>> hello and welcome to "global 3000." it's time for your update on the key issues that drive change around the world. i'm michaela kuefner and here's what we have coming up over the next half-hour. drowning out history. ancient settlements in turkey are about to be flooded. making green efforts pay. why protecting zambia's forests means good business. and -- living towards day x. why one day means all for south

korean pupils on the face of it, turkey is undertaking a huge effort to produce green energy. 22 hydro-electric dams are set to provide around 1/4 of turkey's energy needs. much needed fuel for its growing economy. when it's completed, the ilisu dam will be one of the largest of its kind in turkey. its artificial lake will stretch along more than 100 kilometers and submerge the town of hasankeyf. then only the very tip of its minarets will be a reminder that this used to be the home for some 3000 people. hasankeyf stands for some 90 villages that are set to disappear along the tigris. for many, the question remains whether this is too high a price to pay for progress. even the villagers are divided on the issue. our reporter went there to see this landmark in the making.

>> every stone here breathes history. archaeologist necdet talayhan has been part of nearly all the excavations at hasankeyf on the banks of the tigris. he can't imagine these historical treasures will soon be under water. >> there was a seljuk palace here. and beneath it, the remains of a wall from the roman era. and there, on the other side of the tigris in the caves, there are some roman graves. and above them, christian churches. our ancestors lived here. our culture and everything that makes up our past will disappear when the dam is built. we don't know what the future will bring. >> for thousands of years, the people in this region lived in limestone caves on the slopes high above the tigris.

today, the residents of hasankeyf live in low, concrete houses. and soon they're supposed to move here -- to apartment blocks outside the village. next year, a huge dam will submerge the valley and flood the historic town. the turkish government says the dam project will raise living standards in hasankeyf. and it will benefit the children, performing here at a school festival. regional authorities say eastern turkey urgently needs more energy to develop. >> later, they can catch fish or do water sports at the reservoir. they could take a boat to the other bank and visit the caves. we think that it will help boost tourist numbers.

>> the government plans to transport historic sights, such as these remains of a mosque from the 13th century, to an exhibition park before the submersion. some are skeptical. >> this doorway arch with its embellishments is a beautiful example of the influences of the orient and the occident. there's only one more well-preserved work like it in the region. you can never relocate the entire thing without damaging it. so in the end, even that will sink into the dam's water. >> since it's become clear that hasankeyf will cease to exist, ever more tourists are flocking to the place. it means more money for locals who usually live from raising cattle. even baker mevlüt guzel has been making twice the amount of bread he usually bakes on weekends due

to visitors. but he's not happy. when the waters rise, he doesn't just have to give up his home but also his profession. >> this is our home land. you can't simply relocate us. i could never live in a big city. there are enough bakers there. we would surely fail. >> work continues on the dam walls, 100 kilometers away. more than half the wall is already finished. the project has sparked protests and even foreign backers, including those from germany, have pulled out. turkey now plans to finance the project alone. but not everyone here is against the dam. the residents are divided. while some support the protests, others believe the government's promises of more prosperity and jobs. >> if i get a good price for my

house, i will move to one of the new apartments. but the price has to be right! >> today, we may live in cramped conditions in small houses. but i don't want to live in one of these high rises. they should let us live the way we want. >> in other regions in turkey, tourists can rent tufa caves. but critics say that in hasankeyf, they'll be flooded. the last cave dweller plans to pack up and leave after the summer. it's evening, and we're at baker mevlüt guzel's home. he says he works hard to ensure his six children go to school. but it remains unclear where future generations of his family will grow up. newman!!!!!! >> where should we go? what will happen to us? to our children who go to school

here? these are the kind of questions we take with us to bed at night. >> from the time of the first settlements, people have lived here on the banks of the tigris and founded civilizations. in a year, that will all be washed away. >> the picture is often gloomy for our natural heritage. our forests seldom get credit for the multiple ways in which they serve us. as lungs for our planet, water and co2 storage as well as habitat for countless species. how much of that can we afford to lose? and what should it be worth to us? here's a brief on why our forests are so much more than just trees. >> the planet's "green lung." almost 1/3 of the world's land surface is covered by forests. forests have huge ecological value. they protect biodiversity and stabilize the climate. they remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. trees absorb the greenhouse gas and store the carbon in their wood. at the same time, they release oxygen.

but since forests also have an economic value, some 13 million hectares are lost each year -- the equivalent of 40 football fields per minute. slash and burn practices release carbon dioxide. exploitation of natural resources pays, as does converting forests into farmland. the u.n. program redd+ has been working since 2007 to reverse the trend by making preservation of forests -- and not their destruction -- financially viable. the idea is to provide financial compensation to governments, companies, or farmers for reforestation and to prevent destruction. but the problem is, previous climate summits failed to finalize an agreement on funding and concrete implementation of redd+. even defining a "forest" remains controversial. at least 10% of an area has to consist of treetops, according to one interpretation. this is what it could look like. or if sparsely planted, like this. even the height of the trees is debatable. some say two meters, other insist on a minimum height of

five meters. depending on the definition, smaller trees could then be easily chopped. even without u.n. agreement on redd+, further bilateral forest protection measures continue to be taken. like in germany with funding of more than 30 million euros. local populations are meant to benefit from the funds. sustainable forestry and projects such as eco-tourism are meant to improve their income and at the same time protect the forest. >> recently ecuador spectacularly failed in demanding cash from the international community in exchange for keeping part of its amazon rainforest off limits for oil drilling. only a small fraction of the 2.6 billion euros asked for were pledged. zambia is trying a different approach. part of africa's miombo forest is currently being looked at very closely to determine how the forest itself can help generate revenue for its own protection.

we've followed a team of researchers who are first of all taking stock of what there is left to save. >> for the past three weeks, they've been on the move through the forest. every morning, the rangers head from their camp to a new survey zone from their camp. that often means a hike of up to 10 kilometers. this time abel siampale and his colleagues reach their destination after a 15-minute walk. they mark the central survey point. within a radius of 20 meters, the rangers measure the entire stock of trees and catalogue the different species. >> what tree is that? >> overall, the inventory includes around 5% of zambia's miombo forest.

the tallest trees grow up to 25 meters high, providing protection for everything that grows below. but the rangers don't need to climb up to measure tree height. they use the clinometer and tangent method. the more biomass and carbon-storing capacities a country's forests have, the more money they can get from international climate funds. the miombo forest is the world's largest dry forest area. for years, it's been shrinking. and along with it, its biodiversity as demand for firewood and farmland grows. >> due to population increase, there is a certain possibility that some of the clusters will be harvested in the nearest future. and that is an indicator showing that there is some possible change in land use that is taking place in these areas. on their way to the next survey

area, the rangers can see firsthand how drastically the forest is changing. new farmland is springing up in areas that were previously forestland. years of monoculture planting has destroyed existing agricultural land and harvests. abel siampale explains to residents how they can farm more sustainably. for example, by planting fields with different crops. >> they need to ensure that they use that same piece of land for a longer period of time. and i think, technology now is actually available. extension officers are all over the country now. if they actually interact and get the best methods of utilizing the piece of land, it would really help reduce the levels of land use and forest cover change in many parts of the country.

>> stopping the swift pace of deforestation is also noah zimba's goal. zimba is a professor of botany, and he advises the zambian government on environment protection. today, he's with his students on an excursion to an aloe plantation. they are learning what alternative sources of income the miombo forest offers. >> i am cutting the blade of an aloe, and you can see it is dripping. and this is what is very useful. the one that appears orange is the one that is usually used for creams. >> one liter of leaf sap can bring around 220 euros. noah zimba is convinced that the forest can be saved if people have alternative sources of livelihood. >> just understanding that you can move an ordinary product like this to give you high value returns, that connection

requires appreciating that reality. but most people think it is just a plant that grows everywhere, so what is it for? it is a common plant of the miombo system, so nobody pays attention to it. >> but it's an open secret is that you can make coal from wood. many people in zambia live off the production or sale of charcoal -- with devastating consequences for the forest. >> charcoal production is fairly destructive, taking away very mature trees to feed the growing energy needs. >> that, in turn, disrupts the balance of the forest ecosystem. >> the miombo system supplies a lot of communities with a lot of things. it supplies them with useful medicinal plants, edible fruit, mushrooms, in a variety of species. but when you alter it by removing the primary species and

then regrowth comes with a different species, those species are not as useful as those that exist primarily. that is a big problem. >> back in the forest, the rangers meet a beekeeper who has several bee hives. now, he can harvest honey twice a year. that's good news for the forest, too. >> beekeeping is actually a conservation activity. it helps to secure the forest because the beekeepers require their bees to forage within stocks of some vegetation. and so if you promote it on a larger scale, you are actually promoting conservation. >> by sundown, the rangers have managed to cover another four of the 170 survey zones here.

at the camp, abel siampale meets the other two teams involved in the forest inventory. they sit down for their first warm meal of the day. the rangers plan to be finished with their inventory by the end of the month. that's when they'll find out exactly what's left of the miombo forest. >> and now we'd like to take you on a trip to a "global living room." that's the air-time we dedicate to get to know how different people live differently around the world. and today we head to costa rica. in a suburb of the capital, santa ana, we catch up with three generations of women who live under one roof with plenty to talk about. so let's join them!

>> ♪ >> hello! we're here in costa rica. and now you'll get to see my home. this is my house. do you want to come in? good, let's begin in the living room. i'll show you a few things here. let's start here. to me, this is a symbol of fullness, of wealth and prosperity. maybe you don't see it now, but indigenous people always put in fruits and plants here. >> ♪

>> ok, so i'll show you a few photos. look, this is my family. coffee is ready. and i'll use the chance to introduce you to my family, not just in photographs. this is someone really special. my grandmother! this is how we spend our days. we sit together in the evenings and drink coffee. and we women use the time to chat a bit. ok, so long! i hope you liked my house.

see you! >> i don't know about you, but i am yet to meet a person who actually looks forward to taking exams. and in our increasingly knowledge-driven societies, education is the major currency of the labor market. the more educated, the better your income, status, and future opportunities. few societies have taken this as deeply to heart as south korea. south koreans are usually near if not right at the top of the class in pretty much any international education ranking. all this effort goes into performing on that one day that marks the make or break moment for many careers. we joined the hwangs in getting through it with their son in seoul. >> rise and shine! it's 6:00 in the morning in seoul. today is the day for the hwang family. son shi-hwan, a high-school

graduate is to take his final exams. the family has worked toward this day all their life. >> i wish you lots of courage, shi-hwan's father in-ha says. you're going to be tired but still may you find the strength to get through the day. >> i make him blueberry juice each morning with walnuts and pine nuts. they're meant to be good for the brain. but i think shi-hwan doesn't like it, he only drinks it for my sake. >> the blueberry juice is also meant to help shi-hwan top his class. many parents in south korea send their children to the best kindergarten, the best primary school, the best high school. all so they can get perfect grades. >> i'm nervous. i can feel in my whole body that i am about to take the exam. >> for shi-hwan, everything

depends on this day. maybe even his whole life. only those who get top marks are allowed into one of the elite universities that pave the way to a dream job. and that's important because many in south korea tend to stay with one employer until they retire. on the day of the exam, a few ticks -- right or wrong -- can seal the fate of an entire life. >> i don't want to go to just any university. i want to be able to choose one. and to fulfill my dream, i have to get the best marks. >> the competition is formidable. 700,000 students vie for the few places at the top universities. we visited shi-hwan in his class a few days before the big exam. each student now has an 18-hour day. get up at 6:00, go to school all day. then homework followed by private tuition till midnight. >> i've really worked.

i even studied during short breaks and during lunch. i live to study. i only have a few hours to sleep. >> an entire class dead tired. this relentless focus on education has catapulted south korea into modernity and made it a first-world nation. it regularly tops international school tests. >> i don't see an alternative. we need first-class education. south korea has no raw materials. our treasure is education. it's the only way we can compete. >> studying till they collapse. but the unbelievably hard working south korean students also pay a high price. the country has the world's highest rate of youth suicides. around 200 each year. many can't cope with the stress and high expectations of their families. it's the day of the exams.

students from the lower classes wish luck. and the many mothers and fathers too. each in their own way. the students come from all over seoul for the exams. the city comes to a standstill. public offices, banks, shops all open an hour later so that the roads are free for the students. later, seoul's air space will be completely blocked so no airplane noise disturbs the english test. and even the police stand by to help latecomers. >> if the students are late, they can signal to us. we ensure free roads with our flashing lights. and they can make it to school in no time. >> in the classroom, mobile phones are collected, exam papers distributed. everything is multiple choice -- math, korean, english, physics. students are quizzed about everything they've learned since kindergarten.

it's also a tough time for parents. for weeks, thousands of mothers have been praying at the jogyesa temple in seoul for their children. 3,000 times with their forehead on the ground. it's meant to bring luck. it certainly means painful knees. to have a child at an elite university raises the social standing of the whole family. even shi-hwan's parents, practicing christians, seek divine help at their church. >> our son has given his best. but it's only a fraction of what can be achieved. so, in any case, we need the help of god. >> so, did all the prayer, hoping, and blueberry juice help? in the afternoon, the family waits in front of the school gates, both tense and relieved that the exam is over. shi-hwan emerges completely exhausted. "how was it?" his mother asks.

"i just want to relax," he answers. shi-hwan wants to spend a few days on south korea's east coast to wind down. but he won't have much time. if everything goes well, he will be slogging away again. this time at the coveted university of his choice. >> i can tell you shi-hwan did well. while his results weren't outstanding enough to secure him a place in the ivy league, he is sure of a place to study engineering. >> and that was "global 3000." join us again next week when we will have done our homework for you, bringing you reports and analysis on the issues that shape the global agenda. until then you can find us online. but for now from me and the whole global team -- thanks for watching and bye bye! captioned by the national captioning institute --www.ncicap.org-- following is an originalwçç

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