>> this week, global 3000 heads to thailand, where environmentalists are fighting to reinstate mangrove forests in disused breeding ponds on the island of koh klang. we go to chile, where a dramatic algae plague has destroyed millions of a a creares,s, a left fishehermen fighting for their livelihoods. but first, we're in pakistan. minimum wages, employee rights? not in pakistan's brick factories. here, people are modern-day slaves. despite a worldwide ban on slavery, estimates suggest there are 45 million people around the

globe working under slavelike conditions -- in the construction industry, as cleaning staff or in agriculture. they're forced to work, often under threat of violence. their superiors frequently confiscate their passports to prevent them escaping. modern slavery is widespread in africa and asia, particularly in uzbekistan and india, and in pakistan, where over two million people are suffering exploitation. reporter: a kiln in which clay and mud are fired to make bricks, one of thousands in pakistan. all monuments to misery. reporter: there might not be any fences, but anyone who lives here is effectively a prisoner, condemned to lifelong slavery.

mohammed riaz and his wife naseem have been making bricks since they were children, each up to a thousand a day, every day, until they're physically exhausted. >> with our four children all i can manage right now are two to three hundred bricks. that's not enough to live on. reporter their children's future : is already mapped out. >> our children have to go out collecting clay from as early an age as possible instead of going to school. it's the only option. reporter once their quota has : been reached, which often means twelve hours' solid work, they go home. a tiny yard and a one-room cell, with a crumbling roof and walls. they eat what they can afford with the pittance they earn -- the equivalent of eight euros a day.

half of it is deducted immediately to repay their debts. >> two of my children were taken ill and i had to have a doctor come. they died anyway, and i had to borrow money to pay for their burial. what am i going to pay it back with? reporter: and escaping to build up a new life elsewhere is simply not possible. brick-making is the only job they have ever had. those who do manage to flee are tracked down and forced to return. >> if we run awaway, they'll fid us and torture us. we can't do anything - except: kill ourselves. we live worse than animals. reporter: the desperate plight of indentured kiln workers is the subject of an exhibition

half an hour's drive away in pakistan's cultural capital, lahore. the host for the opening is syeda fatima from the bonded labour liberation front of pakistan. as a teenager, fatima worked at a brick kiln herself, in order to experience the workers' suffering at first hand. >> young girls raped by the owners, raped by their masters, raped by their agents. all workers, children, are suffering a very pathetic life. reporter: fatima's dedication has come at a cost. here she's being beaten by police at a demonstration. there have also been several assassination attempts on her and her family. >> when my brother became permanently didisabled, he was a student. i myself was also, and one of my brothers succeeding in saving

himsmself because he can run vey fast. that hasn't stopped her from turning up in brick factories to help enslaved workers flee. she and her organisation have smuggled out almost a hundred thousand to date, and protected them from being caught by their exploiters. their flight is often just the beginning of a long process of liberation. >> they kidnapped and tortured my son and demanded a ransom. i went to the police with fatima, but they don't do anything. reporter: the authorities did nothing, although the law is clear. slavery is forbidden and a minimum wagege is compulsory. but the regional government saw need to a act. >> they're always getting wages above the minimum wage. so there's no question of any

bonded labor, or cheap labor. it's all marketet-based. reporter: the secretary insisted nothing was amiss. but two days later, there's a surprise. fatima and her husband are overjoyed when thehey read the paper. there's beenen a raid on a b brk works, and arrests, because the minimum wagege was not being pa. the secretary had d evidently bn prompted to take action by the coverage the story was getting in the international media. but while fatima receives growing support and funding from abroad, in pakistan, she's largely on her own. >> the police is part of the system of bonded labor. the government must direct to the police. the police is under the influence of the parliamentarians.

reporter: nevertheless, she wants to celebrate the good news with people directly affected. she pays a spontaneous visit to one of the many y brick kilns in the area. it's a holiday, and work is temporarily suspended. fatima is welcomed as a heroine. for a short time joy and even the determination to fight have returned to the compound. the workers shout "stop exploitation," and "long live fatima." " fatima, help us get our rights." looking on is one of the site supervisors. he sees fatima and our tv camera, but instead of intervening he has to listen to fatima promising liberation to the workers. >> we're fighting a long battle. but soon there will be an end to making bricks for schools our own children can't attend.

reporter: behind her, smoke rises from the chimney. for now, it remains a symbol of brutal oppression. but some day, syeda fatima hopes, it will be just another ordinary factory smokestack, surrounded by workers who earn fair wages of their own free will. >> from pakistan to southern chile, where just a few months ago, a toxic "algae bloom" killed huge amounts of wildlife: whales, birds and fish. with dramatic consequences, not just for local fishermrmen but r the region as a whole. the salmon industry expects losses in the millions, a disaster for chile, second only to norway in terms of salmon exports. people on the island of chiloe, focus point of the algae bloom, have been particularly hard hit.

>> life here has changed dramatically over the last few months. this is a muscle farmer who has lost everything. marcelo carrasco: this is actually the best part of the beach. we waited for four years for the mussels to get big enough to harvest. but just as we were preparing to dodo that the algae bloom came d killed all the crustaceans, shellfish and mussels. >> algae bloom is a rapid increase in algae that's deadly not just to shellfish, but also toxic to h humans. all fishing and mussel farming has been prohibited here. it may take months until the authorities lift the ban. the reregion's salmon farmers he also been hit hard by the algae bloom.

after norway, chile is the world's largest t producer off salmon. the e industry is wortrth billi. but the algae bloom destroyed 20 percent of fish stocks. the salmon simply suffocated. the dead fish had to be e remov, and the chilean government allowed the farmers to simply dump 4000 tons of them into then open sea. for the head of chile's largestt slamon p pducer it''s an economc disasterer. >> well the calculatioisis something in the neighborhood of $200 million of fish bio mass being lost because of the algae bloom and this is one of the items because after that you have to count the cost of being away from the marketet. reporter: experts say the chilean salmon industry will lose around half a billion euros

this year. that will have trickle down effects. 45,000 people on the island work in the salmon industry. there have already been redundancies. the red tide problem effects life on n all parts of the islad as well.l. vendors can no longer get any fresh wares, so fish markets have closed. and tourists have stayed a away because restaurants can't ofr any typicacal isnd speciciaties. >> thehese stalls used to be opn every day. everyone came to buy things here. seafood is u used to makouour local dishes, curanto and empanadas, but now i it's alalle and i dodon't know when they wil reopen. reporter: marcelo carrasco has been out of work for 5 months and is getting desparate. he lives alone with his 5 year old daughter sayen. >> i had some savings that i was going to use to finish building the house but instead i have to spent them all on my daughter. she needs to eat, and i need to pay for her expenses, getting her to school, her lunch money.

reporter: carrasco is only one of thousands of frustrated fishermen. recently thehey blockadeded all poinints of entry to t the islan protest. workers and tourists were stranded, and there were shortages of food and gasoline. the fishermen say the chilean government isn't doing enough to help and that authorities shouldn't have allowed 4000 tons of dead fish to be dumped into the sea. they say that just made the algae bloom worse. carrasco and other fishermen say they will protest again, and not so peacefully this time. it's not clear what caused the algae bloom. scientists don't evennonow how it statarted. they n need time to carry out tests. bubut they already suspect t tht

unusually warm wataters, causedy the el nino climate phenomenon, played an important role. the chilean fishing industry is considering how it can protect itself in future a against furur algae bloom outbreaks. >> probably we will have t to fd some technology to take down the salmon cages in order to avoid the alalgae bloom which is in te upper part of the ocean, some technology will have to be applied to move the cages in this direction. reporter: if the resdents of chiloe are to survive, the salmon industry and the fishermen must find a way of mitigating any future damage from the deadly algae. >> global is travelling around

the globe to meet teens who were born in the year 2000. >> i'm totally crazazy about dance. >> what moves angel from the seychelles? and what makes buenos aires worth living in for simon? join us in our series millennium teens. you can find out how on our webpage. >> hey, have you heard about the basketball championship last night? >> yes. >> oh my god! >> hi, i am nicole, i am 15 years old and live in bais city, negros oriental.

>> my hobbies are aying chesess hanging out with friends. checkmate! actually, i play c chess often. i i am the representate e of my school tplay othther schools, too. this is my mother, she works at secretary at city agriculture. we are so close, and we like to hang o out everywhe. yes, we do random things and she is like a sister to me. yes.

>> seeing my family happy, will mamake me happasas well. d helping g other peoplele in times they need d me. global warming is the rise of the eaearth susurface temperatue and as you can know, it's getting hot in here. and all the trees somewhere down the mountains it's getting dry. i want to be a doctor, specialist of the eyes,, especially my grandmother has a difference in her eyes. i want to operate her and to make it well, so she can see clclearly.

>> and now for our global ideas series. 100 different species disappear worldwide every day. we meet people who want toto protect our florora and fauna. this week we're in thaiailand. environmentalists are woworking hard to reforest mangrove areas, home to vast numbers of animals. our reporter bastian hartig was out and about in the krabi province in southern thailand, with a woman who has made the protection of mangroves her life's work. >> thousands of mangrove trees, a whole forest. on the coast of krabi province in southwestern thailand, nature has come back into its own.

fish, crabs and other marine animals live in the water around the dense roots. and these macaques obviously feel grereat in the forests as well. the small island of koh klang is just a few kilometres away. but there's not a trace of dense greenery here. the habitat is largely destroyed. the mangroves had to make room for ponds like this. decades ago, they were set up all over the island to raise shrimp. back then, that was profitable. nowadays thailand's shrimp business is firmly in the hands of large farms on the mainland, so many of the ponds on the islands lie idle. and that's just where conservationist jaruwan enright sees an opportunity. she wants to transform the ponds bit by bit back into mangrove forests. the ground has to be neither too moist nor too dry, so sometimes a little help is needed.

>> some areas might have standing water, so we try to get all the water out, so that's why we don't want to have the water standing all the time even when it's low tide. so we like to drain all the water out because the mangroves don't like to grow where it's too wet. >> for four years, enright has been tirelessly on the road on behalf of the ngo mangrove action project. the thought of turning ponds into mangrove areas is foreign to many of their owners. they're hesitant. >> for this case he is already raising fish. so he will wait and see if that is not good for him and then maybybe he will reconsider agai >> a lot of persuasion is necessary, and plenty of patience.

enright's work can sometimes be quite a struggle. that makes the achievements all the more important. sanee klongrua is the imam on the mainly muslim island and has been catching crabs for years. two years ago he made one of his ponds available to enright's project. the crabs he's especially interested in live in mangrove areas. they're considered a delicacy and they sell well. >> i don't catch a lot, because i want to preserve the animals. only sometimes when i need money, for instance to buy tea or coffee or other thngs. if it's not necessary, i don't catch any. >> since the ecological restoration, the first trees are sprouting again. it will take years until dense

mangroves stand here. but at least it's a beginning. enright regularly stops by to see if everything's going well. but what she sees this time doesn't please her at all. >> i think the goats eat the top of the new leaves coming up from the seed. >> and, in fact, a bit later she catches the culprits in the act. free-roaming goats have got through a hole in the fence that was built to keep them out. >> even one seedling coming in i'm so happy when i see it coming into the site but when i see it eaten by the goats it's heartbreaking.

>> that's why on koh klang, environmental protection sometimes looks like this: the imam has some barbed wire and a load of concrete posts delivered. the mended fence should keep the goats out of the mangrove seedlings in future. only then will the mangroves in sanee klongrua's pond continue growing. enright hopes can the pond become a role model and motivate the other islanders to do what the imam has done. if it were up to the conservationists, all of koh klang could some day look the way it does here on one of its coasts and the bordering mainland. nowadays there are once again densnse forests hehere. until a few decades ago, the locals used to harvest wood from the area. many places were deforested. now the mangroves have grown back, and many people are benefiting from them - especially recreational fishermen.

>> when there was no forest here, the fish disappeared. now there are more fish and crabs again. they've returned and people catch more of f them. i used to catch fewer than three fish a day. now i catch a lot morere, and ty sometimes weigigh up to teten k. it's a lot better. >> intact mangrove areas have become an important economic factor for some residents of the province. at the pier in krabi town, kriangkrai klongrua offers tours of the mangrove forests. that's how he earns most of his income. >> when we take tourists they want to see animals in the mangrove forests, no mangroves, no animals, tourists want to see

lizards and mud crabs. all of them live in the mangroves. sometimes we also see snakes. that impresses the tourists and they ask to see them. > back at the imam'popond, ee day's catch -- eleven large crabs. >> i'm very satisfied. since we converted the pond, it's become a good source of food. we catch crabs and fish as well. >> at home, his family is already waiting eagerly for the tasty treats. enright has been invited to dinner this evening. >> my aim to work maybe not only the natuture, not only peoeople having tree but also make people to see the benefits. so partly of my success, make me

feel good, that means good nature, restore it back and people happy. so when i see this, this is part of my success. >> she hopes that when word gets around, many other islanders will give her project a chance. hohost: and nextxt week w're o n a very spepecial journey to the expanses of the kazakstan steppes, home to the rare salga tilopes. last year, a usually harmless bacteria killed large numbers of the animals. we accompany researchers keen to find out why this happened. but first they need to find the last remaining antilopes in an area as large as france. can they do it? all that and more next week k on global 3000. we hope you'll join us then. in the meantime, do write to us, either by email to global3000@dw.com, or visit us on facebook.

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