narrator: on this episode of "earth focus"...los angeles is knownwn for itsts urban sprawl d traffic-clogogged syststem of frfreeways rather than i its diverse array of living species. the second-most-populated city in america is actually a biodiviverse hotspot--one ofof just a few in the entire world. withthin the confinenes of thihs conncrete jungle, , species are adapting and, in some cases, even thriving. welcome to the los angeles urban wild.

woman: southern california is one of many hotspot areas around the globe which arare areas ofof extraordinary biological diversity. man: if we just think about l.a. county, you're going from sea level to 10,064 feet when you get up to mt.

san antio. when y you think about that elevaononal range,, which is s the greatate elevational rangnge of any couny in the united ststates, there'sa divererse suite of habitatsts in theere, and that includudes habitat that might be right along the busiest freeway in the country...but it also includes places where mountain lions live. i mean, it's just this place of absolutely incredible diversity when it comes to thinkininabout types of f habitat and types of species that are thriving hhere. man: hey, i thought i told you guys to get out of here. now, go. come on. get out of here. male reporter: we have a mom and her kids all going for a nice, refreshing swim all at the exact same time.

woman: there is a hidden jungle in cities like los angeles, and a hidden savannah and hidden wetlands, and other kinds of ecosystems.. pauly: there's no magic line where nature stops and city begins. it's all a giant matrix. and in the most urbanized parts of los angeles, you can still find literally thousands of species o of plants and animals. heise: the conventional wisdom used to be that cities are biodiversity wastelands, and we're now beginning to rethink that in two major ways. one is that actually, there's a lot of biodiversity in cities, much more so t than we had originally known. the other challenge is to

think about how we might make this environment that was built by us in terms of buildings, in terms of the parks that we've planted, in terms of the gardens that some of us take care of on a daily basis. how could we make this habitat more hospitable to n non-human species? [coyote barks] [barks] pauly: understanding how species are adapting to urban areas is an area of research that people are really just starting to get serious about studying. things like coyotes and mountain lions and bobcats, species that we may not always think about as being city dwellers but, in fact, with a little bit of research, you realize are actually part of the story of a big g city like los angeles. heise: : the reason that they now i inhabit what wewe consideo be our spaces is that the city has expanded out into their habitat. but coyotes are also

one of those species that do make use of human settlements in ofoften quite ingeninious ways n that they obviously have learned when to cross streets and when not to cross them. it turns out that coyotes are very smart about actually observing the change of traffic lights. man: so, this is the backside of the park here. there are almost no limits to coyotes' ability to adapt to the urban environment... because south central l.a. is probably synonymous with the most inner-city neighborhoods in the world.

finding coyotes here is just-- just amazing to me and exciting every time i'm able to cocollect some more e scat. here in south l.a. wetlands, there's proof that coyotes use this area because i'm finding coyote scat inside these fences. coyotes are spececies that most people know live in the l.a. area, but people think that they live in the mountains-- mmntainous a areas or griffithth park, where there's more open space, but really don't think of them as animals able to adapt to this type of landscape. [car alarm beeps] back to the ranger station.

yeah, so, we're in griffith park, and here isis one right here. this park is surrounded by freeway, by urbanization, by some major barriers for wildlife. so, we just saw two, maybe 3 coyotes within this picnic area. so, they know that this resource is here on a regular basis. coyotes are doing pretty well in this urban landscape thanks to their adaptability, but the mountain lions are another story. they really need some help if they're going to have a population here for multiple generations to come.

i use camera traps, which are motion-activated cameras that have a sensor in front that's triggered by motion or heat that allows me to document wildlife that is using a particular area. and each photo or each image is time- anand date-stamped to tell me activivity levels o of certan species. oh, there he is. walking right past on the same trail. yeah, he's looking healthy. he's walking really well, which is great to see. p-22 kind of adapted d to griffith park, and when i say "kind of adapted," i mean that he has retained the same behavior of his rural counterparts in patagoniaia

and in the western santa monicas. but at its core, his story is about survival. and a lot of people can relate to a stotory where it's about an individual basically facing some very, seemingly insurmountable odds and defeating them. his ability to get into this park, cross through freeways that have killed multiple mountain lions before... and live in a space that is an unprecedented amount of space for a mountain lion to survive in. usually, a male mountain lion needs about 200 square miles of space to itself and griffith park only offers 9 square miles. pauly: we know that the level of urbanization that we are bringing to this landscape is causing immense fragmentation. what are the impacts of freeways like the 405 and the 101 and the 5 going to

do in terms of allowing these populations to continue to have gene flows so that we're not facing massive issues of inbreeding? ordeñana: i'm sure there's a lot of times where he's a lot closer than we think. but he's doing what pumas do best, which is avoiding people at all costs. and that's why they've been around l.a.a. for so long. that's why theyey've been able o survive in this area surrounded by peoeople. he's not now, because l lives in griffith park, gog g after peoplple's chihihuahuas and p cs or kindnd of gotten u used to outdoor lighghting. he's retaing his behavior as far as eating deer, but he's somehow, and we don't know how he's doing this, he's finding enough prey and he's able to avoid d people even though there's so much more activity in his habitat than other mountain lion habitat.

p-22 has gone through a lot of misadventures. because he's a celebrity, he's been able to kind of survive a lot of these circumstances. one of those incidences was him getting stuck under a house and wildlife officers shooting him with beanbag rounds and tennis ball guns. he kept his cool to the point where he waited for those people to tire themselves out before he left, and he left without anybybody seeing him. and that's him being able toto kind of use those natural skills of being elusive to keep his distance and stay safe. even the most adaptatable specis out here, , arguably t the coyoe or the raccoon, have trouble in this landscape becauause of roas and of a lot of other urban dangers. pauly: and the reality is the decisions that we make today are going to be all the difference as to whether those mountain lions are in the l.a. area 100 years from now.

heise: we have been overall, over the last 150 years, been very successful at displacacing especially a lot of the aninimas out of the city that were to some degree harmrmful to human h health and well-being. but we're now also realizing that in some sense we have overdone that.t. ordeñana: i believe it's our responsibilityty to facililitate their coexistence with us. and for mountain lions and wide-ranging species that also include deer, we need to allow for safe passage across these very formidable barriers that we've created. what's being proposed along the 101 freeway in agoura hills is to build a crossing, a wildlife crossing. this is not a new concept. a lot of other countries have alalready buililt ese e wildlife crossings. what these are are not just bridges, but they're bridges that are vegetated, that have nice restoration that's done leading

up to these crossing points and fencing that funnel these animals. heise: the cost is comparative. so, it's $50 million that we will invest in mountain lion habitat that we won't invest in something else. so, i think there needs to be democratic decision making and extensive consultation about whether we want to do this and who will raise the e money f for this, who will pay for this. what do we owe mountain lions, what do we owe to other species of plants and animals? pauly: man-made structures act as barriers for lots of species in urban areas. but some aspects of our infrastructure actually allow

non-native species to thrive. the big moment for thinking about water in los angeles is 1913. once you haveve permanent water on the landscape, lots of non-native species, if they get introduced, can now make it. so, what's happened is that non-native species that get introduced to southern california, that are maybe from a more tropical place, now can make it here because there's much more water. and one of the ways that a lot of these species are coming in is actually via the nursery plant trade. [aninimals calalling] things like brown anoles andnd green n anoles and various species of geckos and now a thing calleled the coqui frog. "coqui, coqui, coqoqui," and it might d dthis all n night long.

so, if you live in a neighborhood with a coqui frog, you u might find it incrededibly aggravating. so, the coqui frog was introded to hawawaii in the 1980s. once they y get establishehed in hawaii, they start c coming into calorornia n nursery plantnts. and so, now we have them established at two nurseriess here in southern california. we currently have 15 people out helping us search for these coqui frogs, and that includudes biologist with the california department of fish and wildlife as well as biologist withth the naturural history museseum. but there's these real implications of t the coqui frogs showiwing up and having these impmpacts and it's just all because they're doing whwhat a lot of other r speciese doing, which is hitchhiking a ride intnto the nursery plplant tradade. as a biologist, my interest is understanding how species are dealing with urbanization, whether those are native species that are trying to adapt to these urban settings, or whether these are non-native specieses that have been introduced as a resultlt of huhuman activi and are alsoso tryrying to find a waway to makt here in t the los angelesrerea.

we were here specifically to look for slender salamanders. give me a hand grabbing these. and we were able to find 7 slender salamanders, and on top of that we found two other native spspecies--a wesestern fe lizard and a southehern alligatr lizard. you got a brahminy blind snake? no way! they're super squirmy. woman: yeah, so, we've got a brahminy blind snake here. pauly: yeah, we don't have any-- i don't have any reports of brahminy blind snakes right around here. with those slender salamanders, we were able to use some swabs to swab their skin, and those swabs will then be--the dna in

those swabs will be sequenced. in addition to thatat, we were lle to take sosome measurementn, some length measuremen and some weight measurements. woman: go. yeah. .5 grams. pauly: i certainly was hopefulul ththat we would get one species today. i never imagined that we would get 4 species. in urban places,s, you have e te huge matriceses of privavate properties, jujust a giant jigsw puzzle of privatate propertyty,d so, as a biologist, every 10 steps, i'm on a new piece of private property. what we found d is that t the bt way to do biodiversity r researh in urban areas i is to enlist te help of literally thouousands of people. greg and emily han and other community scientists that have participated in our programs are what allow us to do urban biodiversity research. greg han: i was just,t, i don't know, staring off f in the distance while scrubbing dishes and d i saw this litittle bit of briight blue that did notot look like e anything you wowould seen your backyard. emlyly han: r clclaim to famames we discovered a population of

previously undiscovered snails in los angeles. so, we immediatelely started looking for more snails and found a bunch of other really tiny, little snails. he put a picture of the snails on instagram, and once he did that, we got a notification that scientists and other snail enthusiasts were very excited about this snail find. woman: it looks great back here, emily. emily han: thanks. woman: and i contacted gregory to say, can i come out and get it because we don't have any of those specimens in the collection.. yep, thatat's xerotricha a ther. and who's this little guy? emily han: is that a cochlicella barbara? a really teeny, tininy one? vendetttti: yep, that's a juvenile. so, in fefebruary 1 of 2016, i came out here, the hans ininvited me, and we just did a little exploration of their backyard and collected xerotricha conspurcata, so, the species we're talking about, but then also o this other specicies cald cochlicella barbara, which also is a first record for los angeles county. and then now, almost two years later, i'm back asassessing are those species

still here. and they are. we literally are collaborators. like, we have papers together with all of our names on it. so, those are things that-- that collaboration makes this specimen and citizen science and standing in this backyard a really meaningful thing. pauly: this one's gonna go right there. we have the specimens that you see behind me, and other specimens all throughout ththis institution. over 35 5 llion spececimens and historicalal collection objects. and those can basically be a time machine so that we can understand where species were found in the past. when we think about the greatest threats to biodiversity that our planet is currently facing, we think about t things like climate chaange, andnd the realility ist onene of the b biggest t threats actually u urbanizatioion. so,o, we now knknow that asas o, 50% of the human population is now living in urban areas, and

so, suddenly, it becomes a huge imperative on people to understand how we can make urban areas more welcoming to native and desired species. and what betttter place to do that than los angeles? [bell rings] man: esperanza is located in one of the highest-density neighborhoods of downtown los angeles. [kids speaking indistinctly] i'm the principal of esperanza elementary school, just east of ththe skyscrapers of f downtownn the westlake neieighborhood, downtown los angeles. woman: can you write the name and post it under the correct bird? kids: house finch, mourning dove, european starling, brewer's blackbird, red-tailed hawk, american crow. boy: hooded oriole,e, gray egre, great blue heron, and a mockingbird.

rumble: the students love this. they love charging in here and really getting to know at a very deep, profound level what's showing up in our habitat. we observe, we record, we analyze, we share. all of these are important sskills for our students. so, at the verery bottom, do you see the live spider in there? kids: yeah. rumble: i'm surrounded by deerweed, native sages, encilia, but if you go back to 2014, i would have been standing on asphalt. peel back that asphalt, allow the dirt to be there, to plant native plants and create a living laboratory for students to really explore. girl: my name is ramona ramino. i like the garden because we come here and explore nature in the garden. what i see in the garden is hummingbirds, mockingbirds, and flowers. second girl: my name is

jimena lopez. we're trying to illustrate poppies and deer grass. boy: the california poppy is a flower native to california. rumble: it was a beautiful thing to have a burrowing owl be discovered by a fourth-grade student two winters ago. and even more incredible was that this little owl stayed with us, and so, i sometimes think of this as a zoo without cages. ii think of my students who live in those b buildings right acros the street. they wake up in a concrete building. they go down concrete stairs. there's a little patch of concrete maybe to bounce a ball. they walk across a concrete sidewalk, an asphalt street, another concrete sidewalk, and they come onto a campus which is largely asphalt. then they go home

and they do it again. they need this connection to nature like every human being. now they have access to nature right here on their campus. heise: i l like to calall it multispepecies justitice, so, 's thinking about what is it right to do by people. how do we make this a more just, a more fair space for the different groups of people who inhabit the city, but how do we also make it a habitable place for the non-human species that are already here? paulyy: there hahas been thihis general l idea out t there thatf you wantnt to see nanature, youu need d to go to y yellowstonener yossemite, and the reality is that thahat's not true. and everybodody should know that that's not true because they just have to s start looking around and they can see the incredible diversity of species that are aroround them at all titimes. you don't need to travel anywhere to see nature. you

just need to start observing. annocer: "eah focus"s made possiblen part bthe oran countyommunityoundatio and thearvue fndation.

cordero-lamb: i think there really is something to using the medidicines that your ancestors s have been n using fa really long time. i think our bodies remember a lot, not just trauma. i think our bodies remember medicine. i think our bodies remember knowledge. i think they remember places. >> one of the most dangerous aspects of the new drug addiction is that the drugs abused are legally sanctioned, mass-produced, and available everywhere. cordero-lamb: that whole idea--"if it's more expensive, it's better"-- that is really something that we've brougught into o our whole mindset ass western coconsumers. you spend more momoney on it,t, surely itt will l work better, and if f you takke twice as much h of it, i'l wo even betttter, so we've gotot this "bigger, better, faster" mindset going. then you look at