attacks. >> when he returned in the months later to the rhetoric he was using before january 6, arguing that i had the right to overturn the election, i just decided it would best that we went our separate ways. and we have. laura: but defended him on other matters. >> this is nothing short of a of a political prosecution being affected by a manhattan d.a. who literally campaigned on bringing charges against one particular american. while potential legal troubles still loom for trump, including possible obstruction charges for retaining classified documents at mar-a-lago. pence was recently cleared by the justice department, which closed its investigation into the discovery of classified documents at his indiana home.

it's not clear if pence will break through in a crowded primary with his former boss leading the pack. >> i think pence has a really, really great heart. i think he's very intelligent. the whole pool is probably one of the best pools i've seen for candidates ever. i mean, it's just really crazy. laura: pence will join cnn for a primetime town hall this evening at grand view university in des moines. he's scheduled to travel to new hampshire on friday. for the "pbs newshour," i'm laura barron-lopez. amna: 400 miles away in fargo, north dakota, governor doug burgum also launched his campaign. lisa desjardins reports on his record. >> frankly, big cities can use more ideas and more values from small towns right now. lisa: north dakota governor doug burgum's presidential pitch is about his roots, far from washington. >> our whole town was about

taking care of each other, about helping those in need, about neighbor helping neighbor. every small town in america is like that. lisa: in the 1980's, he took a chance mortgaging his family grain farm to launch great plains software. that gamble paid off. he sold the company in the 1990's to microsoft for $1.1 billion. in 2016, he tried a new career, entering the governor's race with no political experience. he easily beat an establishment candidate and won reelection four years later. energy policy, including drilling, is a focus for burgum. he's accused the biden administration of waging a war on domestic fossil fuel production. >> it is a very simple thing. if we want to have a global stable world and a strong u.s. economy, then we need to produce energy for ourselves and for our allies. and we are not doing that. lisa: as for his gop rivals. >> florida is where woke goes to

die. >> woke is what you did at 5:00 a.m. to start the day. lisa: burgum is attempting a nuanced contrast on social issues, saying the economy deserves more attention. but he is socially conservative, recently signing a state law banning abortion at six weeks of pregnancy. and the human rights campaign says north dakota is on track to pass more anti-lgbtq legislation this year than any other state. that includes a ban on gender-affirming healthcare for trans youth. >> we understand families and parents that are affected by it. you know, it's a complex emotional issue. lisa: on immigration, burgum recently directed more north dakota national guard troops to the southern border. but candidate burgum is now looking east, with plans to talk to voters in iowa and new hampshire. for the "pbs newshour," i'm lisa desjardins. amna: with burgum and pence officially in, the republican field grew by three this week. former new jersey governor chris christie kicked off his campaign

last night in new hampshire and he has already set himself apart as the most vocal trump critic in the race. >> the person i am talking about who is obsessed with the mirror, who never admits a mistake, who never admits a fault, and who always finds someone else and something else to blame for whatever goes wrong, but finds every reason to take credit for anything that goes right, is donald trump. amna: with nine candidates now on the stump, we take stock of the race with whit ayres. he is a republican strategist and the president of north star opinion research. he's previously consulted republican candidates including senators marco rubio and lindsey graham and florida governor ron desantis. let's take a look at these nine candidates vying for the republican nomination. is this where you expected the republican field to be right now? what do you see when you look at this? whit: we saw that a lot of

people were interested and would want to try their hand and a lot of people are worried it will be like 2016 all over again, where you divide the non-trope vote and allow trump to win, a marity of the delegates by getting a plurality of the vote. but the key is the man.so maybe number of people who stay in long after they could -- the model is the democrats in 2020, when joe biden won south carolina. within hours many of the candidates dropped out and endorsed him. on the other hand in 2016, candidates like john kasich stayed in long after he had any realistic chance. he got 7% of the vote in virginia. marco rubio would have beaten donald trump had john kasich not been in the race. the key to watch for republicans is how many stay in when they have no chance. amna: you say stay and pass the early states? whit: past south carolina, just

like the democrats did with joe biden after south carolina. amna: i want to ask you about f osothece icifsp. the line that mike pence has to walk here, running against the man alongside whom he served for four years, whose supporters wanted to kill him on january 6. what do you make about how he is messaging along those lines? whit: mike pence is caught between a rock and a hard place. he is not trump enough for the trump bees and he is too trumpy enough for the non-trumpys. it's a tough line. amna: does chris christie ramping up his attacks against some of trump, does that force of the candidates to meet him where he is? whit: no. he's. talented and very good at making an argument. very powerful at making an attack on his oppones. but the republican party is

split into three factions. there is a never trump faction that is only about 10%. the is and always trump faction of about 35%. those people will always be with trump regardless. the majority of the party, 55%, our may trump voters. they supported him twice, they would vote for him again against joe biden, but they are worried about his electability, they are worried he carries too much baggage. chris christie's message, arguing that donald trump is unfit for office, appeals to the never trumper's, but he will tap out at about 10%. saying donald trump is unfit for office is an insult to the maybe trump voters who supported him twice. so he has no chance with those people. the other candidates are trying to consolidate the maybe trump portion of the party. amna: i want to play for you one voter, a woman named nancy and

here's what she had to say. >> trump is amazing. but, you know, a lot of people don't like him. so do we want to be in that situation where, you know, they really, it's just really -- it's sad that our country has so much hatred towards that man. so maybe we do need new blood. amna: there are a number of candidates pulling in the low single digits right now. if they want to appeal to people like nancy, what is the message you think those other candidates have to carry forward? whit: they have to look and act like a successful president of the united states. they have got to be able to capture public attention. they have got to be able to capture any kind of excitement that they possibly can. and who knows, there is a lot of talent in this field. and somebody may catch fire. but they are going to have to catch fire in a big way in order to surpass the lead donald trump currently has. amna: do you see among some of

those other candidates, nikki haley, tim scott, asa hutchinson, who could break through, particularly in these early states? whit: i think any of them could. history is replete with candidates who started off as asterisks and ended up winning iowa or coming in a close second and then doing really well in new hampshire. it's a matter of the kind of campaigns they run and whether they can catch fire at the right time. amna: always great to see you. thank you so much. whit: it's a pleasure. ♪ amna: a new study reveals just how crucial the first 30 seconds of a police encounter can be, in particular for black drivers. since the high profile police killings of philando castile, daunte wright, and tyre nichols, all of which began as traffic stops, calls for de-escalation

by officers have been growing. the study, in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences, analyzed body-camera footage in 577 traffic stops of black drivers in one mid-sized american city over a month. it found the first 45 words spoken by the police officer could determine how that encounter ended. to help us understand what this can mean with the future of policing, i'm joined by tracey meares, professor of law and founding director of the justice collaboratory at yale law school. she was among those who reviewed this particular study. welcome back and thank you for joining us. tracey: happy to be here. amna: this study found that if the police officer began the encounter by issuing a command or not giving a reason for the stop, it was three times more likely that the interaction would escalate. that the driver could be searched or handcuffed or arrested. versus if the police officer

began with a greeting. that finding surprise you? tracey: it did not surprise me. it is very consistent with much of the work i have done over the past decade or so. what i do think is incredibly notable about this particular research study was the precision with which they were able to measure the time to predict an escalation and the specific works. amna: just to be specific here, what are we talking about here? it is the difference within an officer saying hello, sir, how are you, versus, let me see your license and registration? tracey: we are talking about the extent to which a person -- an officer stops a person for a traffic violation. typically very low level violations. whether that officer actually takes the opportunity to tell the driver why the driver was stopped. and with the research shows is that the situations in which that does not happen -- let me back up. in situations in which there is

an escalation, it's 2.5 times more likely that the officer did not explain the reason for the stop. that is what the research found. amna: nearly 98% of the drivers who experienced one of those escalated outcomes was black. what does that tell you about implicit bias and racism that persists in policing today? tracey: one of the things that is incredibly interesting in this study and it is worth folks taking a chance to read it is the reason why the researchers focused on black drivers, 577 of them, was that in one out of six of those stops, the stops ended in an escalation, an arrest, a search, handcuffing and the like. they also did assess why drivers, 267 incidents during that same period where white drivers were stopped. only four of those resulted in an escalation. so we have two kinds of

disparities. first, many more black drivers were stopped in the first instance for traffic violations. second, a much higher percentage of black drivers experienced escalations than did white drivers. so they focused on the black driver. amna: how do we solve from this? from a policing or a training standpoint? we have heard a lot about implicit bias training, these officers were all wearing body cameras, presumably they did not think they were doing anything wrong. tracey: the work i have done suggests it is very important to explain to people why they were stopped because it make people that they come to a conclusion that their interaction is much more fair than when that interaction -- train officers to engage in that explanation. however, many of those officers were very likely trained to do so. so it brings a question, why in

the situations in which there was escalation did they either decide or subconsciously failed to explain what they were doing? that calls for much deeper research into exactly the kind of i.s. you are talking about. amna: a lot of the burden right now seems to rest with those black drivers. how do i keep myself safe, how do i comply. how do we shift the burden to the police officer? tracey: one of the ways we shift the burden to the police officer is by limiting the opportunities for the police officer to engage in this regulation to begin with. historically police officers were the ones who were essentially traffic lights. they stood in the middle of the streets and directed traffic. we now automate that. we can see we can do that more automated galatian of traffic violations as well. amna: tracey, thank you.

tracey: thanks, amna. ♪ geoff: in the aftermath of the me-too movement, a new field has come to prominence in the film and theater industries, intimacy coordinators and directors. this role puts a focus on consent and safety for actors, and the production teams. jeffrey brown has a look as part of our arts and culture series, canvas. jeffrey: the touch of a face, clasping hands, an embrace. it's a different kind of choreography on set or stage, one of intimacy. and a new kind of training of what are called intimacy coordinators in tv and film, and

intimacy directors in theater. >> intimacy coordinators and intimacy directors help make intimate scenes look real when they're actually fake. jeffrey: jessica steinrock started her company idc in 2019 to certify and bring more people into this growing field. she herself has worked on jaets, lillx'o's ownevemer have' i ev'd hulu's little fires everywhere. >> we are actor advocates. we are liaisons for the sets and the crew, and we are also there as choreographers help set movement and make sure tt everybody's boundaries are respected in the creative process. jeffrey: we watched a recent class in new york led by claire warden, an actor turned intimacy director and coordinator to teach some of the fundamentals of movementbut also how to watch carefully and talk through issues with actors and directors. >> we're also physical storytellers. so we're creating agreements of

movement or choreography sometimes in order to keep the clarity about physical storytelling and the boundaries that have been agreed on by the actors telling that story consistent. jeffrey: do you see this as a real sea change in hollywood and theater? >> oh, 100%. physically having this new role dramatically alters the landscape of entertainment, creates space for conversation where before there was less space. jeffrey: it's an industry in which everyone understands the meaning of the casting couch, and stories abound of actors being surprised, taken advantage of, traumatized. then-19-year-old maria schneider in 1973's last tango in paris said she felt, quote, a little raped in a scene with marlon brando. director bernardo bertolucci would later admit he did not tell schneider ahead of time how he wanted the scene to unfold.

actress sharon stone has said she was told parts of her body would not be shown in a scene in 1992's basic instinct, but later found out that wasn't the case. >> for every story that the public get to hear, there are tens, hundreds of thousands of stories that we don't get to hear from similar people. jeffrey: this past january, the leads in 1968's romeo and juliet, olivia hussey and leonard whiting, filed a lawsuit against paramount for exploitation and using nude images of them, teenagers at the time, they were told wouldn't be used in the film. a california judge recently ruled the case could not go forward, citing first amendment and technical barriers. a lawyer for the actors said they would file a new suit in federal court. >> there's a lot of potential for danger and coercion. jeffrey: kristy guevara-flanagan is a professor of film, tv and digital media at ucla.

she directed body parts, a documentary that depicts the history of sex on screen. directors, historians, and actors including jane fonda, rosanna arquette, and rose mcgowan share their experiences in the industry. >> there's so much power differential in hoywood, i think. young women were feeling like they didn't know how to navigate this, that they were feeling pressure, and that they felt like they didn't have a lot of options. jeffrey: as far back as 1967, sag-aftra, the union representing thousands of actors, developed the nudity rider, a legal agreement used to clarify parameters of filming an intimate scene. as of 2020, these riders are now decided upon 48 hours in advance. but jessica steinrock says things can still change in the intensity of the moment. >> there's a lot of money involved, a lot of crunch time involved. and when we have power dynamics, we also have opportunities for

folks to lose their ability to give consent. and so, what the intimacy professional really does is help reconstruct the entertainment landscape so that everybody is really excited and feels consenting about what those actions are going to be on any given day. jeffrey: a recent turning point, hbo's 2018 the deuce, a drama esn a19 smi'd'e'e s ponethyork, it took on a coordinator after actress emily meade spoke out about issues on set. hbo then began to require coordinators on all productions with intimate scenes, helpg to set a new standard throughout the industry. >> the main thing that allowed for is was really the time's up and me-too movement and the harvey weinstein scandal coming to light. people were finally having to

answer to these questions of like, what has been happening on their own sets? where have people not felt protected, and what can be done? jeffrey: sarah polley, who began acting as a child, has written of traumatic situations she was put in during filming, in her case, not involving sex. now a director herself, that's influenced how she runs her sets. we spoke recently about her oscar-nominated film, women talking. >> i think for so long now it's been considered a badge of honor to tell war stories as a filmmaker about the way you manipulated people or betrayed people or told them something when something else was actually happening in order to get a great moment. but i'm always curious if those same filmmakers could remake their films and behave with a certain amount of decency and care, i wonder if they'd make even better films, even the good ones. i wonder if they would have been better if people had felt safe. we'll never know. jeffrey: speaking recently to actress rachel mcadams about her new film, are you there god? it's me, margaret, i also asked

about the new, higher-profile role of intimacy coordinators. >> i feel like the intimate scenes i've done that have gone have been most successful have been very well choreographed. i don't think it takes anything away. i think it's totally additive and i'm really glad it's a part of the business now and i think it should always be there as an option. jeffrey: back at the workshop, student ariella salinas fiore says her desire to do this work was shaped by her experience as an actor, director and producer. >> yeah, because i did come from this mentality of no, you just say yes. you just do the work. you don't need to do, you know, be difficult. and me myself realizing, well, maybe there is a better way. jeffrey: shelby terrell, another trainee, agrees. >> if we can practice these

things in our daily lives, normalize it and create a culture of consent in our lives, in tv and film on set, it will just change the culture and change lives. jeffrey: jessica steinrock says she, too, hopes intimacy coordinators become the rule, not the exception. >> we have animal wranglers and stunt coordinators and if there's children on set, there's a specialist for that. these scenes are so complicated and vulnerable, it's almost shocking that we haven't had specialized pport in these scenes until now. jeffrey: for the "pbs newshour," i'm jeffrey brown in new york. amna: and we'll be back shortly. but first, take a moment to hear from your local pbs station. geoff: it's a chance to offer your support, which helps keep programs like this one on the air. ♪ amna: for those staying with us, we take a second look at a piece of history at risk. steam engines are fired by coal,

and the price of that fuel has skyrocketed in recent years. in turn, that is jeopardizing the future of some of britain's living and breathing museums. from south western england, special correspondent malcolm malcolm: they're burning through money at the swanage railway, as is every historic line in the land which gave birth to steam trains. the locomotive hauling today's service is a 1940's vintage express, back to robust health after a $400,000 refit. in total, there are 150 heritage railway lines in britain, and all of them are facing the same problems. this is the start of the new season, and they're all banking on good visitor numbers to help them survive. >> we have had to work very hard to address the impacts of the pandemic. and coming out of that, we have still got major challenges ahead of us. malcolm: leading the effort to keep this living museum on the right track is gavin johns, who has more than 30 years' experience with britain's modern

rail network. >> we have got two challenges, one, rising costs and the impacts of those rising costs on our customers. so, our own costs are going up significantly, most notably, coal. malcolm: three years ago, the daily spend on coal was $670. today, it's $1600. >> coal is a major issue for us, because, before the war in ukraine, we were sourcing our coal from russia. so we very quickly had to work with our supplier to switch the source of the coal. i ink it's very unlikely that weill go back to russian coal supplies. we have been working hard to find new sources. and i think, for the time being, that we will stick with those sources. malcolm: johns says that ethical considerations, and not just sanctions, dictate the railway's stance. although costs have more than doubled, it'll try to absorb the hit and not raise ticket prices, because visitors are also struggling financially. the hope is that more passengers

like matt collins will turn up for a steam fix. >> marvel at what steam engines were at the time. basically, it's controlled explosions, a real lesson in engineering. and it's really evocative, the smells, the sights and the sounds, as you travel on these trains. and it just gives you an insight into what the victorians did for us. malcolm: while steam engines have always pumped out carbon dioxide, along with water vapor, the biggest environmental impact of the locomotive age was to encourage air pollution by other heavy industries. today, the influence of heritage lines on climate change is negligible. the railways insist they're using cleaner coal where possible and are trying to reduce their carbon footprint elsewhere. in swanage, aficionados like suzanne wiseman have no qualms about keeping steam alive. >> it means a lot to me, because i was brought up in the steam railway era. and we were just saying,

actually, i remember standing on the railway bridges watching them go under, and the driver used to always give us a peep and wave. and it's just nice. it's keeping a bit of the british heritage going. i think people all over the world love us for r history, and this is a big part of it. malcolm: this heritage line benefits from being in a region that's popular with vacationers and day trippers. nevertheless, it's laid off a handful of permanent staff. other railways have been harder-hit and have been forced to make more drastic cuts. >> railways have been using timber, steel for all the repairs, track renewals, locomotive and carriage renewals and so on. so the cost of these sorts of commodities have all shot up. so, yeah, there are some railways at risk, absolutely. malcolm: as chief executive of the heritage railway association, steve oates has an overview of the sector's myriad problems. so, how would you categorize it? >> it's tough. it's looking tricky, because the economic challenges that everybody is facing and the cost of living crisis, which is affecting potential visitors, it's almost like a double or triple whammy.

malcolm: even the popular bluebell line, 130 miles east of swanage, is not immune. it relies on volunteers like patricia beale, who spent a lifetime working on modern railways. >> it's something that gets in your blood. i mean, i love railways and steam engines, the smell and just the general ambiance. steam engines are living creatures, or they appear to be living creatures. they breathe. malcolm: love and tender care have helped this terrier class locomotive survive its contemporaries. now, 150 years old, this is the little engine that could help pull the bluebell over the economic mountain. the railway's chairman is paul churchman. >> we're working very hard, but we have to be realistic in that it's going to be very challenging. malcolm: the bluebells' costs have also doubled because of the war in ukraine, even though this coal doesn't come from russia. >> last year wasn't that good because of the rising costs and the softening of revenue.

we expect to post a loss for last year. this year, we probably will post a loss again, but we are taking actions to get our business to break even for 2020. -- 2024. malcolm: the bluebell and other lines can no longer rely on pure nostalgia as a crowd-puller. they need to wrench young people away from the screens of their devices. 19-year-old luke hopgood no longer volunteers, but keeps coming back. >> there's just old-fashioned stations, and it's just very traditional. and there's just a very authentic feel about it. malcolm: the swanage line was axed from the british network in 1972. gavin johns has no intention of letting it die a second time. >> we have got a great set of staff that work really hard to keep things moving. and i think that, with our

special events and with the determination, and we have got a really good chance of surviving. malcolm: this summer, in a new initiative, this heritage diesel train will connect to mainline services for the first time in 50 years. the message from all 150 historic railways is the same. >> come here. spend your money. [laughter] help us survive. enjoy the experience we have. it is unique. malcolm: can they make it? they think they can. they think they can. for the "pbs newshour," i'm malcolm brabant in southern england. ♪ geoff: the legacy of novelist willa cather is being honored on capitol hill today. a bronze statue of the pulitzer-prize winning author was unveiled in the u.s. capitol's statuary hall. cather is best known for my antonia, and other novels about frontier life and the immigrant experience, published in the

early 1900's. the sculpture represents nebraska, where cather spent most of her life. it's also the first time the work of an african-american artist will be displayed in statuary hall. the sculptor, omaha artist littleton alston. and you can watch our profile of alston where he describes the inspiration for his work. that's on our website, pbs.org/newshour. amna: also online, it's not your imagination, more places are asking for tips these days, part of a post-pandemic trend. we asked two experts for their take. >> the prevalence of those tips greens when we emerged from all of our lock downs and everything really did put a lot of pressure, and i think created a little bit of confusion for a lot of americans. you are starting to see tip screens in places where you are not typically prompted for it. and i think having to actually go through the action of saying no, i do not want to leave a

tip, that is where we started hearing a lot of people getting uncomfortable. >> when you talk to businesses and employees of businesses that have adopted these new digital technologies, they will tell you that there tip said increased. but there is no good scientific data on this. in part because once you adopt technologies, you have good records of tips after the fact but you don't have good records from before to compare it with. but the anecdotal data we have i think is reasonably persuasive and suggests, yeah, people are tipping more because of the increased request for tips. amna: watch that full conversation for more about when and how much you should tip on our website. geoff: and that is the "newshour" for tonight. i'm geoff bennett. amna: and i'm amna nawaz. on behalf of the entire "newshour" team, thank you for joining us. >> major funding for the "pbs newshour" has been provided by.

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introducing a technological achievement so advanced... it rivals the moon landing. wow! ok. rude. that's one small step for man.

one giant leap for mankind. hello, everyone, and welcome to "amanpour & co." here's what's coming up. >> we've yet to see really convincing evidence one way or the other as to exactly how this dam was breaed. >> blame game. kyiv and moscow accuse each other of destroying a critical dam. i ask ukraine's former defense minister andriy zagorodnyuk about the aftermath. also ahead. >> silence only allows the abuser to abuse. >> taking on the tabloids. prince harry becomes the first british royal to take the witness stand since the 19th century. a royal watcher and "the new york times" bureau chief mark landler discusses the bombshell phone hacking trial. then -- >> i