♪ >> russian's referendum to see vladimir putin stay empowered beyond 2024. cases rising again in the u.s. in several states like new york, asking people visiting from states with high virurus rirights to self-isosolate. and the eiffel tower reopens to the public.

visitors must wear face masks and the top level is off-limits. us.o and thanks for joining it is good to have you with us. boasting, they started onon a constitututional reformrm package that could see vladimir putin run twice more for president. election day is next week officially july 1. voting is a spread over a few days because of the pandemic. russia reported more than 7000 new infections again thursday. a poll suggests majority of russians support the constititutional changes. the authorities who were supposed to remain neutral have run a campaign. we have a report from moscow. >> [speaking foreign language] ina position counselor moscow is struggling to get an

alternative voice heard amidst a campaign that is impressively encouraging russians to vote yes to vladimir putin's reform. >> [speaking foreign language] >> letterboxes and on posters around town, the campaign plays on patriotism and national pride. at the mood here is resignation. >> [speaking foreign language] >> [speaking foreign language] to encourage people to vote, there is also a chance to win gift vouchers to stores around the capitol.

the moscow chamber of commerce linked up with city hall to authorize the luxury which it says is perfectly innocent. >> [speaking foreign language] reporter: according to the independent polling institute, in may 44% off russians supportd reform, 32% against and4% undecided. clairere: for more on that referendum in russia, i spoke to a commentator whohoold us ththe vote is about far more than putin extending his power. >> it has been about asserting russian greatness, asserting if not dominance, but a real russian agenda. he has had an aggressive foreign-policy. he has really poked an eye in the west.

basically this constitution is driving home what had become the hallmarks of a putin style of government, a proud russia holding its own and then some on the world stage and speaking to the patriotic aspirations of a lot of russians. i will end on this note, this is a foregone conclusion that this referendum will pass. russians, especially those in the government have been under a lot of pressure to v vote and proof that they have voted and tell other people to vote. yet, there is skepticism among russians. four out of 10 according to some polls are skeptical about the transparency and honesty of this poll. and the critics and the opposition, what little there is of the opposition, call it an unconstitutional coup. a lot of skepticism. a poll s suggest two thirds s of young people want to see putin step down, especially in big cities. it is a very interesting pattern we see. it is s one of a busy anand not

great enthusiasm -- a apathy. claire: to the u.s. where there has been a steady climb in coronavirus cases. now the figures are similar to the peak in april. ththe south and west of the country are hardest hit. states like texas and arizona. new york and to other states s n the east will ask out-of-state visitors coming from hard-hit ststate to self-isolate on arrival. james wilson has the story. reporter: after over 30,000 deaths from covid-19, new york is tentatively reopening. but normality is a long way off. on wednesday, governor andrew cuomo announced new rules for travelers. >> people coming from states with a high infection rate must quarantine for 14 days as of today. the states that are above that level are alabama, arkansas, arizona, florida, north

carolina, south carolina, washington, utah, and texas. reporter: many of those stays are recording record number of cases prompting concerned that some need to reimpose lockdown measures. new rules will applply to medidd in new jersey. thee economies of the three states are closely interlinknked and in normal times, billion's travel across them to work and socialalize. -- millions. >> this is a smart thing to do. we have e been taking our people through hell and back. the e last thing we need to dodo right now is to subject our folks to another round. reporter: anyone cauaught raking the quarantine order risks a fine equivalent to 1800 euros with bigger sums envisioned forr second timime offenders and thoe judged to have caused harm. claire: three white men in

georgia have been indicted of the killing of ahmaud a arbery o was black. he was shot dead in february and the -- apathy indictment -- after the indictment, his mother said the case was moving in the right direction, but there is still a long way to go. >> four months after ahmaud arbery's death, the wheels of justice turn. on wednesday, a georgia grand jury sit-down down a nine count indictment for the three men charged including multiple charges -- counts of felony murder. >> this is another positive step, a great step for findingng justice for ahmad, for this family, and the community beyond. reporter: arbery was shot and killed on february 23. the former police officer, his son, and their neighbor pursued him through a georgia neighborhood. they claim they suspected him in a series of burglaries. the lawyers of the men say they

plan to plead not guilty and warned against a rush to judgment. >> appararently is open hunting season for the black man. reporter: video of the killing sparked outrage when it was late in may after months with no charges filed. the case has taken o on broader meananing in t the c contest -- context of a nationwnwide movemt spararked by the killing of unarmed black man by police. one of the suspects who -- one of the suspect portably used a racial slur as he stood over arbery's body. georgia lawmakers passed a bill this week, but even being signed by the governor, the law will not apply retroactively. the u.s. justice department is looking into the possibility of being federal hate crimes charges in the case. australian airlinine is cutting 6000 jobs as part of drastic restructuring due to the pandemic. like other carriers, it has grounded most of its planes

because of a collapse in passenger demand. his recovery prospspects are tid to australia reopening -- it's recovery -- i its recovery. this plan is worth 9 billion euros over the next three years. in large part of that is linked to a reduction in staff numbers. 6000 jobs to go immediately. another 15,000 staff will remain on furlough. that is something the company is negotiating with the australian government to keep the payments coming for those staff. a 20% cut in the workforce for now because the airline is expected to have much lower revenues for years to come. ceo is preparing to be a smaller airline in the future. for airlinesnd across the world. arehe more long-term, they

filing to grant claims for the majority of its fleet for a year more. it is worth saying that they are in a better position because they do have a domestic business which is a significant part of the revenue. that business is already returning. they are saying that they will operate 40% of domestic flights in july. already that business is starting to return. international flights all but zero at the moment. they are saying they do not see international traveling recovering significantly until july 2021. a really long way down the road. australiananfficials are saying theyey are not planning on reopening internationall travel forr most travelers until the ed of the year. claire: other airlines suffering, making painful cuts. shareholders are revolting later today on a 9 billion euro government bailout. >> there was some debate over

whether or not that deal will be rejected. we learned last night that main shareholders will vote for some of that relief for investors today. we had the european union competition authority coming out today and saying that it approves this 9 billion euro deal out the german government which will see the german government take a 20% stake in those -- lufthansa. they are part of that deal with the commission having to give up landing slots in cranford and munich to make space for fair competition. there are some things that left sam's up have to give up -- l ufthansa will have to give up. talks over massive job cuts. just over 50% of its workforce. there is plenty to be negotiated with unions over that. there is a deal but negotiated -- negotiations are ongoing. long-term, they will be cutting the fleet by 10% or more because they donon't expect dememand to

return and that is what we are hearing from the industry group. they say it will be two to three years before demand returns to what it was before the pandemic. losses will be more than $84 billion this year. i was speaking to the head of the ita last week. he thinks it is the bottom of the crisis for the airline inindustry if ththere is no o sd wawave there could bebeirlines thatt will go bust before the crisisis is ovever. claire: the u.s. and south korea have put on a united front on the anniversary of the start of the korean war. the defense minister issuing a joint statement for those who fought for democracy. there is a ceremony near the demo terrace zone -- the militarized-- de zone. tensions have been high lately but on wednesday, with korean usee media say plans to military action have been suspended.

in paris, the eiffel tower has reopened after a three-month shutdown because of the pandemic. visitors must wear masks. fitter you are, the better because he lives are off-limits. lifts are the off-limits. reporter: strict health precautions throughout the site mean the experiments -- experience will be more regimented and less crowded than usual. visitors have to keep their distance and wear masks. surfaces will be cleane every two hoursrs from te usual once per day. >> [speaking foreign language] reporter: the after tower -- eiffel tower is hoping to welcome about half as many as before even though foreign tourists are largely keeping

away. those who do visit will be regretting not keeping to their lockdown workout plans. the lift to the second floor would not be open before the first of july. until then, six 74th steps live between you and the best views steps.s -- 674 >> [spspeaking foreign langugua] reporter: also off-limits, the tower's top level. those windblown marriage proposals and pricey glasses of champagne will have to wait. claire: if you need exercise in paris, you know what to do. thank you for watching. ♪ >> hello and welcome for our

interview. thank you for this exclusive interview here at the observatory where you carried out your research about 30 years ago and you continue teaching university andidge you are an honorary profofessor there. you were awarded the nobel prize last october for having discovered the first exoplanets which is beyond our solar system. gravitating around another sun, you discovered that 24 years ago. are you still accepting a nobel prize? >> yes and no. we knew we had been nominated for the prize on a number of occasions.s. it was actually quite good not to think abobout it. i learned that more than 100 people were nominated every year and there was a

journal l that shows the time it takes between the discovery and getting the prizize. on average, 30 years so 24 years, we are early. rereporter: going back to the discovery, for long time, astrophysisicists thought there could be planted outside the solar system but you are the first to prove the existences of an exoplanet. it is in the pegasus constellation 51 ligight-yeaears away from our sun. how did you know it was an exoplanet? >> one of the challenge is to know whether it is a planet or not is that you are very close to a v very bright stata you have to use a trick to figure thingngs out. was that youu used look at the effect the planet has on the star it is revolving around. at is theanted to look

regular change in ththe star's s also the -- star' s the also the -- velelity. these changes are very minute and hard to measure. the use of instruments called spectrograraph help us down the light emitted by the star and we use the doppler effect which moves the spectro lines ever so slightly. these are the lines you get when you break down the light from the star and you use that to detect the movement and that is how we found the planet. what was a big surprise for us and everyone was that the planet that we found was completely unexpected. it was actually very closely orbiting around the star. it only takes four days to rotate and orbit a around the star. it looks very much like the giants in our solar system. there really is nothing like it in our solar system.

it was hard to avenge the scientific committee. it took them a great deal of time to embrace our discovery. >> if you look at the contntribution of this discover, there is the philosophical approach. yes, we can discover planets and that has been confirmed. there are more than 4000 found. there is also the fact that giant gaseous planets like jupiter revolving so close to their star, theory did not provide for that. somethingn fact shown known as planetary migration. the planet is born far away from the statar and they come closer. any scenario t to explain planetary systems take it into account. >> today there are over 4000 exoplanets. the last was discovered at the beginning of januaryry. away about 100 light-years

in what is called the habitable zone. what is a hahabitable zone? does i it rely on the planetet? >> it could. that does not t mean there is ay life. it is morere than two times the mass of the earth. a few years ago there was one that was .7 the mass of the earth around a star that is a little morore massive. within thetially habitable space. the next generation will have to identify whether there is any life there. in habitable is one thing. that means the conditions are auspicioious to support the complicated chemistry of life. you still have to look into that. > what are the conditions tht are necessary for life on another planet?t? >> one obvious condition is temperature. if the temperature is too high, then life cannot be transmitted.

there are long molecular chains that encode the functioning of life that break down. if it is too cold, nothing much happens. it is just too slow. you could have liquid water and a solvent and supports of chemical reactions. there are a number of conditions, maybe more, maybe many more. but we have to find the right kind of planet, the right distancece from the star in the end habitable space. a for a long time it was fantasy, but is life elsewhere possible?? >> yes, maybe. this is a question no longer for astronomers but for biologists and c chemists to go any fufurt. anyone can have an opinion. you have to develop the right

kind of instruments t that will give evidence that life exists elsewhere. that is a tremendous philosophical question. it goes beyond the actual technicalities of this. the questiti is is life unique in a universe of the milky way or is it compulsory byproduct of the evolution of the universe. what you're talking about are major issues. it is quite impressive that there are ththese great issues r future generations. >> it is impossible to imagine even going to the closest exoplanet? fiction has the marvelous things to show men and women going to other galaxies. it is fabulous and marvelous and takes you on a dream. but it is completely unfounded. take an habitable planet. a good candidate say, 30

light-years away from here. 30 light-years is about one billion seconds. remember it takes light one second to go to the moon. one billion times further than that. that is a long time to spend in a box. people say, you could just speed it up. nono. in physics if you want to o go faster, the amount of energy to use is trememendously high. you have to take this i into account and look at earth and remember that you cannot just leave earth once we have wasted it. we won't be able to move onto to another planet. astronomers might take an inhabitable planet, but we might be not be able to go there. that something we need to remember. well care for our planet. satellilite from the

european space agency was put into o orbit on the 18th of december. you started that project. what is the organization going to do? identified a lot of planets that were very close to stars. but we were not able to measure what we called their transit. we had a large number of objects, but little information about them. it was based on the idea that we wanted to be agile. we wanted to point to any direction in space thahat we can have detailed transit. transit is the point at which a planet passes in front of the star and that gives us information about the size of , you can get the mass as well by using the doppler

effect whichch is whwhat we use. we can get the density as well and information about the overall structure of the planet. moreover, it can help us detect the presence of rings, satellites around the planets, you can even detect light reflected off the planet. it gives us the ability we can do from a t technical point of view. we can do it systematically. on the brightest shining bodies. we look at the most interesting bodies in the sky to try to understand them. these are the ones we are able to get the most data about things. the more data you have, the more you can understand. that means you can have a really general understanding of how planets are formed. reporter: i imagine you have other plans in the works. the size of exoplanet has loomed. .he -- bloomed

peoplere huge numbers of working in this field. there are new space programs being launched as well. it is opening up a new field of knowledge within astrophysics. to go back to the other question you asked about l life in the universe, this is a field which is gaining ground. currently we are in a field where we are starting to collect data. we are talking about explanation missions to mars and bringing back samples to eaearth. missions to venus. missions where we will be solarying the giants of the system to see if there is life there. we will see the atmospheres of these planets and see what we find. with all of the increase in data, we are really s seeing the birth of a new form of science. we could call it the questions of life in the universe. reporter: one question on a personal level, what didd this

nobel prize change in your life? >> it is a huge chchange. overnight you become a rock star. you get invitations here and there. it brings huge visibility for our work. to me, it is almost a duty to answer all of those reququests. we have to try our best to do thatat and keep track of our wok as teachers and researchers. it is quite a major change from my daily work. >> the number of invitations to talk, teach here or there in the universe or rather, on earth, is tremendous. it is 10 timeses more than whate can actually hanandle. there is no reason to complain. working in a field of science that interests people is fascinating. yes, of course we have to manage this, but it is quite satisfying. reporter: we are coming to the

end of the interview. thanks to both of you for this exclusive interview. it is the first few have given since you were given the nobel prize. -- the first you have given. thanks to the observatory.

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