♪ ♪ narrator: funding for this presentath otiroisf gr p woman: architect. bee keeper. mentor. a raymond james financial advisor tailors advice to help you live your life. life well planned. narrator: funding was also provided by, the freeman foundation. and by judy and peter blum kovler foundation; pursuing solutions for america's neglected needs. announcer: and now, "bbc news".

>> hello. it this is the context. >> the dpi rounds will provide ukraine with low failure rate. the ammunition we are delivering will consist only of those with a dud rate less than 2.35%. >> we base our assistance on ukraine's needs on the ground. ukraine needs artillery to sustain its operations. >> we signed the convention. there is nothing to provide to ukraine. all the allies have not signed the convention.

>> very name it, lots of new surrounding ukraine on the program president zelenskyy is in istanbul where he is pushing for membership of nato. he is in prague where he is calling on the nato alliance to supply longer-range weapons. you will see from the headlines, it is the decision to supply cluster munitions, which is dividing the alliance. 100 countries have signed to a moratorium on cluster munitions, including the u.k., france, germany. let's talk about the counteroffensive in ukraine. it has been slow to take hold. there are soldiers who are starting to wonder if a breakthrough is possible. whether the defensive lines are heavily report -- are too much of a barrier. president zelenskyy said his country needs longer-range weapons. it there are concerns within

nato that military strikes within russia might lead to further escalation. what is the solution? in the last hour, the u.s. confirmed it will be sending cluster munitions to ukraine, not a palpable situation to many observers. while these weapons to carry a risk to civilians, they are less of a risk to bystanders because u.s. bombs have a lower failure rate than those used by russia. jake sullivan said there would be a much greater rest of the country if russia is allowed to advance. >> artillery is at the core of this conflict. ukraine is firing thousands of rounds a day to defend against russia and to support its own efforts to retake its sovereign territory. we have provided ukraine with a historic amount of artillery rounds. we are ramping up domesc

production of these rounds. we have seen increases in production. this will continue to ke time. it will be critical to provide a bridge of supplies while our production has ramped up. we will not leave ukraine defenseless. russia has been using clustered munitions is the start of the war to attack ukraine. russia has been using clustered munitions with high dud or failure rates between 30% and 40%. ukraine has been requesting a class treatment-ish and said order to defend its own sovereign territory. the cluster munitions we would provide have rates far below what russia is providing. >> that was jake sullivan at the white house. this was the pentagon a short time ago. >> we are working with ukraine to minimize the risk of the

decision. they have offered assurances on the responsible use of -- not using them in civilian populated environments or they will record where they use the rounds, which will simplify the mining efforts. ukraine has committed to mitigate any potential harm to civilians. the u.s. has invested more than $95 million in these activities and we will provide more support to ukraine -- two mitigate munitions in this conflict. i providing artillery and ammunition, we will ensure that they have sufficient munitions for mohs to come. the united states and our allies will continue to ramp up our defenses to support ukraine. for the past year and a half, the president has been clear that we will support ukraine for as long as it takes. >> let's go straight to

washington. that is a pretty robust defense of the reasons for sending cluster munitions. >> given the huge controversy around it, you are seeing some cracks in the coalition over it. the view is simple, what was interesting before the pentagon briefing it, russia is using them. ukraine is justified in using them as well. he made the point that the ones that russia are using have a much higher failure rate, about 50%. the ones ukraine would be getting from america, the failure rate is much lower. it's -- we haven't seen any evidence of that so far. it hasn't been disclosed to the media. these task have been taken, they've taken place over the few

years to show that these munitions have this low failure rate. that does not stop it from being a controversial. you have more than 100 countries who are concerned about this. they have signed this treaty which ours the use and stockpiling of cluster munitions. america is confident that these munitions are justified. ukraine has to make sure that when the war is over that these munitions will be cleared up in the u.s. will assist in that. >> they talked about why they would be advantageous on the battlefield. it also comes down to the u.s.. they send a lot of shelves for the howitzers. this is a weapon that is going out of date. they don't produce it anymore for the u.s. army. is there a sense that they need

something, we are low on the munitions we could send. >> they phased the amount in 2016. america is contradictory. they agreed they posed a risk to civilians. they've got a stockpile waiting to go. the ukraine's art have the howitzer artillery weaponry to launch. in that sense, it is something america knows it can provide. ukraine asked for these weapons year ago. it is fair to speculate that it is taken a year for the u.s. to have these talks and try to discuss with their allies if it was right to send them. the interesting thing is, jake sullivan did make a point in his answers to questions by

journalists that they been talking to allies. they had said they understood it. germany has criticized america for the use of this. they have said they believe that america has done every it can to believe that these munitions they are sending are safe enough. >> thank you very much for that. it is not universally welcome. germany says that they are opposed to sending them to ukraine. the nato secretary-general has said there is a difference among allies on whether they should be used. >> it is for individual allies to make decisions on what weapons. we agree we should be delivering ammunition to ukraine.

there are different types of ammunition in ukraine. when it comeso cluster ammunition, there is a difference between allies. some have signed the convention on cluster munitions. there are no cluster missions to provide. other allies have not signed. many of them have cluster munitions. >> what are they? why are they so controversial? each close remission carries a large number of small bombs that are dispersed over a wide area. the concern is when they fail to explode, there is a danger to civilians after the conflict has ended. they have been banned in 128 countries. human rights watch said they've used them already, killing

civilians as well as military personnel. let's ring in a retired army major. thank you for being with us. give us the military perspective. it why would this be attractive to a ukrainian officer on the ground? >> it's in the name. it stands for dual-purpose approved conventional munition. the dual-purpose is the fact that it can be used to destroy armored vehicles and kill enemy soldiers. the way they work, they are a tube filled with around 650 some munitions. they are high explosive antitank rounds. the officers would be able to use them to destroy arm of vehicles and -- armored vehicles and bunkers. as it explodes, that sends spread mints everywhere.

you can use these missiles to saturate many kilomete. in terms of winning the battle, the artillery is known as the king a battle. the site that wins the artillery war probably going to win. that is absolutely critical for the ukrainian defense efforts. >> i've seen these homes firsthand in iraq. they were used in 2003. when they don't explode, they are quite colorful and children pick them up. you will see civilians with horrific injuries. their arms or legs have to be amputated. the americans are making the point today that where these

weapons would be deployed, these are areas heavily mined. you wouldn't find a lot of civilians. >> in the gulf war, in three weeks they fired about 13,000 of these shelves. that's about 2 million sub munitions. the real problem is they are very hard to disarm. that is slightly different where you can remove the fuse. these are difficult to defuse. you will probably have to set them off. it's a fair point. even in afghanistan, there were areas in the northern element where the russians had been in the 80's. there are areas you don't go to because they are so heavily mined. topsoil has to shift.

they made maps back in the day, topsoil shifts and that buried mines. it's a difficult thing. there is potentially an argument that using cluster munitions will make it harder. >> let'salk about the conflict. there are soldiers on the ground who are asking the counteroffensive andhether it's going to take hold. the counteroffensivwill build pressure, it will build pressure over weeks and months and russia will simply shatter. do you think this is the kind of weapon, given that the russians are so wellgain, might this shift the momentum? >> you have to be careful about making assumptions. think about the compartment of artillery in july. we assumed the artillery would -- the germans would take

casualties from the artillery. there bunkers were so effective that they were able to repel the british attacks. we are talking about artillery with cluster missions that are a lot more advanced. when it comes to the ukrainian offensive, it's clear they have a tactic to try and grind down the line and find the weak spots and attack them in force. if you can use something like a cluster munition, if it's attrition on your enemy, if you can kill more of their soldiers before you attack, that is going to put you in aetter position. these are incredibly controversial. if the americans can make the

guarantees, i could see a case for that. if you fire 100 of the shells, there are 644 submissions. that is 64,400 munitions. that is still around 1600 unexploded submunitions. 2.5% sounds small. new scale up, that is a huge amount of unexploded munitions. >> that's a crucially important perspective. thank you. president zelenskyy is in s-1 pull ahead of an important nato summit next week. he has been met by president erdogan. you can see them both. ahead of that summit, nato's failure to resolve the issue of sweden's succession and their failure to find a path was a

threat to the strength of the alliance. the british prime minister has underlined the significant benefits of sweden joining nato. there has been progress in addressing the security concerns. let's talk to the charterhouse program. where do you think president erdogan is on the issue of sweden? >> there is a very high pitch. they were in brussels. there has been diplomacy ting place with president erdogan and the leader of the nato countries, including the u.k. we are seeing fast paced

diplomacy. that increases the hope that we might see a breakthrough in venues. hopes are high. until the last minute, we saw the finish candidacy on the table. it was the u.s. intervention to save the day. >> there areo errant tease in these press briefings. let's turn to this relationship between the two men. crucially important, president erdogan does have an open door to the russian president. what the you think zelenskyy will want from this visit? >> there are several items on the agenda. one item is the fate of the green deal.

-- grain deal. they brokered it with pressure. it is very crucial. in places like africa and the middle east, this is about to come to expire on july 17. ukraine is committed to return. the you went once this to be renewed. the developing world wanted it to be renewed. this grain deal is high on the agenda. this includes the ukraine and turkey. unlike many things, it's not only the drone sale. that is also going to be on the agenda. ukraine wants security guarantees. zelenskyy that will also be on

e agenda. that will also be on the agenda. this is going to b a happy agenda between both countries to discuss the nato summit. the grain deal will be high on the agenda as well. >> we will leave that there. thank you very much ined. this is bbc news. let's take a quick look at som of the other stories making headlines today. the man convicted of murdering ellie edwards has been sent to life in prison. he will serve a minimum of 48 years. she was an innocent bystander on

christmas eve. police have revealed that an eight-year-old girl and a woman her 40's remained in critical condition in hospital after a land rover crashed into a school building in wimbledon. an eight-year-old girl died in the crash. a 46-year-old woman who was arrested on suspicion of dangerous driving has been released on bail. a school in redding whose head teacher took her own life after it has been downgraded has been judged as good. some areas including safeguarding have been improved. her sister welcomed the new rating, it proved that she had never been a failing school. you are live with bbc news. some 175 countries of struck a deal today to produce carbon emissions in the global shipping

industry. e agreement to make it net zero by 2050 was reached in a conference of the maritime orgazation in london. shipping is usually significant. ships carry the overwhelming majority of the goods. they produce 3% of greenhouse gases. here is our environment correspondent. >> i think you have tech knowledge he that is a significant achievement. they agreed to go to net zero by 2050. the previous efforts were to have 50% of emissions cut by 2050. this is a big step forward. shetty -- shipping plays a big role. this is part of the paris agreement and it uses heavy fuel oil. because ships are complex, it

has not been it regulated. seeing this is a political achievement is significant. >> it will not have escaped the attention of those gathered at the meeting that we are shattering global temperature records. the global average temperature reached a new high for the third time in seven days. it is just over 63 degrees fahrenheit. the climate monitoring service said june was the hottest on record, beating june 2019. the effect of that can be seen wherever you look. we have droughts in spain, heat waves in china, nowhere is it more acute than in the capital of uruguay. it is days away from running out of drinking water. it's the worst drought in 74 years. the government has told the population that reserves are at

1.8%. we will speak to a professor of climate at columbia climate school. he joins me from new york. just a quick comment on it uruguay. i just wonder if a shortage of water like that is a vision of the future that other cities will face. >> i like the way you frame that, any individual case can have a large role of natural variability. as we take the bigger picture and look across the globe, as the atmosphere warms, it is getting sucking more moisture out of the land and out of those reservoirs, leading into more of these dangerous droughts and fires. vegetation drives out under warmer temperatures. >> talk to me about these global

temperatures in the graph we just put up. can you see a pattern? we've got pretty high temperatures at the moment. is that reflective of the bigger problem we are facing? >> basically, the thing to focus on is not the last couple of days. it's a longer. of time over the whole globe. the last seven years, this is due to greenhouse gases increasing through our activities, shifting the statistics and making heat waves so much more common. if you add in the natural variability, global average temperatures are up. we have this residence between natural variability and the effect of more greenhouse gases. you start to experience these unprecedented extremes that were

not possible without global warming. >> we've all got a responsibility in this. sector by sector, we just talked about shipping. how important is that agreement? >> it's very important. it shows that different entities can come together. every wedge needs to contribute. protecting our vulnerable people. >> a professor of climate at columbia climate school. thank you very much indeed. do stay with us. we are going to talk about a new film about it cinema's. it is causing quite a storm. what can they tell us about the moves in the toy world? narrator: funding for this presentation of this program

is provided by... narrator: financial services firm, raymond james. narrator: funding was also provided by, the freeman foundation. and by judy and peter blum kovler foundation; pursuing solutions for america's neglected needs. ♪ ♪

♪ ♪ narrator: funding for this presentation of this program is provided by... woman: architect. bee keeper. mentor. a raymond james financial advisor tailors advice to help you live your life. life well planned. narrator: funding was also provided by, the freeman foundation. and by judy and peter blum kovler foundation; pursuing solutions for america's neglected needs. announcer: and now, "bbc news".