♪♪ before we start tonight i'm going to ask you to indulge me for a second. i want to say if you have got only one hour to spend tonight watching the news, if you've only got one block of time that you can set only got one block of time that you can se but he is here the anchor chair

when msnbc but 1996. not will be his last night, when they are followed brian his whole career or where they've just become a fan of the 11th hour. his absolute witty insightful emotionally compelling, snarky is all get out incredible show that he does it right now. when they won become a fandom 11th hour or even a fan from the beginning. you should just know that for all of us, in the building as we say, in the proverbial building now. but, for all of us, his colleagues, ryan leaving. brian stopping the show, is a really big deal. having the opportunity to share a desk with him, for major news events, has been not just an honor for me. it has been an honor. beyond that, to tell you the truth, it's how i've learned half the things i know about how to handle the

responsibilities of the big desk. brian williams, and all candor, is a great guy. he is a great colleague. he is incredibly generous. he is abs hilarious as a person as i've ever met in any context. on the 11th hour, he and that excellent staff of his, do one of the best shows that has ever been done on cable news on any network. tonight, he is finishing. he is dropping the mic. again, thank you for indulging me here for a second, but it is a really big night for us here at msnbc and the whole nbc family. brian williams, is a big deal his decision to step away is a big deal for all of us. please do, watch the 11th hour tonight, for bryan's, final broadcast. you will be glad you've done so. all right, thank you for the intelligence on that. the d.c. circuit court of appeals, handed down a serious defeat to former president,

donald trump, tonight. a surprisingly resounding defeat. this is a case about his efforts to keep records, and documents from his time in the white house, but from ending up in the hands of the january six investigation in congress. so, this was the decision tonight. this was a federal appeals court in d.c.. the district courts, circuit courts, and then the supreme court. this is a circuit court decision, an appeals court one level below the u.s. supreme court. the three judge panel on this u.s. circuit court of appeals, they ruled unitas me tonight. that the trump white house documents, do indeed have to get handed over to the january 6th investigation. they did pause the effect of this ruling for two weeks. to give, trump, the opportunity to appeal this ruling up to the supreme court if he wants to. presumably, he wants to. i think, one of the things we have learned over the last five or six years with trump as a political actor is that he sees the court system as a giant brake pedal. on the bumper car that is his

life. in the public eye. if you're in trouble for something, you tied up in court. someone was ask you questions about something that you don't want to answer to, tied up in court. someone expects you to answer for something you have definitely done, tied up in court. hope that it takes as long as possible, so the other side either runs out of patience, or runs out of money, or maybe they stumbled on to some sort of technicality. maybe, if you're really lucky, the time will just run out on whatever the exact conflict is that is in question before the courts. so, the original question will become moved. by the time, any court otherwise gets around to ruling on it. delay, delay, delay, delay that's the sum total of his litigation strategy. i think, that was true in his business life, from what we know of it. it has certainly been true of his extensive experience in the court system since he is been a political actor. well, in this case, in this case where he's trying to keep his records and his white house documents from going to the

january 6th investigation. in this case, the brakes are failing. the brake pedal is not working, to slow this thing down. it isn't slowing down enough. to allow former, president trump, to dodge this investigation. things are going much faster than they usually do through the federal courts. because of the urgency of the january six investigation. because of the seriousness of this matter. i mean, if you look at the timeline here it is really really compressed. the date on which, trump, first sue to stop the january 6th investigation from getting his records and documents. that was october 18th. that went to federal court in washington d.c., the court agreed to hear an expedited schedule. the federal court hearing that case, ruled against them. on november 9th. he was only 22 days from when he sued to win the georgia ruled against them. when the judge ruled against them, definitively, he filed an appeal. up to the circuit court.

that circuit court, the appeals court, also decided they would take it on an expedited basis. they heard the case, on november 30th. they just ruled tonight. december 9th. nine days after they heard the arguments of the case. this is not the pace at which stuff usually gets through the federal court system. but now, trump's last hope, now that he's lost both at the district court and that the circuit court. his last hope is to appeal to the united states supreme court. the court has given him 14 days to do side whether not he does that. if he does not appeal to the supreme court in time, his records and documents will get handed over to the january 6th investigators. 14 days from now would be when tonight's ruling goes into effect. barring an appeal to the u.s. supreme court. for the record that will be december 23rd and one that be a fine start to the mayor christmas for everyone? presumably, he is going to appeal to the supreme court. he will do so in time, to stop

the documents from being handed over. as to what the supreme court will do, with his appeal and how fast they'll move if they do take the case, i really don't know. other federal court judges in the district court and the appeals court, in washington d.c., they have been willing to hear this on a hurry basis. a really fast basis. i think, in part, according to the rulings because the judges have recognize the urgency of this investigation. because, the seriousness of january 6th and also because the investigation will probably get kneecap if the republican take over the house and shut it down. if they win the midterm elections. i don't know if the supreme court would take up the appeal from trump, at all. if they do take it up, i don't know what kind of pace they will take it up on, or if they will be more amenable to his delay, delay, delay strategy. i don't know, what they will do. neither do you. unless some of the justices are watching right now, in which

case, hello. it is very nice to meet you. have you thought about retirement? seriously, you should think about it. retirement is nice. anyway. to the extent that it makes a difference to the supreme court, how the lower courts have handled these matters. to the extent that the way these kinds of cases get to the supreme court, makes a difference to a justice decision. whether they're taking up and how long or how fast it will take it up for. it is worth noting that the trump rooms against trump on this issue have been pretty scalding at two different levels now. the first time, trump lost in court on this issue. last month. the district court judge's ruling in that case, is the kind of ruling that gets called and ex creation here. it was just a really blunt, really quotable, as they say blistering ruling. that was the first ruling against them. the appeals court tonight is

also that kind of ruling. the washington post tonight, for example, calls tonight's ruling against trump a, quote, resounding rejection of trump's case. the post describing the ruling as quote, blunt and at times blistering language. they're not wrong about that. let me just share with you a little bit of what this ruling actually sounds like, tonight. , quote, shortly before noon ungenerous ex president donald trump took a stage at the rally of supporters on the, just south of the white house. during his more than one hour-long speech trump reiterated his claim that the election was rigged and swung. -- he then urged vice president pledge would observe over the certification to do the right thing by rejecting various states electoral votes, and refusing to certify the election in favor of mr. biden. towards the end of the speech president trump, and also support is that, quote, we are in walk down pennsylvania and we're going to try and give all republicans the kind of pride and wellness that they need to

take back our country. urging the grout to demand that congress do the right thing and only county electors have been lawfully slated he warned that, quote, we will never take back our country with weakness. we're not gonna fight like hell if you don't buy like how you not to have a country anymore. shortly after the speech a large crowd of president trump supporters, including some armed with weapons wearing full tactical gear, march towards the capital and violently broke into the building to try and prevent congress the certification of the election results. if the mob quickly over one law enforcement, and skilled walls, shattered windows, to gain access to nature of the capitol. police officers were attacked with chemical agents, beat with flagpoles, and frozen water bottles. crush between doors, and throngs of riders. has rioters poured into the building, members of the house senate as well as vice president pence were hurriedly evacuated from the house senate chambers. soon afterwards, rioters

breached the senate chambers. and the house chamber, capitol police officers barricaded the door with furniture and drew their weapons to hold off rioters. some members of the mob built a hang month gallows on the lawn of the capital, amid calls from the crowd to hang vice president pence. even with reinforces from the d.c. national guard d.c. metropolitan police, the virginia state troopers, and the department of homeland security, and the fbi capitol police were not able to regain control of the building and establish a security perimeter for hours. the joint session reconvene late that night he was not a 3:42 am on january 7th that congress officially certified, joseph biden, as the winner of the 2020 presidential election. and this is the courtroom tonight. quote, the events of january 26 2021 marked the most significant assault on the capital since the war of 1812. the building was desecrated. blood was shed. several individuals lost their lives. approximately 140 law enforcement officers were

injured, one officer had been attacked, died the next day. in the aftermath, workers labored to sweep up broken glass, wipe away blood, and clean feces off the walls. portions of the building's historical architecture were damaged or destroyed including, statues, murals historic benches, original shutters, and precious artwork. on june 30th, 2021, the united states has represented upgraded the committee to investigate the january 6th attack, on the united states capitol. that's kind of the old pinning set piece for the court ruling tonight, it gives you a sense of how this is likely going to go. the court and this ruling tonight, its unanimous ruling, then describes trump's efforts to resist providing materials to this investigation. the ruling describes the lawsuit for example he brought in october to try and block the investigation from obtaining his records. the court describes his

resounding loss in the lower court in that case, but. this is important, it could become material important in days ahead. the court in this ruling tonight, is quite blunt about the legitimacy of the january six investigation. they are quite blunt about trump's failure to state any legal justification for him ducking their questions and their demands. quote, the very essence of the article one power, meaning the article one power in the constitution that defies the laws of constitution, the very essence of the article one powers legislating. so there would seem to be few if any more imperative interest squarely within congress's will house, then ensuring the safe and uninterrupted conduct of its constitutionally aside business. hair, the house of representatives is investigating the single most deadly attack on the u.s. capitol by the massive forces in the history of the united states. lives were lost, blood was shed, portions of the capitol building were badly damaged and demise and members of house and senate as well as eight, staffers, and others who are working in the building were

endangered. they were forced to flee, preventing the legislators from completing their constitutional duties. until the following day. the january six committee, has also demonstrated a sound factual predicate for requesting these presidential documents specifically. the ruling says, quote, there was a direct link which between the former president, former president trump, and the events of the day. then, president trump, called for his supporters to gather in washington hen -- for a wild response to what he has been alleging for months, had been a stolen election. on january 6th, president trump, directed his followers to go to the capitol and quote, fight for their country. with the aim of preventing, congress certification the electoral vote. don't really think we need quotes from a speech that they. trump said, quote, we will never take back our country with weakness. we've come to demand that congress to the right thing, and only count certain electors. and equally essential aspect of the world rule of law, says the

ruling, there's a peaceful transition of power. and the constitutional role and verifying the electoral vote. to allow the privilege of a no longer sitting pro president to prevail. over congress's need to investigate a violent attack on its own, and its constitutional operations. that would gravely impair the basic function of the legislator. president trump, bears the burden of at least showing some windy interest in continue confidentiality. he could be cape of taping tipping the cells back in his favor. he has not done so he has not identified any specific counter veiling need for confidentiality tied to the documents that are issued. be on there being, presidential communications. neither, as he presented arguments that grapple with the substance of president biden's and congress weighty judgment of why these documents should be handed over. nor, as he made even a preliminary showing that the content of any particular document likes revolutions to the committee's investigation. he offers instead, this is

brutal, only a grab bag of objections that simply assert without elaboration, his superior assessment of executive branch interest, insists that congress and the committee have no legitimate legislative interests on the attack on the capitol. and he in putin's the motive of president biden and the house. that falls far short of meeting his burden. and it makes it impossible for this court to find any likelihood of success in his claims. that is all he offers. and that is not close to enough. law >> he really actually says that. that is all he offers, and that is not close to enough. it is the rare day when a verbatim portion of a federal court ruling belongs on a t-shirt or a crush stitch, bumper sticker, or perhaps, as the permanent caption of a formal presidential portrait. that is all he offers, and that is not close to enough.

look here is how the ruling ends tonight, just in case they haven't slammed the door on trump part enough at this point. this is how it ends. for all the foregoing reasons, former president trump has not shown that he is entitled to a preliminary injunction. we did not come to that conclusion lightly. the confidentiality of presidential communication is critical to the effective functioning of the presidency. but our constitution, divides, checks, and balances power. to preserve democracy and to ensure liberty. for that reason, the executive privilege for presidential communications is qualified one. what mr. trump seeks to have an article three court intervene and nullify the judgments of the president and congress. to delay the committee's work. and to derail the negotiations on the accommodations that the political branches have made. essential to the rule of law is the principle that the former president must meet the same legal standards for obtaining preliminary injunctive relief as everyone else. former president trump has failed that task.

benjamin franklin said, at the founding, that we have, quote, a republic. if we can keep it. the events of january six expose the fragility of the democratic institutions and traditions that we have perhaps come to take for granted. in response, the president of the united states and congress have each made the judgment that access did this subset of presidential communication records is necessary to address a matter of great constitutional moment for the republic. former president trump has given this court no legal reason to cast aside president biden's assessment of the executive branch interests at stake. or to create a separation of powers conflict that the political branches have avoided. the judgment of the district of court, meaning the lower court, denying a preliminary injunction is affirmed. so ordered. and that's it. the lower court ruling with trump and told him no, you are wrong, those documents have to go to the january six investigation. that lower court ruling, in the

district court in d.c., has not been upheld unanimously, by a three judge panel at the appeal court the husker stick shun in that area. law but that's it. he has now lost twice. at the district court and the appeals court. unless trump files his appeal with the supreme court. and he takes this up on emergency basis with these documents will be handed over right before christmas eve. worth noting here on the implications. first of all, it should be noted it is a terrible ruling for steve bannon and mark meadows. steve bannon, longtime adviser to trump, run his campaign in 2016. mark meadows, his less white house chief of staff, both of these gentlemen, we think, are preparing to argue to the court themselves that they don't have to comply with this investigation themselves because it is not a proper investigation. but it seems to be one of the grounds on which steve bannon and mark meadows are justifying

to the court that they are not complying with the investigation. the problem for them now, is that this ruling tonight, this is the appeals court that holds jurisdiction were both the meadows case and the sea benin case are being heard. so an appeals court ruling, on the legitimacy of the court, it's a definitive thing. that the court in that circuit have to abide by. and in this appeals court ruling tonight, to january six investigation is described us quite legitimate. it is described in this ruling as having a uniquely vital interest in carrying out the january six investigation. so to the extent that steve bannon and mark meadows say, we don't need to comply with this thing. congress is doing something that they shouldn't even be doing here. that ruling, that argument, would appear to be closed off to them. so for steve bannon, and mark meadows their path to trying to swear out of this has just gotten a lot narrow. this is a bad day for them. steve bannon is already being

prosecuted for defying the subpoena from the investigation. the house is set to refer mark meadows for the same kind of criminal prosecution. it looks like that will happen on monday, this upcoming monday. just a few days from now. but i think it is also worth noting here. particularly when we are trying to ascertain the state of mind and the potential desperation of some of the people involved here. i think it is also worth noting that the ruling tonight, this unanimous -- shutting down trump's effort to avoid this investigation. it comes as what is otherwise a terrible time for former president trump in terms of his legal woes. in terms of the various ways he is in trouble and under investigation. new york times today, expended on the reporting from earlier this week that his big new media venture, the thing that he is trying to launch, is already caught up into serious financial investigations. one of them for potential insider trading around that company going public with its shares. there's an sec investigation

underway, that is a separate thing. this insider trading part of it is a whole second investigation by the financial industry regulatory industry. we learn today as well, that the civil investigation of trump's business, by new york attorney general, this is an investigation that is looking into potential bank fraud, tax fraud, insurance fraud, in the core properties that is owned by trump's real estate company. that investigation by new york attorney general, has apparently proceeded to the point where that office is not looking to subpoena trump, to have him testify in person, less than a month from now, on january 7th. now, this is a civil fraud investigation from the new york attorney generals office. how serious is that? what if you are donald trump, you'll know that that is quite serious. in his life, it's been quite serious already. it was civil actions like this from the new york attorney generals office in the past that force the shutdown of trump's fake charity. the trump foundation, he had to

pay out millions of dollars after the attorney general accused him of hakeem we -- it was also another civil action from the new york attorney generals office in the past that forced the shutdown of trump's fake university. the settlement in that case, require trump to pay out $25 million, cash. to people who had sued him alleging that trump university was also a massive fraud scheme. that was actually the way that he started his presidency. he got elected president and then immediately had to spend $25 million paying people off in the settlement for a big fraud case. that should have been assigned about how things were going to go, right? but in terms of what this might mean to trump and how he understands the seriousness of this. he has already lost his charity and his university. and had to pay more than $25 million out. thanks to new york attorney general's investigation in recent years. now, new york city tierney

general wants trump's deposition in this latest new york attorney general civil investigation. this time, with trump's core business. and the civil investigation, where she wants the deposition from him, with that civil investigation is proceeding in parallel with an ongoing criminal investigation of his business. that is being carried out both by the attorney generals office and the state prosecutor in manhattan. that is the criminal prosecution that has already led to felony charges against his business himself and to his chief financial officer. so, trump is about to be subpoenaed to give a deposition in the civil case that is unfolding in parallel with that criminal one. what is he going to do? if he does respond to the subpoena any gives testimony in the civil case, presumably, that testimony that he gives in the deposition could be used against him in the criminal case. if he decides, okay, i'm not going to testify.

refuses to testify and pleads the fifth. will him taking the fifth can be used against him in the civil case. when you take the fifth on the civil case they can't use it against you. they can't use your silence against you. but in a civil case they can. it might make it more likely that the civil case is going to go against him. again, the civil cases from the new york attorney general office have already shut down his fake foundation and fake university. now they are going after his core business. so are you going to testify worse in the criminal case or worse in the civil case? he is between a rock and a hard place. you have to either testify or not. are you going to take the fifth? what are you going to do here? and that demand for him to subpoena, to be deposed under subpoena from the new york attorney general's investigation, that arises today. on the same day that he loses, resoundingly, in federal appeals court, and attempt to keep his records safe and sound.

it happens on the same day that one of the lawyers, who advised him on the whole scheme he planned around january six. the guy who advised him on this whole plan of having pence reject the election from certain states on january six. and that is how he stand power. that lawyer who drafted that scheme for trump, john eastman, himself, appeared before the january six committee today and reportedly, pled the fifth. he invoked his fifth amendment right for self incrimination. that lawyer, john eastman, pleading the fifth, trump will pleading the fifth, longtime trump advisor, said he too is going to plead the fifth. conspiracy theories salesman, alex joan, he said he is also going to plead the fifth. and now trump him self now has to decide if he is going to plead the fifth in the new york attorney generals civil investigation of his business which is unfolding in parallel with the criminal investigation of his business which is already resulted in felony

charges against his core business and his chief financial officer. are you going to plead the fifth? it seems to be kind of a trend. in march of 1973, nixon had been reelected 1972, sworn in january 1973. watergate was now erased by him running for election. he kind of hoped it would be watergate. he felt in fact, in the early months of a second term as such. and as watergate was finally starting to crack around richard nixon, this was around the time that his staff said in his audio diaries that nixon finally seemed to start to understand the seriousness of what watergate could really mean. how much trouble he really could be in if the watergate cover-up unraveled. in march, 1973, richard nixon was caught in the oval office

state, strategizing out loud for how he thought all his watergate henchmen should handled the congressional investigation into watergate. what they should do to try and make it all go away. he said, on the white house tape, and the really hard to hear, but there's so much that, it can be hard to hear, but we have a transcript of them. he said on the tape, march 22nd, 1973, this, i don't give a bleep what happens. i want you all to stonewall it. let them plead the fifth amendment, if it will save it, save the plan. that's the whole point. plead the fifth. save the plan. save the cover-up. that's the whole point. so said richard nixon in march 1973. that was his plan. everybody pleads the fifth. maybe we can all stick together. how did that work out in the end? because we are entering the plead the fifth, save the plan face here as well.

we'll see how it works out, this time. got more ahead tonight stay with us [interpreter] with us [interpreter hey google. ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪

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court issued a, blistering, unanimous ruling. rejecting, president trump's efforts, to avoid turning over his via documents and records to degenerate sixth investigation. this is the second straight court ruling on this matter that trump has lost. he lost definitively in an excruciating ruling from the federal district court judge forgot the case. he appeal that, to the appeals courts, this was three judges on appeals court that unanimously ruled against him again. and response that unanimous ruling, tonight, we've got this just in from the chair and vice chair of the january 6th investigation. this is from the chair but and the vice chair, liz cheney, republican congressman from wyoming. we applaud the courts decisive ruling, which respects the select committees interest in obtaining white house records

and president biden's judgment and allowing those records to be produced. our work moves ahead swiftly, we will get to the truth great , thank you for being here. >> i pleasure rachel. >> first of all, let me ask you about the pace here. before i ask about the content of this ruling. i ran down the timeline, a little bit. sort of, lively asserted to our audience that this is unusually fast, for the federal judiciary to move. president trump, filed suits saying i don't want to hand over those documents in mid october, the first run against them happened before two weeks was up, in november. he filed an appeal, that was heard before the end of november and now nine days after it was heard we have this definitive, unanimous ruling from the appeals court against them. i believe, as an observer, that

is really fast. is that true? >> absolutely true, rachel. this is lightning pace. this is the, usain bolt, of court calendars. ordinarily and appellate case like this could take up to a year. by the time all the briefing is held, all the or arguments are done, and then the court considers it an issues in opinion and like the supreme court it is only three judges. it is not nine justices. still, they exchange opinions and go back and forth. it can really take many many months, if not a year for a case like this to come out. for it to happen in a matter of weeks like this really is lightning fast. >> now, the appeals court did say that while it issued is very blunt ruling, today, an ace three oh count among those three judges. they have stayed, effectively, the implementation of this ruling. for 14 days to give trump the chance to appeal this to the knighted state supreme court. what do you think will happen there, and what will happen in

terms of the timing, and how the pace of this has been handled so far? obviously, at the end of the road the documents are either going to be handed over or not. what do you make of the potential timeline, if and when he appeals to the supreme court? >> it could be that it goes in its normal course and it takes many months for this to shake out. the law is really quite clear here. that's why we saw such strong language from the district judge, as well as strong language from the appellate course. it really wouldn't surprise me to decide on what is known is a shadow docket. that is where makes procedural decisions, and decide not to take this up. just to let this court of appeal decisions that. this to me seems to be the most likely thing. it seems likely that that could happen within a matter of weeks. >> if you are trump, would you wait till 11:59 pm on december 22nd, to try and get as much time as you can before you put in that supreme court appeal? >> yes, you might as well. i think, we begin the trump displaying here is, stall.

if they can stall this production of documents until past the midterm election, it could very well be the republicans win and shut down this whole investigation. so, i think -- it's like when a football coach is thinking to wait as the clock ticks down to call a timeout so that the other team gets the ball back at the end of the session. you wait, you're watching that clock tick down, then the last possible minute 13 days and 23 hours, boom that's when you file the appeal. >> i should know better than to go to you, in michigan, at this time of year and ask you something and assume that there will be announced that doesn't reference a ball. i should know better, then to assume that football might not come up. >> go blue, baby. >> well done barbara, thank you so much for being here. she is a former u.s. attorney for the eastern district of michigan, and a die hard michigan fan. we have much more ahead of you

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not immune from threats, january six of them start in our collective conscience. the anti voter laws that many states have passed part of an intentional effort to exclude americans from participating in our democracy. in our democracy, and every democracy, a representative government is foundational. the right to vote is fundamental. >> vice president, kamala harris, speaking today at president biden summit for democracy. this is this multi data that present by his got in the very first days of his administration. it's 110 different countries more on the world. meeting at the summit for democracy to strategize against a global uprising threat a bit organism. present by himself about

strengthening democracies worldwide. he did also point the finger at what's failing in american democracy, right now. he made the case about the urgent need to pass voting right legislation, senators joe manchin, and christened from his own party apparently do not share the presidents concern. those tools are still standing in the way that legislation getting through the u.s. senate. president biden, did also overtly affirm, reaffirmed the u.s. commitment to fighting authoritarianism abroad. and to helping other countries, stand up for the right to dissent, and for free press, and the right to vote. two countries whose areas must have been burning at that point of the speech is russia and china. over the course of the summit for democracy, they've made it very very very clear, that they are really mad they weren't invited. now that the summit is underway, cnn, has good reporting today about bob both of those authoritarian regimes are very

aggravate about this summit without them. very upset with the way, president biden, is how defining a summit of democracy in opposition to the type of authoritarian regimes in both china and russia. should be seen as a good sign that china and russia are mad? does that mean, this is working. that this is potentially a potent meeting. that bothers them so much. also, how is it pld china.

because arsonist a mockery becomes a value, as soon as it becomes to defend itself. rather than just be a sitting target, they may have to change their tune. >> what about the idea of

democracy not being able to defend itself. and they're needing to be an overt and trans national campaign to defend its standup supported and pick it up when it falls? can countries effectively help each other protect their democracies? it is their historical example for the united states effectively being able to do that? is this the basic idea of the idea that democracy is coming together and can help worldwide? is that worn out by history? >> i think it actually makes perfect sense. history shows that democracy rise and fall together. it is very hard to make it as a democracy on your own surrounded by territory or politically or economically by non democracy history gives the example of 1938 when britain and france, and perfect democracy, fell to support czechoslovakia. and that was of course the path to the second world war. after the second world war of the americans generously and

foresightedly aiding the returning western european democracy. marshall plan aid is one of the factors that allowed for european administration, and the return of the most impressive democracy of the western and central northern european democracies. so history very much shows that democracy rises and falls together. that includes the last 15 years, just as america has had problems, just as our democracies then decline so does the rest of the world. and i think the porn of having a summit for democracy is that it is not about america telling other people what democracy is, but that we all have to learn from one another. and if we approach it in that spirit, then all democracies will be better off. >> you have argued in a way that really sticks with me one. that part of the reason that authoritarianism is on the rise in our generation is because the opponents of democracy in the 21st century have been better organized than the proponents and defenders of

democracy. i do think, as you say, that this summit, at least conceptually, is an idea to try and do that. to try and get better organized in defending the democracy. if there were to be tangible outcomes that came out of this kind of effort, if there was something that you are looking for that those of us who want to defend and promote democracy are getting better organized, one with those things look like? >> i think that this summit just has to be around one. the purpose of this summit is to show that democracy is going to articulate and defend itself. that we are going to present democracy as something which is not just a status quo. we're just going to take a long time for everyone. but it is actually a better system for everyone. democracy knows who your next leader might, be it means that people get represented, it cannot only defend itself it can say, hey, it's a better system. as we move into round two, three, four. you might be looking for specific policy outcomes. like joint efforts to help democrats around the world for

the time being who are not empowered. but joint effort to block the spread of dark money. they parked the money where it is safe. which means genuinely inside democracy. joint effort to support not just freedom of the press, but joint efforts to support investigative journalism around the world. which is probably the single most in institutional defense among democracy. >> timothy snyder, a professor at yale university, an author of the book on tyranny, which you can now reading ruffle form to its original form. professor, it's always a pleasure and an honor to have you. >> thank you very much. >> some of what professor timothy snyder is saying, they have rolled out just this, week new efforts to try and import independent media around the world. they are trying. we've got so far to go here at home right now. we'll be right back. we'll be right back. d pressure, a cold is not just a cold.

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cool, and really worrying. spring of last year, spring of 2020, early on in the pandemic, we didn't have enough covid testing to track the virus. researchers from a biotech start-up in massachusetts. tried to fill up the surveillance gaffe on covid with wastewater. literally, with the water we flush down the toilet. it sounds super gross but it totally works. they learned that they really can carefully test sewage samples. test wastewater to find traces of covid infection. and you can tell who individually is infected in this way. but you can, reliably, find out how much covid is circulating in a particular community by looking at the wastewater from that community. wastewater testing used all around the world to rely -- and predict covid outbreaks even before people start to feel ill and get tested as individuals. the company that pioneered this, by about analytics, has continued to track covid through wastewater and a bunch of other communities throughout

the pandemic, which is technically a cool thing. their most recent findings however are worrisome in massachusetts. look at this, this is the wastewater data for the boston area. you can see the big spike, sort of right in the middle of the graph there, that was around december 2020, that was the big winter surge last year. we that wastewater testing, predicted the surge that we saw in positive tests. before we started to see those positive test results. but now look again at that waste water graph. because this goes on the time axis here, it goes left to right on the bottom of your screen. and all the way over on the right, the current data, that is the covid level that they are detecting in boston wastewater right now. look how high that peak is compared to the worst of the peak last year. they're wastewater testing right now shows that a big outbreak is heating up and about to spike. and again this is the boston area right now. we know that after we see covid

in the wastewater we see a spike in positive tests we see a spike in hospitalization, and that has been the pattern we. that is where the boston area is right now in terms of its water testing. they are already in your capacity, the beds are already at 93% capacity. and massachusetts is a small state but the hospital beds surrounding massachusetts are starting to fill up to. governors in new york, we have all just deploy the national guard to help health workers deal with the current overload of patients in the state to help prepare for the patients who are coming. and that is the most boring thing. hospitalization capacity is already tapped out ahead of what appears to be an oncoming very large search. we watch this space. we watch this space.

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