this is "through the decades," a unique hour-long time capsule. today we look back at stories behind political conventions including 1968 and the chaos that erupted in chicago. "we tried to talk to the man and we got bodily pushed out of the way. this is the kind of thing that's been going on." and in 1972, when things didn't quite go the way the democratic party planned. "by the last count there were five names to be put before the convention. there were seven." even 1980 and the start of what would become the reagan revolution. "i am very proud of our party tonight." those stories and more in the next hour, part of a different kind of television experience, where we relive, remember and relate to the events that are cemented in history i'm ellee pai hong. and i'm kerry sayers.

and i'm your host, bill kurtis. this is "through the decades." these days, presidential conventions are generally a demonstration of political pageantry. several days for each party to showcase their best to the nation, to dress up in niceties, to firmly dispense with whatever the primary campaigns have wrought and focus on the election at hand. but, the political convention has not always played such a congenial role in presidential politics. over the next hour, we'll remember some of the most influential conventions to shape modern politics. we'll recall the raucous behavior that infiltrated chicago in 1912. the 1964 convention that had republicans questioning the direction of their party. we'll also recall those moments that became the retrospective sign posts for a

nation in the midst of change. but we begin with, the convention that fell during the most tumultuous year. the convention that devolved into violence both inside and out. the convention that left the democratic party mortally wounded. the convention in chicago. 1968. "there are more than 26,000 men and women, federal, state and local, assigned to protect 5,000 democrats here on the way to and from the hotels in the city and around it. all of this for a quadrennial meeting of the nation's oldest and its largest political party." but, in retrospect - to those on the ground for the 1968 democratic convention, that protection would come to be understood as enforcement. the road to what happened the final week of august, 1968 was paved in the months and years before the nation descended on

the windy city. in october of that 1967, president johnson announced he was committed to american involvement in vietnam which added fuel to growing fires of the anti-war sentiment. "for it seems now more certain than ever that the bloody experience of vietnam is to end in a stalemate." with an approval rating in the thirties, johnson announced he would not seek re-election on march 31, 1968. five days later, james earl ray gunned down martin luther king in memphis re-igniting a series of race riots nationwide including chicago and chicago is where robert f. kennedy was hoping to win the democratic nomination i "my thanks to all of you and now it's on to chicago and let's win there." but sirhan sirhan assassinated himin the kitchen of the ambassador hotel two months

before he got the chance. "oh god he's dead! why?!" the nation was ripping at the seams under a now-deeply fractured democratic leadership. "good evening from chicago for the thirty-fifth democratic national convention." when the convention began, johnson's vice-president hubert humphrey was the front-runner despite not taking part in any of the primaries. humphrey was determined to continue the war policies of his former running mate. that guaranteed anti war protestors would show up to get their message across. "much of the security we spoke of earlier is to head off any possible demonstrations by the many protest groups that are here." "we don't trust the democratic party. we don't trust the republican party. we don't trust the american government so we're officially asking for a u.n. observer to come to chicago."

the city denied organizers permits to sleep in lincoln park d mayor richard j. daley had 12,000 police officers and 15,000 national guard troops to keep the peace if necessary. undeterred, protesters remained in the park when it closed and the cops wasted no time clearing them out. "police moved in to enforce the 11 o'clock curfew in lincoln park where the demonstrators want to sleep." it was one of five chaotic days in the city both in the streets and at the convention. "the protesters are on the march again today after a series of bloody clashes with police last night and early this morning in which at least 20 persons were injured and a dozen arrested." to those watching it all play out on television, chicago cops did not look ready to handle the crowds.

"a noisy but non-violent crowd jammed the streets as chicago police charged suddenly in all directions." "many of the 300 injured were attacked as they stood quietly watching the waves of police charge the protesters in the streets." meanwhile, the tension outside started to spill into the convention ampitheatre. "what about these reports that downtown is just an armed camp? for a businessman coming into chicago tomorrow, should he cancel his reservations?" "totally propaganda by you and your station and a lot of eastern interests." "and with george mcgovern as president of the united states, we wouldn't have to have gestapo tactics in the streets of chicago. with george mcgovern, we wouldn't have a

national guard!" and even reporters like cbs news' dan rather got pulled into the chaos. "we tried to talk to the man but we got bodily pushed out of the way. this is the kind of thing that's been going outside the hall. this is the first time it's happened inside the hall. i'm sorry to be out of breath but somebody belted me in the stomach during that." "i think we've got a bunch of thugs here dan." "walter, i might mention that i'm all right. it's all in a day's work." the entire convention spiraled out of control and it only got worse once the nomination was announced. "and vice-president hubert humphrey is the nominee of the democratic party for the presidency of the united states." "and may america tonight,

resolve that never, never again shall we see what we have seen. (cheers)" "on the night the democratic party nominated its candidate for president and approved a pro-administration platform for the vietnam war, the dissidents who demonstrated in protest were attacked in the streets and beaten without mercy." demonstrators and people just trying to get back from the convention became targets for police. "in attacking reporters, camera lights were seized and smashed, power cords pulled and several newsmen were arrested, taken to jail and then released without having charges placed against them." those who didn't get arrested often came right back. "wave after wave of police smashed into the crowd but each time the protesters regrouped and returned again to confront

the police." "it looked to me like they just charged and they started swinging and i fell along with, i would say, several guys and about 10 girls and i tried to cover several girls and myself and just laid there on the street face down and i was pulled off and clubbed and then i was dragged towards the paddy wagon and clubbed again." by the time the convention was over cops had arrested nearly 600 people and more than 100 protesters and police officers respectively were injured in the clashes. "stay right there. don't move!" "what do you mean stay right there? what are you nuts?" eight officers were indicted for their actions during the riots and a grand jury brought charges against eight protest organizers known as the "chicago eight." five of them were found guilty for inciting a riot and contempt of court. but after appeals, none of them were ever sentenced to prison. in the end, the democratic party felt the brunt of the

consequences getting pounded by richard nixon and the republicans who played up a law-and-order on their way to the white house. and instead of drumming up support for their pro-vietnam war presidential candidate, actions of chicago police helped draw even more attention to the anti-war cause. "although the protesters gathered no more than a thousand or two after predicting tens of thousands, they succeeded in attracting, involving, and radicalizing a much larger number of young people in their violent confrontation with the police, and thereby succeeded in strengthening the militant anti-war movement. john lawrence. cbs news. chicago." when our journey continues, we remember how change and hope came about during the summer of 1960. the identity crisis that came four years later in san francisco. we recall the catharsis of the reagan nomination

plus, the woman who claimed the spotlight right from under candidate cart we now go back to the 1972

democratic national convention for a moment in time, as charles osgood investigated the human need for sleep as the third day stretched on into the nigh. "toward the end there, almost everyone in the hall was fighting sleep. some people

lost. there came a point no matter how significant, how trascendentally important the matter, when the steady, droning beat of words began to hypnotize. against ones will, the image that had been so exciting, so unforgettable hours ago, began to blur. heads dropped, eyelids drooped. less dedicated people might have gone back to their hotels to the comfort of soft mattresses and crisp sheets. but not these. it had been a hard days night, turned back to day already. minority reports of breaches pro and con, there was all of this going but devotion could not prevent the two curves, willingness of spirit and weakness of flesh from intersec

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full spring and the advancement in space changed the face and altered the course of the country. by the time republicans met in san francisco in 1964, they were confronted with questions about the future and forced to confront the forces anchoring the soul of the party. republicans were facing an ideological crossroads in their party in 1964. a challenge from the right embodied by arizona senator, barry goldwater when he announced his candidacy for the presidency in 1964. "today, here at our home in the state that i love with my family and with the people whose friendship and political interest have placed me where i am, i want to tell you two things. first, i want to tell you that i will seek the republican presidential nomination and i have decided to this because of the principles i believe."

goldwater and his supporters had been cast off as frivolous and divisive "we want barry! we want barry! we want barry!" taping into the southern opposition to the civil rights movement and deriding democratic spending. the democrats began running attack ads about this new kind of politico. "i voted for eisenhower the first time i ever voted. i voted for nixon the last time. but, when we come to senator goldwater, now it seems to me we're up against a very different kind of a man. this man scares me." but, ads were unsuccessful. "we want barry! we want barry!" the movement was sweeping the party. by the summer, other republican primary contenders had dropped out and goldwater was the clear front runner.

*singing "he's got the spirit. he's got the fight. scranton is the man we need to guide our country right." it was only after the california primary handed all of its delegates to goldwater that a new candidate jumped in the race, william h. scranton, governor of pennsylvania. he came to the convention in 1964, having campaigned in no primaries just to ward off the threat from the extreme right of thearty both arrived at the convention confident. "i promise you that i will preserve and extend freedom all over this country and all over this world." "scranton had announced his candidacy saying, 'we are going to san francisco for a convention not for a coronation.'" that mentality would bring the fight to the convention from day one. each side trying to woo delegates to the other side.

"thanks so much ms. colier, i'll tell her." "vote for goldwater." outside the hotels and the convention center, civil rights leaders staged a march to protest goldwater's extremist views. "we want to assure the delegates of the republican convention that we have nothing against the republican party as such but we want the nation and the world to know that senator goldwater is not fit. we want barry! we want barry!" they were drowned out. "the convention will come to order. the colors will be presented." scranton's supporters were looking to the first round of voting "we need here to nominate the next president of the united states." but pomp and circumstance took precedence.

former president eisnhower spoke but refused to endorse either candidate. the first controversy came as former candidate nelson rockefeller rebutted the extreme forces of the party led by the john birch society during debate about the party platform. "there is no place in the rebublican party for such talkers of hate, such purveyors of prejudice. there is no place in this republican party for those who would infiltrate its ranks, distort its aims and convert it into a cloak of apparent respectibility for a dangerous extremism. " "california enters 86 votes no." amending the platform to accomdate advances to civil rights, to combat political extremism and to reign in nuclear proliferation were voted down. a prelude of the convention and party to come.

headlines the next day would call victory for goldwater as both candidates would be formally nominated. "v-day for barry! v-day for barry!" "and i am honored indeed and i am proud to nominate my colleague from arizona to be the republican nominee for president of the united states." "our nation and the free world need the man i now nominate, william scranton of pennsylvania." those would be the last cheers for scranton. the following day, voting began "alabama is proud to cast its 20 votes for senator barry goldwater." "california casts 86 votes for senator goldwater."

"illinois. 58 votes." "mr. chairman. 56 for goldwater." "iowa. 24 votes." "mr. chairman. iowa casts 14 votes for senator goldwater." "south carolina casts 16 votes for barry goldwater to put him over the top!" for barry goldwater to put him over the top!" barry goldwater won the nomination but would go on to lose the general election to president lyndon johnson, winning only six states. but even in a landslide election, it would be a campaign that would have lasting

impact on the republican party. voters who had once belonged to the democrats in the deep south, were now firmly in republican hands, the issue of civil rights that had divided the convention was deeply dividing the country and would continue to for decades to come. still to come, we'll journey back in time to the '70s, remembering a convention in miami that waged a campaign against the front runner and we'll remember the end of ronald reagan's first presidential campaign in 1976.

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republicans met in miami beach. walter cronkite anchored the night president nixon would accept his party's nomination for a second term in the white house "here is correspondent, walter cronkite." "good evening. president nixon comes to this republican convention hall in miami beach tonight to accept his renomination. the speech will climax a three day republican national convention that has been mr. nixon's from the start. it has produced no surprises to embarass him. this final session also will ratify the president's choice of vice president agnew to again

be his running mate. right at the moment however, there is a story outside and that's the story of the demonstrators. a coalition of protest groups hopes to provide mr. nixon the embarassment which this confident convention has not. they plan demonstrations aimed at blocking the entrance of delegates thereby they hope to force the president to speak to empty seats and to provide a confrontation that could not be ignored by the media at the same time that the president was having his big night inside this hall. at least two groups in the coalition have refused to take a pledge of non-violence. they threaten to fight than submit to arrest. they've made it unpleasant for some of the delegates roaming up and down collins avenue, the street of the great luxury hotels where most of the delegates are staying but they have failed to block the way to the convention. the police have done very good work in that regard and right now out there on the convention floor just at the hour when the convention was

to have started most of the seats are filled. there are some still empty but that's perfectly normal for any convention session and i would say that actually there are probably a higher percentage of seats filled at this hour then is usual at the opening of a convention or the scheduled opening. we've been told that the gavel will fall in about ten minutes time." "security forces have been determined that the convention will not be disrupted. this hall itself tonight seems like a fortress when you're inside it and i guess when you're outside as well. some nearby businesses including a major department store closed early and covered their plate glass windows with metal, hurricane shutters. demonstrators began roaming the streets around this hall in early afternoon. they created some massive traffic jams and in some instances they slashed tires, punctured them with ice picks but police were out ahead of them beefing up the convention protection with

both manpower and equipment and have pretty well kept the streets clear enough at least for the delegates to get through." it was a new era. in 1972, a new decade and democrats hoped that a new approach to its miami convention, one that would champion openness and inclusion, would mark the democratic turnaround from the four years before. but it didn't quite work out that way. "the name of the honorable george corley wallace ..." "the honorable shirley chissom!" "and i nominate senator of the presidency of the united states, george mcgovern." the 1972 quixotic nomination of

the senator from south dakota was a bit strange from the start. "we've spent 150 billion on the vietnam war alone." he began his campaign polling at only one or two percent across the country. he had zero political operation and it seemed like almost the entire democratic establishment was against him. "it's a wage price formula ..." but come july, 1972, mcgovern's grassroots campaign had buried the competition "mcgovern. democrat." and all facets of the democratic party were convening in miami. "good evening. the democratic convention meets tonight in hopes of choosing the man to replace richard nixon in the white house, next january. by the last count, five names to be put before the convention." those five names did not make

much of a dent to mcgovern's 1757 delegates but that didn't stop those on the left or the right from organizing resistance to the mcgovern camp. a group of southern governors, fueled by opposition to mcgovern's anti-war stance and led jimmy carter then governor of georgia, united with labor leaders to mount a challenge termed 'anyone but mcgovern.' "george meany and many of other leaders of organized labor remain thoroughly unhappy with mcgovern. chicago's mayor daley has been seen or heard from since the convention refused to seat him and his delegation monday night." "louisiana's governor has gone home saying mcgovern cannot carry his state." mcgovern's trouble began to extend to those on the left as well as he tried to appease those on the right. "power to the people." protestors gathered at nearby

flamingo park when mcgovern released a statement he might encourage troops to stay in nearby thailand to pressure the release of prisoners of war. "we are sick and tired of hearing people come up to us and say, 'hey boy, don't cause trouble. mcgovern is better than nixon.' that's bullsh*t. we want to hear from mcgovern himself. what he says about the war, what he says about abortion, what he says about women's rights, what he says about gay rights, what he says about poor people's rights and we're going to wait right here until he talks with us." the dismay infected those young campaign workers and delegates inside the convention hall as well. "i am coming down from the park. there are a lot of people out there in the park who might work with mcgovern. but, there not going to work with someone who is going to leave a residual force in thailand. you're first obligation, if you want this campaign to go somewhere, is to deal with that issue. is to deal with not just

talking about vietnam, not just talking about troops but talking about everything, including all the equipment and the computers, and the people in the whole area. if that doesn't happen, mcgovern can't win because the people in the park are going to stay in the streets. they are not going to come into the campaign." "up to now, mcgovern has been of the thinking we should pull all the troops out and world opinion would force the release of prisoners of war. this stand is what humphrey has been saying, even it's kind of what nixon is really into, this almost a complete reversal. this has got me infuriated. it has many of our youth delegates infuriarted." "i am totally outraged, i am totally outraged that a candidate that sought my support on an issue like this would take this stand and i urge this body here to support me in that outrage." "you can't just through out the issues to get the man there." "i am not throwing out the

issues, i told you, i am going to be in that demonstration this afternoon. i am also working for george mcgovern and i think we've got to do both." the tension and disunity in the democratic party even attracted republicans who came to capitalize. "a republican, love of colorado, has come to miami beach. he is seeking to line up dissatisfied democrats to support president nixon." fractured, exhausted, inexperienced. three days of meeting took a toll on the delegates of the 1972 convention. but the troubled convention finally came together and the apprehension gave way to excitement when the final votes clinched the nomination for the prairie populist. " and 119 votes for the next president senator, george mcgovern." president senator, george mcgovern." "i accept your nomination with "i accept your nomination with a full and grateful heart." president nixon and his aides a full and grateful heart."

were ready for the democratic candidate, painted him weak on defense from the start. and even as they were battling the early days of watergate, nixon's campaign to re-elect came to punish mcgovern in the general election where he won just a single state. going into both conventions in 1976, there were favorites and a desire to move on from the scandals of the early decade. for the republicans, ford had the delegates but not the votes. and the democrats were trying to get the heads around their nominee's choice of v-p. ronald reagan had long been in the national spotlight by 1976.

the year before, he had wrapped up a largely successful two- term governship in california. "as governor, i am going to represent the people of this state." "governor ronald reagan." he had been a populist favorite for president at the 1968 convention. "theonly vehicle in the greeat two party system with the potential to replace the leadership now in washington is the repbulican party." but stepped aside for richard nixon. "i hereby and proudly move on behalf of my fellow californians that this convention declare itself as unanimously and united behind the candidate richard nixon as the next president of the united states and i so move." but, in 1976, after having endured the disappointment of the nixon presidency, the elevation of gerald ford to

president having only been elected by his congressional constituents in michigan, reagan was ready for his turn at the helm of the republican party. "we've got too much government and we should reduce the size of the government." going into the conventi in kansas city, no one was sure who would clinch the nomination. president ford was just ahead in the delegate count but reagan was charming voters and delegates alike. it was a fight to nomination day with rumors of ford inviting delegates to state dinners or to visit an aircraft carrier on the fourth of july. "happiness in the ford camp is winning a key vote the way they won last night." reagan called upon his hollywood friends for wooing. "when all the score cards show you're behind, you try to shake up the odds somehow - change the rules, shift the line ups. that's been the reagan strategy ever since pre-convention skirmishing started here. it seems to be their strategy still."

but ford used the office of the preisdency with what would later be termed ruthless tactics. "i am state chairwoman now committed to ford." "marie goodlow says that she was offered money to change he ford vote to reagan." by the first round of voting, ford had the delegates. "we are all a part of this great republican family that will give the leadership to the american people to win on november 2." reagan was still the crowd favorite. "i would like, i would be honored on your behalf to ask my good friend governor reagan to say a few words at this time." "mr. president, mrs. ford, mr. vice president, mr. vice president to-be, the distinguished guests here and

you ladies and gentlemen." "the challenges confronting us, the erosion of freedom that has taken place under democratic rule in this country. the invasion of private rights. the controls and restrictions on the great vitality of the great free economy that we enjoy. these are the challenges that we must meet." the speech was later termed the best concession speech reagan ever delivered. "there is no substitute for victory." his position was solidified among the republican ranks and he would regroup and emerge four years later, positioning himself of the savior of the party and quite possibly the country. "we can make america great again." four years after reagan ended his bid for the white house, he came back stronger and more popular, cementing his candidacy in detroit. popular, cementing his candidacy in detroit. today he's remembered as the

great staple of the american conservative movement that swept the '80s. ronald reagan. a career that launched into history, with acceptance of the repbulican nomination that he failed to clinch just four years earlier. "mr. chairman. mr. vice president to be. this convention. my fellow citizens

of this great nation, with a deep awareness of the responsbility conferred by your trust, i accept your nomination for the presidency of the united states." at the thirty second republican national convention in detroit, michigan, ronald reagan finally won what he had been campaigning for since the previous presidential election. in 1976, he'd lost the nomination to gerald ford who would ultimately be defeated by jimmy carter. "i am very proud of our party tonight. this convention has shown to all america a party united with positive programs for solving the nation's problems. a party ready to build a new consensus with all those across the land who share a community of values embodied in these words: family, work,

neighborhood, peace and freedom." *cheering "i know that we've had a quarrel or two but only as to the method of attaining a goal. there was no argument about the goal. as president, i will establish a liaison with the 50 governors to encourage them to eliminate, wherever it exists, discrimination against women. i will..." *applause and cheers "i will monitor federal laws to insure their implementation and to add statutes if they are needed. more than anything else, i want my candidacy to

unify our country to renew the american spirit and sense of purpose. i want to carry our message to every american, regardless of party affiliation, who is a member of this community of shared values." reagan's 1980 campaign theme was "make america great again." issues like high unemployment and the iranian hostage crisis were central to the general election. "the question of war and peace has emerged as a central issue in this campaign." rumors spread that reagan planned to pick ford as his running-mate. a duo some thought would be the silver bullet to defeating carter. but when ford hinted that he was only interested in a co- presidency team, reagan made a last minute change as he stepped up to the podium to formally accept his nomination. "and i thank you, for your wholehearted response to my recommendation in regard to

george bush as the candidate for vice president." george h-w bush, some would think of as the 'accidental' vice president, would team up with reagan to cheearing applause. the bush-reagan ticket wildly resounded that fall and the g- o-p held the white house for the next 12 years. and now for a moment in time from 1976, the democrats would choose jimmy carter in a no surprise contest, but, the keynote speaker would steal the show - a texas woman by the name of barbara jordan. "but there is something different about tonight. there is something special about tonight. what is different? what is special? i, barbara jordan, am a keynote speaker." *cheers and applause jordan, am a keynote speaker." *cheers and applause "a lot of years passed since

1832 and during that time, it would have been most unusual for any national political party to ask a barbara jordan to deliver a keynote address. but tonight, here i am. and i feel that not withstanding the past that my pressence here is one additional bit of evidence that the american dream need not forever be deferred."

we now turn to look back - way back - at the first formative convention of the last century. it would set the stage for twentieth century politics and shape the republican party for many decades to come. and it all started with a former president who didn't believe he was quite out of the running even though he was out of office. president theodore roosevelt was out of office by 1912, having handed off his administration's legacy to his designated successor, william howard taft, four years earlier. taft and roosevelt had been the closest of compatriots. in fact during th1908 campaign - reporters joked that taft stood for take advice from teddy. but, by 1912, president taft had drifted far from roosevelt's progressive views.

taft had pushed for smaller government and against the regulation of growing corporations. roosevelt believed that corruption would be the result. "the men who represent that sinister alliance between crooked politics and crooked business which has done more than anything else for the corruption of american life are united as one man against the genuine rule of the people themselves." in fact, he was so sure of the inevitability of political corruption that he decided to run against taft in the republican primary. roosevelt won nearly every election, while taft won in the caucuses leaving delegates split heading into the convention. the national committee, in charge of the convention, and loyal to taft, pushed delegates toward taft to clinch the nomination. roosevelt was enraged and stormed the convention with his supporters

to fight for his 'due' support. "the privileged, that is the representives of special privilege, of special interests can always make terms with a boss or bosses. they can make terms with the bosses who dominate the republican party. they can make terms with the bosses who dominate the democratic party. but, they can't make terms with the people." one of roosevelt's operatives called what ensued at the chicago coliseum 'the stormiest convention the republicans ever had'. roosevelt came in with ploys to get the delegates swayed his direction. they failed under pressure from taft forces and in turn, the former president high tailed it out of the republican convention, forming the progressive party. the democratic nominee, woodrow wilson, would go on to defeat both taft and roosevelt in the fall election but the

convention set the stage for the modern republican party - one that champions less spending and less regulation.

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with equal upload and dowloads speeds, tv and phone for just $69.99 per month online. cable can't offer internet speeds this fast at a price this good. only fios can. at the 1964 democratic convention. no one challenged president lyndon johnson for the nomination. but the

mississippi freedom democrats challenged the party for the right to be seated at the convention, martin luther king jr. testified on their behalf. "it would be up to the committee on credentials to decide which group to seat, the mississippi freedom democrats or the official delegation. it was a controversey which could rip open the convention. pennsylvania's david lawrence, chairman of the committee, heard testimony from both sides including the reverend martin luther king." "no state in the union has gone to such extremes to prevent the participation of negro citizens in political life as the state of mississippi. now white and negro citizens of goodwill have come to the national democratic party in a desperate moral appeal for recognition and representation. you who must

sit here judging their validity as delegates to this convention cannot imagine the anguish and suffering they have undergone to get to this point but they come not to complain of their sufferings, they come seeking the fulfillment of that dream for democracy in mississippi." the fulfillment of that dream for democracy in mississippi." that'll do it for us today.

i'm bill kurtis. as we leave, one last look back at makings of modern politics, "through the decades."

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