♪ anchor: you're watching al jazeera. a reminder of our top stories. the taliban have taken three provincial capitals in afghanistan. i and under are we. achieve says violent offensives have left fear and dread across the country. emergency talks at aiming the fighting -- aimed at stopping the fighting. reporter: picking up these three provincial capitals that got nine and to put that into context, the last time they held a provincial capital with 2016

and they held her briefly because u.s. forces push them out of kundus. to pikc up 9 over less than a week, significant in showing the amount of munition across the country. in the north, the fourth biggest city in the country is now essentially under siege. it is an island of government control but there are classes going on there and the taliban is forcing -- pushing hard for the city. anchor: if you approve prime minister -- ethiopia's prime minister is calling on all citizens to join the fight. government forces have fought the liberation front for nine months but they have made gains in the northern region. nur governor andrew cuomo resigned after a report that he harassed 7 -- 11 women. he apologize for depending his accusers. 42 people have been killed by wildfires.

the prime minister said 25 soldiers died during a rescue operation in the mountains. the government says it believes arsonists are responsible. u.s. senators have approved a $1 trillion infrastructure bill, the largest investment in the country's roads, bridges, and railways in decades. it comes after months of negotiation between democrats and republicans. argentinian football start general messi has signed a two-year deal with parents. the front side announce the news on the twitter page, posting the words of neil diamond. messi wearing #30 shirt. following the stories on a website aljazeera.com. more news in half an hour. next is inside story. ♪

freaking -- anchor: decades of dire warnings. our people listening? how to combat climate fatigue to ensure action. this is inside story. ♪ anchor: welcome to the program. the code red for humanity. a wake-up call for the world. those are some of the latest reactions to the biggest u.n. reveal of our warming planet since 2013. they anti-governmental plano of climate change says there is no

longer any doubt humans are heating up the oceans, land, and see by burning fossil fuels. some of the damage, such as nothing polar ice sheets -- melting polar ice sheets, are irreversible. he waits and flights will become even more extreme even if we cut greenhouse gas >> emissions. you've been telling us for three decades of the dangers of allowing the planet to warm. the world blessed but not -- not here. it did not act strongly enough. as a result, platted change is a problem that is here now. nobody safe and it is getting worse. kim: it comes at a crucial time, ahead of the u.n. climate summit in november. secretary of state antony blinken says governments and the private sector must work with urgency to protect our planet. the u.k. prime minister force

johnson, who is hosting the summit, says the report makes for sobering reading. india described it as a call for developed nations. it is urging them to cape does take immediate steps for producing -- take any steps toward using carbon emissions. the client achieve says the report is not too late to turn the tide. the president of the 26th summit in november says despite the dire productions, we have time to limit the damage. >> there is a key message to take away. the future is not yet written. the very worst of climate change is still avoidable. we look back to paris in 2015. world leaders got together and said they would do everything they could to limit global temperature rises to below two degrees and aiming for 1.5. what the support shows is that

1.5 degrees is still achievable but it is retreating and fast. ♪ kim: the spring and our guests. we have richard allen. for that professor of climate -- climate science at the university of reading. in melbourne, we have grant and associate professor at the institute for global health at the university of melbourne and e author of climate health encourage. in london, todd burke, chairman of the third-generation environmentalism think tank. thank you for joining us. inside story. beginning with you, mr. out, so we lay out what is at stake for the conversation. if the world continues on its trajectory, the report finds the world could warm by two degrees by the year 2060. what would that world look like? mr. a the sciencel is clearlen:

intensifying. their hair than that. it will intensify the extremes even more. as has been shown in the report are stated in the report, we can avoid the worst dangers of climate change if we act now. kim: i have we been so unable to change the course of the climate crisis? we have talked about this for years. >> you're right about that. it is not because the scientist haven't told us we should pay attention to. the military has told us since the end of the last century we need to pay attention. the public has gotten very anxious as they experience

floods and fires, as validating their view of the signs. the people are not listening. they are the politicians. we know what we need to do. in order to avoid the worst kind of effects of climate change. we know they can afford to do it. what we need now are for the politicians to step up to the plate and adopt the policies we need to make what is possible real. kim: when you talk about wildfires and floods becoming more common, everything is getting worse. is there climate anxiety? i'm wondering among young people who have grown up with this information. what does that look like? >> what we have seen is really a triple whammy at the moment were we have this report. the experts are saying co2 is the highest in 2 million years.

the facts on the ground in the northern hemisphere, turkey is burning and australia saw this with our very hot heat late summer o the third thing driving this is the backdropf 2019.. all of these things have come together and once the pain drops , common change is serious and happening now. you cannot see it and it creates more stress and anxiety, especially for younger people. kim: are you seeing that in your clinical practice? >> absolutely. we are having a lot of young people who, among the stress of lockdowns and quarantines and being around covid, are now saying a lot of media -- seeing

a lot of media today around climate change. they're concerned about the future and i spent a lot of time with them talking about the project, saying it's a scar time but we willl meet a lot of young brilliant people to do well at school and uni and be a part of this urgent transformation. kim: are we seeing people of climate fatigue, not caring so much because it does not feel like it is impacting them immediately? >> i do not think we are saying that. i do not think it is a problem with the public, whether they are full or young, pulling all of the road showing a rising level of anxiety. what we're seeing are the incumbents, the people who have

intense interest in the current energy system, taking in deeply and resisting change. that is why i put the emphasis on the politicians because in a sense, the politicians -- the public needs of politicians to protect them from the efforts of the incumbents to stop us changing our energy system. kim: i want to come back to how to get policy change. i would like to come back to you, mr. allen. the report says humans are unequivocally to blame for what we are seeing. does encouraging people to get engaged in climate change on an individual level, will that make enough of a difference or doesn't need to be stopping those big emitters at the top? doesn't need to be only policy down? >> good point. in terms of individuals, people can see what is going on in terms of the climate change and see the science and they can

take various actions themselves but if everyone does a little bit, unfortunately, we will achieve a little bit. everyone needs to do a lot. the only way for the to happen is for governments, cities, companies to take leadership and cause large-scale reduction in emissions. kim: mr. burke, we should talk about opportunities to address climate change. what are some of the most obvious opportunities out there right now in terms of building for a better future? i'd think about snort arrays -- smarter ways to live and build. mr. burke: you're right to pick up on smarter ways of building. the most rapid and cheap and dramatic way to reduce emissions is to reduce the carbon associated with heating and coaling buildings. that is the first thing and that you take priority. after that, the things we need to do our change the system,

stop burning fossil fuels to make electricity, and use the renewables and the increasing technology of storage that is available to make electricity without carbon, and then we need to get rid of the use of fossil fuels for mobility. that makes electric vehicles for cars and light transport but as we go further down the pipe, we need to invest in normal sleep in giving -- getting carbon out of shipping and out of aviation. right now, the best thing to do in transport is to accelerate the deployment of vehicles. those other priorities. there are some things we need to do that will be more difficult but we need to buy time now so that we get the easy things to do done very rapidly indeed. kim: some of those things seem from outside hearing about them quite radical shifts.

i want to come back to you, mr. blasi. i want to talk about collective efficacy, the idea that if we all believe we can make a change, there is -- and if there is a shift -- societal shift, we can all be effective together. it is very interesting, when you look at what is happening with the pandemic, we all know we need to end the virus. we all know we need to get vaccinated across the world in an equal way and yet we cannot seem to do it. what hope is there for us being able to band together to make an impact on climate change? guest: there is a brand-new study in australia by over 5000 australians and they found australians were three times more worried about climate change than covid at the moment. that is really interesting. that is what we are seeing. this acute crisis of covid is

happening but in the background, particularly because we experienced these huge viruses at the end of 2019, i think there is a collective will to do something so definitely, that collective way of approaching things will be essential. for viewers, they should never feel like they cannot do everything on their own so banding together with like-minded people is really essential and will be part of the transformation. kim: i want to come back to the science for a minute because some of the impacts of climate change, no matter what we do from here on out, are irreversible, aren't they? guest: that is right. guest:guest: it takes hundreds of years for the oceans to heat up. it takes hundreds of years for the giant ice sheets to melt and pump the warmer world.

see level rising is an example of irreversible change. many hundreds of years in many regions. you can adapt to that kind of change. it is beyond human timescales. the crucial thing to note is that if we do not limit the warming of the planet to 1.5 degrees above preindustrial, or 2 if 1.5 isn't possible, there will be an even larger rise in the long term. the fact that it is irreversible doesn't mean we don't need to stop cutitng greenhosue gases. it is even more crucial. kim: i want to take a look at who the first -- worst emitters are around the world. topping the list is china, estimated to produce 30% of all global emissions. that is followed by the united states, which is producing

nearly 15% of our total carbon for print, and also the top of the list are india, russia, and japan. this are burke, i want to talk about that with you first. china's per-person omissions are half of that of the u.s. but because of its massive population, it is far and above the largest emitter. it has been criticized for its tepid response to addressing climate change. what is your take? guest: i think china has a very big problem, as do india and russia and other countries. try to sort this out in terms of per capita emissions. -- china sought this out in terms of that's per capita emissions. wherever carbon is in the world, it will have an effect. we can't get into an argument. you have to do more because you create more. we have a collective problem and we have to solve it together.

if private policy fails, does public policy fails, we all do. kim: isn't that what is happening among countries? india causes a clarion call but has not committed by carbon neutrality. is this happening at the policy level? guest: hypocrisy apps happening everywhere but i agree. i don't think india is helping its own people or the rest of us by turning us into a brain game. we will not get everywhere if no one will act until everyone else is acting. this is a problem for the politicians to sort out and a problem where politicians have to give a lead and you are not giving a lead when you try to blame someone else for the problem. much as i understand why people think is unfair, some people create a more problem than others, i don't think we will get far if the discussion is

about who has to act first before anybody else asked. by the way, and turns a big countries, people will suffer most -- the small countries in africa and oceana and other parts of the world in the caribbean good especially small island states. they will suffer more. they're not the issue -- issue -- issuing blame calls. kim: what is the most constructive way to talk about climate change, the climate threat, the impacts of climate change that we are hearing right now. what is the most constructive way to talk about that in order to encourage change in action? guest: it is an important question because i think young people -- we need to keep up the hope project and i don't mean reflect magical thinking that it will just get better but like a

mature, grounded hope that we need urgent action and serious leadership and need to get behind our leaders before glasgow so that we have these ambitious missions to set in norma's challenges. for the individuals, i think in terms of all or nothing. two degrees will be a lot less worse than four degrees. pressure politicians through voting. if you're feeling overwhelmed, there is a lot going on in the world. stand back for a while or have a break. seek professional assistance. make sure you're looking out for yourself. kim: mr. burke, if the population -- the global population is as engaged on climate change as you say, wise

that not translating into action at the policy level? is there a disconnect? guest: i think there is a disconnect. i think the politicians by and large are more subject to pressure from the incumbent than they are for their own populations. sing. but grant said earlier, it matches here in the sense that people do things together in communities. they are willing to do that. that says there is an important role for the mayor's, the leaders of cities, to fill the gap in translating problems into solutions into action. some of the gap has been left by the politicians at a national level. we need to look at what's going on at all those cities and towns . there are limited of examples of people coming together with

local leadership and solving the problems. kim: how quickly will our world respond to a reduction in fossil fuels? what hope is there if we can come together and take action. guest: it will take decades for the climate to stabilize once action is taken. it will take a while before we can notice the effects we have to take the action as rapidly and strongly as we can do so now. that is why i would like to add this assessment report from the ipcc is important because over three years, and the final stages, the summary is for policymakers. that has been agreed by byline, word by word, 195 countries, delegates involved in the

approval process. they have approved what is said in this report. it could act as a resource for november. it is really crucial that they appreciate this has been agreed and collaborated with with governments and now it is up to governments to take the strong action and as the other guests have mentioned, to cities, companies and getting into collectors. we can order a bit but the governor is crucial. -- government is crucial. kim: i want to ask about climate denial from a psychology point of view in a little bit. explain to me how the signs has improved in terms of projecting

and to unequivocally link weather events with climate change. that has been a bastian for climate deniers. the signs has improved, hasn't it? guest: we have better, longer observation lacquered's -- records. better satellite data and that is showing an increase in a number of extremes. rainfall, heat waves. and also involves physical understanding of the processes as they get stronger. computer simulations that simulate all the weather patterns that could be created in a particular event. scientists are able now to use this as a laboratory where they can run hundreds of simulations with or without the warming we see today. and show these events happening around the world already in china and europe, the heat

waves, we can show you now they have made more severe by the warming due to greenhouse gas emissions and some events would not have happened or would've been impossible to happen. there is that. the same models and simulations used the project into the future are not perfect but they are packed with the best physics we can pack into them and that is why we are more sure now of the regional impacts and changes in climate that we can expect as we continue to emit or do not continue to emit. kim: incredibly, there are still climate deniers out there. they're well-known famous people who fall into that camp but how does that happen? is there a real cognitive dissonance going on? guest: there were less climate deniers then you would think there are further noisy

minority. in australia, 87 to 88% of people except all the signs and that is -- is driven by human behavior. 97% of scientists have a good sense of human-induced climate change is happening in swamp the small numbers. some get caught in an echo chamber on misinformation and myths. sometimes, it complex with their worldview or politics or understanding of the world. the important thing is that we are seeing the world with the facts on the ground now. not even just models. it is becoming more impossible to deny the reality of climate change. kim: they're coming to the end of the program. i want to ask you -- we have a

minute to go. how hopeful are you for the future of our planet? for the belief that we can make a change and can confront the threat? guest: what we have seen all of the world from the coronavirus is that by and large, people, one of our culture, are willing to do the right thing when it is explained to them what needs to be done. that gives me hope that we can deal with the problem but to do that, we need politicians to get a better lead than at the moment. kim: thank you very much for joining us here. on inside story. richard allen, grants flashy, and tom burke. thank you for watching. you can see this and all of our previous programs any time by visiting our website, al jazeera.com -- aljazeera.com. go to our facebook page, facebook.com/ajinsidestory. join the conversation on

twitter. we are at a.j. inside story. -- @ajinsidestory. goodbye for now. ♪ @

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