>> tonight, calls for cease-fire intensified as the humanitarian crisis worsens. >> we are suffering, every day

we are suffering. we only have bread and water to quiet the kids so they sleep at night. >> how israel's judicial reform protest movement is re-focusing its energy to help those in need after hamas' attack. and what prescription and over-the-counter drug shortages mean for doctors and patients caught in the middle. ♪ announcer: major funding has been brought to you by. >> consumer cellular. this is sam. , help you? >> this is a pocket dial. >> with consumer cellular, you get nationwide coverage with no contact. have a nice day. ♪ announcer: and with the ongoing support of these individuals and institutions.

♪ and friends of the newshour. ♪ announcer: this program was made possible for the corporation for public broadcasting and for contributions from viers like you. thank you. miles: john: good evening. i'm john yang. tonight, the israeli military says it has divided gaza in two, and its troops have surrounded gaza city. israeli media reports that soldiers could move into gaza city within 48 hours. the human toll is rising, the hamas-run gaza health ministry says more than 9700 palestinians have died though it's not clear

how many were hamas fighters. the israeli military says 29 soldiers have died in gaza ground operations. special correspondent leila molana-allen has our report. >> down the main highway, civilians walk towards what they hope is safety. the israel defense forces warned residents in the north to leave during a four-hour pause in airstrikes sunday. those that left carried whatever and whoever they could. but airstrikes also continued outside the north. the hamas-run gaza health ministry said at least 38 people died in a strike on the maghazi refugee camp in central gaza. among those who lost loved ones, photojournalist mohammad al-aloul, who was working for the turkish newspaper andalou. his four children were killed. his wife is in critical condition. >> what happened was that i was in khan younis doing my job and reporting. i got the news like any other

news that al-maghazi camp has been bombed; little by little more news was delivered, and i found out it is my home. reporter: at the rafah border crossing, foreigners and injured gazans have been unable to leave since saturday. u.s. officials said the hamas-controlled government wanted it closed until more gazans injured in israeli strikes on hospitals and ambulances were allowed to evacuate. that's leaving dual passport-holders like majed al-huwaihi in limbo. majed al-huwaihi: i ask the german government to intervene in a stronger way with all parties. things get more dangerous in gaza with every day that passes. reporter: the idf maintains that its strikes target hamas locations underneath hospitals. it released this ued video purporting to show hamas infrastructure under a hospital in gaza city. on cbs' face the nation this morning, deputy national security adviser jon finer said the majority of about 400 americans in gaza had now left. jon finer: over the last several days, through pretty intensive

negotiations with all sides relevant to this conflict, we have been able to get out more than 300 americans, lawful permanent residents and their family members. reporter: the day before, president joe biden expressed optimism about getting israel to agree to temporarily stop fighting, to allow more aid into gaza. reporter: mr. president, any progress on a humanitarian pause? >> yes. reporter: on sunday, secretary of state antony blinken expanded on the one-word answer. antony blinken: this is a process. israel's raised important questions about how humanitarian pauses would work. we've gotta answer those questions. reporter: blinken also made an unannounced visit to the west bank sunday, meeting with palestinian authority president mahmoud abbas. in response, protesters filled the streets of ramallah. and ramallah's not the only area of the west bank threatening to boil over. miles: you've been spending time

on the west bank. tell us what you are seeing there. reporter: palestinians in the west bank feel they are persecuted as if they were hamas as well. we seen a huge expansion into the west bank and airstrikes which is very unusual in the west bank, more than 1300 palestinians arrested and hundreds killed by security forces. the palestinian authority are still the government in gaza but hamas is the party that runs things. the party in charge in the west bank has been called upon by the israelis to run things in gaza but there are questions about what happens next after all the devastation. john: leila, thank you very

much. ♪ john: ukraine's president called on the united states to provide more funding in his country's ongoing war with russia. president biden has pressed congress to pass a spending bill that includes billions in weapons aid for ukraine but so far, only a bill with money for israel is advancing in congress. on meet the press, president volodymyr zelenskyy warned without additional help the conflict will spread. he spoke in both english and ukranian. >> if russia will kill all of us, they will attack nato countries, and you will send your sons and daughters. and it will be, i'm sorry, but the price will be higher." ukraine is defending both the european union, the european continent, and our common

values. john: the russian military reported it test launched an inter-ballistic mutt missile -- an intercontinental ballistic missile designed to carry nuclear warheads. video from the russian defense ministry shows it launching from a new nuclear submarine somewhere in russia's northern white sea. it's not clear when the test took place. voters went to the polls in moldova today, for nationwide local elections amid claims of russian meddling. the former soviet republic sits between romania and ukraine, and last year became a candidate for eu membership. today's vote will elect nearly 900 mayors and 11,000 local counselors. authorities there maintain russia has been conducting hybrid warfare to undermine the vote and two days ago, the prime minister announced a ban on candidates from a pro-russia party. there are two new winners at the new york city marathon and one new course record. tamirat tola of ethiopia won the men's race

in 2 hours, 4 minutes and 58 seconds -- 8 seconds faster than the record set in 2011. in the women's race, it came down to the final stretch -- when helen obiri of kenya pulled away to win. she also won the boston marathon in april. still ahead a look at prescription and over-the-counter drug shortages across the country. and the story of the first native american to earn a medical degree. announcer: this is pbs newshour news weekend. ♪ john: for months, prime minister benjamin netanyahu's sweeping judicial overhaul proposals had divided israelis, triggering massive protests across the nation virtually every weekend. but on october 7, the day of the bloody assault on southern israel by hamas fighters, groups protesting against netanyahu's government quickly turned their resources toward aiding israeli soldiers and civilians affected by the attack and israel's subsequent war on hamas.

one such group is bonot alternativa - in english, building an alternative, a women's rights group founded in 2020. earlie i spoke with lee hoffmann agiv, the group's field operations manager. i asked her about what effect the hamas attack had on her and her work. >> october 7 changed everything, literally. we woke up and by 9:30 a.m. we were already in a meeting and the first thing we said that there is no protest. ok no demonstrations, no protests. our main concern now is how to survive this crisis. we started building a website that will help evacuees find new homes and to make connection between people that were looking for a home and people that were offering a space or a home voluntarily.

so all of our attention was only to this horrible situation. john: talk a little bit more about the the activities, what u've done the group has been doing since october 7th and i'm curious if the existing organization, if that has made it made things easier to get up to speed. >> yes, since we are already about 80 different communities around israel, then each community was transformed into like a mini emergency organization. for example a few women took charge of cooking. a few women took charge of sending equipment to soldiers. a few women took charge of giving supports to families who were their kids were kidnaped or murder. we were able to do that very quickly since obviously we are activists. that happened in a few hours and it was working. [26.8s]

john: [00:08:15]does this change in direction signal a change in attitude about about the netanyahu government or is this not so much supporting the netanyahu government as much as it is supporting israel and israelis? >> there is no simple answer. most of us, we don't trust the government obviously. i don'see how you can trust the government. the debate now is about the timing. so some people think that you should go all in now and ask for the government to resign and some people will say wait until the end of the war but then i say like, so who decides? when does the war and? -- end? so you can even ask me, like during the day i might change my answer. john: was your mistrust already high before october 7th, or has this sort of aggravated compounded your mistrust? >> i didn't trust them before.

they were really a group of incapable people, most of them. but now we pay. we paid the price. we paid the highest price. the difference is that now more people feel the same way. people that voted for this government are saying, i'm sorry. so it's not like they're taking responsibility, but they feel very bad for trusting them. john: before this, when when there were the protests over the netanyahu's judicial overhaul plan, israel seemed to be very divided between those on the left, the ultra-orthodox, the ultra religious on the other side. has this had the effect of bringing people together do you think? >> maybe some. some are more willing to spend time together or to talk to each other. i have to say women's rights is not a right or left issue. we have women in bonot alternativa, which are ultra

orthodox. and sometimes i can be very, very mad at the situation that is happening with the ultra orthodox group in the government with their leaders. i can be very angry with the settlers and sometimes i can talk to them and find the common values, for example, of them as mothers. since i am a mother, we can relate, we can talk about things. it's more about opening your eyes and saying this is the situation as it is. john: is there a sense that the issues you were were you were working on before october 7th, women's rights that what happened on october 7th sort of overwhelms that? >> on the one hand we feel like we are starting all over. we do know that hamas used rape as a weapon. they kidnapped children and women. we have in this war more wen

killed than in any other war. [00:15:31]we're talking about dozens of women killed, soldiers, police officers, paramedics, you know. so you hear about women that are heroes. and at the same time you have the extremists who are talking about that, the fact, you know, that women are hurting, the stability of the army. also, when you look at this government, there are no women in the government. you have only five ministers, women ministers, at the moment you have no women in the cabinet. you have no women in the table of decision making. and they're just looking for the other way and ignoring women completely. and our women in bonot alternativa are outraged, you know. so on one hand, they will not go and protest and say, what about the women? but we will act on that subject because no one else will. john: [00:17:03]lea hoffman agiv

of building an alternative. thank you very much. and we wish you well in what may be difficult days ahead. >> thank you very much for taking the time to look at this very important subject. john: throughout 2023, drug shortages have disrupted hospitals and pharmacies. medications for adhd, chemotherapy, and diabetes among others have constantly been in low supply. now rsv treatments for babies are the latest to be affected by these shortages. ali rogin tells us what's driving these shortages and what could be done about it. reporter: if you recently struggled to get a prescription filled or buy certain over-the-counter medicines, you are not alone. by late spring this year, there were 309 ongoing drug shortages in the u.s., the highest in nearly a decade. experts blame supply chain gaps, manufacturing delays and spikes

in demand for the shortages. but what does that mean for doctors, parents and patients who are caught in the middle? michael ganio is a senior director at the american society of health system pharmacists. thank you so much for joining us. michael, drug shortages are not that uncommon, but to have so many at one time is. what are some of the factors contributing to this situation? michael ganio: well, there are several reasons for drug shortages. what we've seen recently are some demand spikes, as you noted. there are weight loss medications used for diabetes. there's unprecedented demand for those. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medications commonly known as adderall or ritalin. those have been in short supply because of high demand but the other side of that is manufacturing delays and sometimes it's a disruption due to quality. it's not a problem with the quality of the product, but it's a process issue that has held up production. and if anyone has heard of the ongoing oncology drug shortages, things we use to treat cancers, chemotherapy, drugs, those have been caused because of some of these quality issues prohibiting release of

the products. so really there are a lot of different causes and we've even seen geopolitical threats to the supply chain. and of course, during covid-19, we had supply chain disruptions across the board. reporter: i want to talk more about the cancer drug shortage that you mentioned, how are hospitals, how are doctors dealing with that? michael ganio: yeah these shortages are really challenging, mostly because it's not easy to switch between drugs. usually when we're out of a drug, we have to switch regimens completely, and that means that there's different outcomes that can be associated with those regimens. they may not be as effective they may have different or worse side effects and so really there is a decision that has to be made when deciding who gets that treatment. is there a curative intent? is there a chance it will cure that cancer, or are we doing something to try to prolong their overall survival? that may play into which patients get the drug and which ones don't. reporter: let's talk now about the antibody treatment that was

approved for rsv. there are shortages there, too, -- how is that affecting patients? michael ganio: well, this one is also unusual. this is an increase in demand causing the shortage and actual to say increase is a little bit of a misnomer because it is a new drug. there's really no precedent set as far as demand. so the manufacturer tried to project how much of the medication would be used and it's obvious that they did not project enough to manufacture enough to to treat all the patients that they planned to treat. there are actually several things at play. you may just look at birthing numbers and wonder, "well, looking at these statistics, why didn't they forecast enough?" but they had to order a lot of this drug ahead of time to know how much to make. and the other variable is the fact that there is a vaccine available and if the mother receives a vaccine within a certain timeframe, the child does not need this monoclonal antibody. so what we will hopefully see is as the season goes on, more mothers receive that vaccine and then the infant is born protected already and will not

need this antibody but for right now, there's a really high demand for that drug. repoer: now, we know there are several federal agencies involved in dealing with these shortages. the fda has a role to play, hhs, even the department of defense. how can those different agencies work together to put a stop to this? michael ganio: well, they already have worked together a little. back i2018 and into 2019, several agencies worked together to develop a report on the root causes of shortages. two of the root causes that are really interesting that we're focused on are the economics of the drug shortage problem. we're talking about a lot of older, generic, sterile injectable drugs. these are difficult to manufacture because of the sterility, but they also have very slim profit margins. so there's really not a lot of economic interest in getting into this market or expanding a portfolio. the other side of that is quality. when we're purchasing the drugs, we don't really have any insight in that quality. with our fda system of pass fail approval, we have to assume everything is equal, so we

really have no other piece of information to base purchasing on other than price and that leads to a race to the bottom in pricing, and it incentivizes hospitals and other providers to buy the cheapest product. reporter: and i know that that's something that you at the american society of health system pharmacists, has been pushing to get implemented, something that would allow you to factor in quality, not just low prices. tell me more about that and what other solutions on a policy level do you think need to be implemented to avoid future drug shortages like this? michael ganio: the key is providing purchasers with more information about the products we're buying, how much investment in the resiliency of the supply chain, are they using multiple sources for the active pharmaceutical ingredient? do they have redundancies built into their systems? and if they do, then the market should reward that and maybe that marginal increase in price is something that providers will pay. we do know that drug shortages cost the united states health care system quite a bit of money. there was a survey in 2019 that estimated about 360 million health care dollars in the u.s.

are spent every year just in labor costs. so the marginal increase on the price of a generic injectable is something that buyers may invest in if they know that it's going to help resolve these shortages. reporter: mike ganio with the american socie of health system pharmacists, thank you so much for your time. michael ganio: thank you for having me. ♪ john: november is native american heritage month, a celebration of the traditions and languages of u.s. indigenous communities. tonight, the story of the first native american to earn a medical degree, a pioneer at a time when she had few rights, either as a woman or as an american indian. a child of the 1h century american frontier, dr. susan la flesche picotte was a trailblazer in native american health care as they were moved

to indian reservations sometimes after brutal wars with u.s. soldiers. she was the youngest daughter of mary gale & joseph la flesche, who was of french and indian descent, and was the last recognized chief of the omaha. she was born in 1865, more than a decade after her father signed a treaty with the government, giving up much of the omaha's ancestral home. they'd been moved to a reservation in northeastern nebraska. as white settlers pushed the frontier farther and farther west, her father saw assimilation as the key to survival. many omaha rejected that, but his children took it to heart. embracing her heritage, susan ventured into the world of white america, confronting prejudice along the way. she graduated second in the class of 1886 at what is now hampton university, a historically black school in virginia. and, at a time when women were considered ill-suited to be physicians, she enrolled at woman's medical college of pennsylvania, the nation's first medical school for women. she completed the three-year

program in just two, graduating at the top of her class. she was now a doctor, though as a woman she could not vote, and as a native american, u.s. law did not consider her a citizen. then4 years old, she chose to return to the omaha reservation, becoming the sole doctor for 1200 people across more than 400 square miles including the winnebago reservation. armed with her formal medical training, she pushed for better hygiene and food sanitation including window screens to keep out disease-carrying flies. she tackled the health disparities facing native americans, including widespread disease, suicide, mental illness and alcohol abuse. she led temperance campaigns, persuading the government to ban liquor sales on reservations. her own husband, henry, a yankton sioux died in 1905 of tuberculosis, aggravated by alcoholism.

in 1913, even as her own health faltered, she opened the first privately funded hospital on a native reservation. the walthill, nebraska, facility treated all people in need, not just those from the reservation. the hospital closed in 1940 and today the building is a national historic landmark. more than a century after her death at age 50 in 1915, the modern-day fruits of her efforts can be seen in health facilities on reservations but it's also not hard to imagine her among those who complain that the u.s. indian health service is understaffed and underfunded. her determination is reflected in the face of a bronze sculpture in downtown lincoln, nebraska and in her words inscribed next to it, "i shall always fight gd and hard, even if i have to fight alone." ♪

john: and that is pbs news weekend for this sunday. i'm john yang. for all of my colleagues, thanks for joining us. have a good week. announcer: major funding provided by. >> consumer cellular? >> this is a pocket dial. >> i were thought i would let you know you get nationwide coverage with no contract. have a nice day. ♪ announcer: and with the ongoing support of these individuals and institutions. this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you.

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