prishvin, working as an official in the ministry, records in his diary historical events around in the queues and on the streets, discussing the new government in the state duma, and even if someone asked prishvin writes the king is somewhere, but this does not cause any surprise in oils and no interest. for whom the metropolitan stopped the king to pray for, the other king refused for a draft cab, perhaps, but for the people. well, the pope still prays for the people, the 20th century, which was not adjusted, was fixed in russia like two peoples. after the revolutionary battles in in moscow in 1905, the commission of the synod, by the highest command, works in the central provinces in order to form an opinion on the mood of the population and

the results of discouragement. interesting documents are stored in the state historical archive, this is a report on the state of the parishes of the central russian provinces. well, the conclusions are quite unexpected. anti-monarchist mood in places, even anti-circus. here, for example, is a report on the state of affairs in nizhny novgorod in 1906. recently , the factories have been centers of underground agitation that spread to the settlement and villages not only in the areas adjacent to the factories, but also in a significantly remote area, creating in the localities an increase in social issues and a desire to resolve them in the spirit of that social law of order, which are built on the negation of all estates and all sorts of class traditions. and here is another report already in 1909. the kostroma hierarchy has a corrupting effect on the

youth. factory life the young male generation, who have visited the factories in the city, behaves on holidays with a riotous factory temper. atmosphere brings the greatest evil. well, some of these documents explain the protest mood of 1905 , but they hardly explain the reason for such moods. for the first time i found myself in this archive when i was making a film about the russian revolution and the historian alexander pyzhikov then recommended that i go to st. petersburg and look through several documents. he memorized the archival numbers and we were immediately given these reports, pyzhikov himself said that he had paid attention to these documents. almost by accident, i worked on the theme of the khrushchev era, then a thread was pulled into the past in order to understand and explain, and the abysses opened up. i must say while still being an assistant to the prime minister. kasyanov vladimirovich became interested in the problem

of ritualism. here is the theme of the old believers. she attracted him a lot. he came to the rogozhskoye cemetery. in moscow, i met with the leaders of the old believer priestly community of the belokrinin consent, all other confessions, they are no less. and so he began to wonder. naturally, occupying a certain post. well, they showed that many saints were not old believers, he saw in it certain the origins of that pre-petrine russia that he began to study, and now i must say that he began to study the old believers in order to throw a bridge from the past to petrovsky from the 17th century of the 16th century in modern russia, and there are historians, of course, unique ones who, in addition to engaging in some particular topics or how some specific period can freely swim, what is called in different countries, continents and epoch and so, i think that alexander vladimirovich pyzhikov belongs to just such a number of historians. unfortunately he did not create his own scientific school. well, there was no time,

because he was really a workaholic ; 2 years after that conversation in the fall of 2019, the life of alexander pyzhikov will suddenly end, he will become ill in the archive when he studies the next historical documents of 53 years, several books written that stirred up society and huge plans that were not destined to come true, he managed to put questions answers, for which he continued to search on his last day at in the archive, he outlined paths for new researchers and tried to guide us through the tangled fairway of russian history. although the conclusions are often controversial, his attempt to explain the tragic path of russia makes us interested in the past, discover

details that have eluded us and perceive the present in a new way. and in fact, according to his father's will, he began to study the topic, which, in fact, glorified him as a historian. and the fact is that his father was from the old believers. and as sasha told me before death. he gave him he will be punished by a kind of father’s order, so that he, as a historian, will deal with this particular topic, the result of his labors will become. this is the famous book on the verge of the russian schism. that the multimillion-strong orthodox, mostly christian people threw off and killed the anointed of god, our church on the third

day after the revolution prayed for the provisional government. just as the poet alexander blok, freezing and looking at the icy expanse of the canals, wrote 12, so here, with a stately step behind, the hungry dog ​​with a bloody flag, is beaten and invisible and unharmed from a bullet, gentle post. bulk pearl in a white corolla of roses. jesus christ and then suddenly an inexplicable spurt art and victory in world war ii and space xx century the rise of russian civilization and again the whole world, looking at us, gets in line to

catch up. but the feeling that society is split did not leave, neither in the soviet years, nor in the post-soviet splits, a dilogical split in tastes, a split in social networks. now, of course, if our historical logic were somehow built, including conformity in accordance with pyzhikom's concepts, of course, it would be much easier for us. i formulated it for myself a long time ago that russia is always here we are at a certain time, there in 202122. we actually have a context. here are the events of the 9th century, the twelfth, fifteenth, seventeenth, and twenty- second centuries. this is all up to the moment, here and now we are inside all this and if perceiving this is just some kind of storm and the sky is covered, then, of course, we will not understand anything, in fact , this has a certain system. and here he is in this sense, pyzhikov is an excellent reason for russian history. alexander pyzhikov tried to

understand the origins of the russian schism. we will try to look at the past through his eyes and enter into a dialogue with him, which we did not have time to finish because of his sudden departure, a person who deals with professional history. over the years. here, dealing with that historical canvas, which is offered to us as the main one, as a fundamental one. and here in the process. in general, there have been many questions these questions. associated precisely with the presentation of this historical material. and to be more precise with the interpretation of the main key points of our patriotic history of our russian history, and once delving into the material. then it accumulates so much that new historical details are revealed, which, in fact, prompted e, to make just such a cycle and start it precisely with the events of turmoil. early seventeenth century.

we will follow the path of the explorer. let's try to compare the given facts. and for this we we will have to go back several centuries, and let's go to our time, when the very word schism no longer carries a religious meaning, but remains a fact of our life. on march 2, 1917, on the day of his abdication, the emperor will write in his diary about betrayal, cowardice and deceit, a three-hundred-year-old dynasty, a thousand-year-old country collapsed behind it. did the emperor then think what events echoed his signature in the fact that one car was hardly seen

then at the pskov station, what is the sudden flame of turmoil of the seventeenth year, perhaps the re-bloated conflagration of the seventeenth century. he enriched our perception of historical reality with something that we really did not take into account at all. here is this factor of this old believers, that, well, we actually remembered it the only time when we talked about the split, and then it is clear that further persecution means, self-immolation of siberia and that’s all. this factor from russian history disappeared; it simply did not exist, and fawns showed that, firstly, it was not that no one had disappeared. and that he was perhaps the most significant factor in the events of the twentieth century, of course, this is, so to speak, the most powerful phenomenon in russian history, which completely changes and enriches the emphasis on our idea of ​​​​that clap, as a contradiction that plunged russia into this revolutionary era, few who

paid attention to the passion of the tsar were accepted by the deputies duma vasily shulgin and alexander guchkov guchkov is one of the main ideologists and financiers of the february revolution. one of the richest people in the country comes from the old believers. that evaporated without a trace overnight. that kind of lightness happened to indicate that, probably, there were reasons for society as a whole to be extremely dissatisfied, and this monarchy as well. well, of course, this is not a solved game in an agrarian country, an unresolved agrarian question in petrograd, meanwhile, russian military uniforms are killing russians in gendarmerie uniforms in the middle lane, the first estates were out of breath in nikolai's diaries in the shadow of renunciation, a pacified record. the day was sunny and frosty, talking with his people about yesterday, reading a lot about julius caesar.

the people these days are not silent according to pushkin people quite loudly express their joy. petrov-vodkin walks around in awe of his father's people, and when you ask him in alarm what will happen next, he says, a bourgeois republic and a capitalist republic is getting better. everything that he accepts from gorky is joyful for him and a town of science and temples of art. and that the people will learn to live well. everything, it's wonderful. that's it, this bourgeois republic refused to be loved by the empire, orthodoxy, the autocracy of the nationality fell out, pulling the rest.

the most terrible war in 40 will fly into space the illogicality of history is only apparent, the logic of history is inexorable, if there was such a result, perhaps there was a source. the same molotov voroshilov and others, they were above all a revolutionary. first of all, they were bolsheviks, but it is important to keep in mind that they were natives, that is, they were tall in this atmosphere, that is, they, according to their convictions, according to their own, as it were, may not even understand their norms and the form of behavior broadcast this the centuries-old culture of their communities of their ancestors. rogozhskoe cemetery in moscow is like an island far away

and the incomprehensible life of the old believers seem to us to be bearded, gloomy fragments of antiquity in dusty caftans and the domostroy charter in their hands instead of the iphone on the gravestones, the names that are significant for the russian society of people, it turns out that almost all the big business of pre-revolutionary moscow is old believers. moscow at the beginning of the 20th century, one of the most luxurious mansions in russia, and already in the thirtieth year, stalin settled here maxim gorky, who returned from migration, the writer lived his last years here. about what's happening now on the field in the newspapers they will write only tomorrow the debriefing will be tomorrow conversations at the cooler about the match all tomorrow, but win. you can now

bet live on the site and in the application 1xbet, play now the rest tomorrow. don't miss the event and people of the week on central television. even further, even higher, even more powerful, kiev, which demands longer range missiles from washington, has found a true ally in the person of the american arms lobby, which has already earned billions on the ukrainian crisis and does not want to miss new anti-western ones. the coalition will be formed on sco summit in samarkand comrades for the first time first pandemic leaves the country to meet with vladimir putin chinese leaders clearly want to give some kind of signal to the rest of the world, but what will we figure out the crown of the british empire and the battle of the inheritance of elizabeth ii how i will divide the assets of one of the richest royal families in the world and which of the heirs is at risk of being left with nothing. this will be your central television on

saturday at 19:00 on the ntv show avatar on saturday at 20:10 on ntv, soon i will not miss discounts here sale what i want i want soon sale on ozone but already now sports with a 50% discount, sweatshirts looked forward to with discounts from 999 rubles. when a runny nose again and again interferes with the plan. use space oceanide aqualor and it and the calcium and magnesium of the ocean water help clear the nasal cavity. and return comfortable breathing. aqualor breathe the energy of the ocean. is she ready? you for the sake of a pair of big special 3 cheeses at a bargain price, why do i invest the best opportunities always in a crisis is it time to learn a

new investment? install the tinkoff app investments. complete a training course and receive a gift package worth up to 20,000 rubles. tinkoff he is the only one on saturday at 20:10. ntv cleaning is finished, it remains to check everywhere flipping through here clean and it won't help here either. the man doubted that he had become a father, because his mistress often disappeared at night. i called with others, how are you doing, and he says, i had a fight with lena, she left as a truck driver. the girl's mother swears that she had only one love and she was not interested in strangers at all. and generally speaking

i thought i would never fall in love. uh, fell in love like a girl. i gave birth to his daughter. and this is how a grandmother becomes a resident of yekaterinburg or her son died everywhere, he was married. my wife also had an examination, that she is fine. well , maxim could not get pregnant, he said that he could not die. i want it to be ours, even have an inheritance. everything is dancing. and i open the envelope. dna tomorrow at 17:50 on ntvl, which was applauded by the whole country. an exemplary family, from which ovechkins are still thrown into fractions, a genuine drama of a criminal clan, how a saleswoman in the wine and vodka department made a gang of her own children, hijacked a passenger plane and how her seven simeons staged a bloody concert on a trampoline, shocking

memoirs of crew members and hostages and sincere confessions, surviving ovechkins 32 years after the tragedy. wolves cost ovechkins on sunday at zero, 25 on ntv a new season on sunday at 22:20 on ntv mayorov the black dog has always dreamed of working with you. the man i once knew would never lay a hand on a woman. why did you come? i am not guilty. i need your help to prove it by taking your wife hostage. how long should 48 hours be? interrupted our conversation, which means he had no

other choice - i'm your black dog a new season. i hope you know what you're doing there are situations that can't be calculated on friday at 20:00 on ntv . when we read that the richest people in russia financed the bolsheviks

it seems like a romantic fad of the rich or a complicated political game. in fact, this is a completely logical and thoughtful action. after all, when the preparations for this february coup began. this is the summer of the fifteenth year. this defeat at the front - this is the famous or infamous gordon breakthrough. well, and so on and so on. this is the creation of the pulp and paper mill and then the local military industrial committees and, in the end, the creation of a progressive bloc in the house. who joined this bloc, first of all, will the big bourgeoisie moscow, of course, these were not representatives, for example, of banking circles, for example, st. petersburg alone, the official mouthpiece of this progressive bloc was the newspaper of the ribushinskiy morning of russia. who are the brightest representatives of the moscow clan. eh, kuptsov of the moscow bourgeoisie? the island of capri here opens the beginning of gorky's journey to the

moscow ryabushinsky mansion. here in the photo lenin is playing chess with the revolutionary bogdanov on the balcony of the villa, and gorky is watching the idyll visible between lenin and bogdanov and here bogdanov has long seen disputes about god-building in marxism. religious features. gorky agrees with him. lenin argues to the point of hoarseness, emphasizing that the bolsheviks have no way with religion. but these disputes seem to have given the nobleman lenin the opportunity to understand more and better the people from which bogdanov and gorky came out in russian national history. has its own logic has its own contour system. there is a hierarchy. it is sometimes we, uh, in this chaos of an event of discrepancies of disputes. we don't see this logic. and he fawns like the lightest movements, on in fact, completely flawless and precise , it fails completely. the historical base for the main events of the 20th century, including the revolution of the seventeenth year of lenin, the bolsheviks

were not in sight in russia, they were terribly far away from the revolution in distant zurich. and in russia, the sparkling tsar was legally talking about the choice of the form of government of a constitutional monarchy or a republic. and who is all this new russian elite who threw off the tsar from which guild did it come out before the tsar, the guards changed one for another, and now the new elite of russia at the beginning of the 20th century, not an aristocracy, hereditary is a way out of the people. well, like yermolaya lopakhin in chekhov's cherry orchard but these are people who have become rich, of course. moscow merchants turned out to be in a very strange position for themselves instead of beneficiaries. they turned into some kind of minority shareholders and, in fact, this unenviable role did not bode well for them in the near future, and in fact the moscow merchant plan and that’s all, the merchant class that was

polished around the moscow exchange committee found itself in a very difficult situation when it was necessary there was something to be done here, and something that many researchers miss is happening, the merchants turned in an unusual way for it until now, this is in the direction of liberalism and liberal veins. restriction needed. uh, the autocracy and the ruling bureaucracy, the merchant class, possessing huge financial resources. the beginning not only to support various kinds of liberal circles, but also russian revolutionary-democratic orientation, which, in general, during this period introduced such a marginal character, but one thing, when professors, and in the classrooms, talk about the need for a constitution, they talk about the need to limit the autocracy of the institution of the legislative body, without which it is impossible to establish laws, but in order for this to be convincing and it is necessary that somewhere there are people who can, uh, in this time there is a game on this

one from around the corner to throw. and in the excitement of those days, maybe not everyone saw, but many dreamed that the age-old, deep dream of justice of the great, and most importantly, the most active russian class, was coming true. what happened in the 17th century, the split, the so -called he gave rise to these unfortunate cracks, or maybe one key, this tearing national body, historical, which led to the revolution, gave rise to legitimacy in the minds of the population of russia. from the reign of the romanovs, he thus turned around to the seventeenth year. and all this immediately gave a completely different. and so to speak, another background to all all these events became, it is clear that they are not only intellectual aristocratic, not only raznochinskie, but they are directly related to the huge chronic mass of the russian population.

time of troubles, like a watershed in history, we rewind time back after the troubles of false dmitry the invasion of the poles without power in 1613, a new romanov dynasty ascends the throne in order to hold the authority of authority, they must give subjects a new picture of the world to explain the recent horrors and indicate a new path. but the problem is that the romanovs themselves had problems with their image. here is the father of the first tsar romanov, patriarch filaret, until he became patriarch, was known as the most prominent representative the golden youth of the capital alone along the foreign mote and along the main streets cuts through on the best stallions, ignoring the traffic rules of pedestrian moscow, a number of authors suggested that patriarch filaret was creed a

catholic and became infected. he had this infection even in times of unrest, the future is in captivity of the polish polishing. so this is not so, it remains a subject of controversy, but it is quite obvious that alexei mikhailovich himself was brought up in such an openly greek-filtered spirit, that is, not in the spirit, but in the old moscow tradition. uh, originating with the concept moscow is the third from here and its special interest. eh, the problems of the reformation of the church in general. but most importantly, filaret fyodor nikitich romanov served everyone who was on the throne or claimed to be godanov’s false dmitry first, then the tsar of shuya, then the second false dmitry, if he was called the tushino thief, because he made the anti kremlin in tushino, then filaret was called the tushino patriarch, because he visited tushino more often than in the kremlin with tsar shuisky, then it was filaret who would call

the polish prince to the throne until he put him in in the kremlin of his son mikhail, little russia , in fact, where this greek version of orthodoxy dominated, it was already approved there. it turned not just into some kind of territory, as it is portrayed as a fraternal one, which is attached to muscovy, it was not about joining the territory, but about. finding a new foundation for the state. which was called muscovy for the time being, but then it will be called the russian empire about russia from the 18th century. in this new state formation, the legitimation of power stemmed from little russia, which was declared to be both a spiritual source and a source of state building. since the romanovs portrayed themselves as descendants of rurik and spiritual sources, the purest orthodoxy was declared in kiev, and here, on the vast territory of moscow,

orthodoxy was no longer clouded with such tatar impurities. alexei mikhailovich understood that this reform would have to be done, it was understandable even without alexei mikhailovich if there was someone else, then indeed, he behaved in the same way, since it was necessary to complete the formalization of economic enslavement and new principles of state building complete this in a religious shell, we have either a socratic noble stratum, which illuminated the non-kanian church. it was they who divided the entire land fund of russia among themselves, this is the main consequence of the religious schism and owning land. uh, only those who serve could serve, and only those who did not belong to the kenen faith could serve, the whole interpretation of the turmoil, it actually lies within the framework of that romanov’s vision, since the turmoil ended your goal for the throne of the romanov dynasty and in fact. this is the romanov dynasty and determined even then at the time in the first half of the 17th

century. how this smota will be e, depicted, how it will be imprinted for centuries to come. and now the people , in front of whom all this was happening, must listen to all the reforms of the romanovs silently and it would be okay to reform economically, but the decision is about the conditions of the faith and this bond without a creak, not everyone is still ready to give away from historians. there is no clear answer. why alexei mikhailovich romanov patriarch nikon started a church reform. this is simply a modernization of the rite and institution of the church or a political step to strengthen the new foundations of the state in new historical conditions, ritual changes were constantly every century, and did not happen in all. uh, in fact, denominations and so on, and rarely, when such a protist was called and an attempt at this equation. yes , the rites were nevertheless interpreted, as was the betrayal

of russian orthodoxy that had developed at that time, but if you looked at the essence, then there was no fundamental change and tactics of russian orthodoxy, but there was a change precisely in the ritual side of orthodoxy, that is, uh, to be baptized there with a triplet or two persians? how are these e, means in the cabin or vice versa? e against the sun? how many bows are there to do? there, two three or there 23 and those simple russian people are peasants, and he considered himself attached to the russian church precisely through the ritual side. that is, he knew perfectly well that he needed to pray there at lunchtime in the morning and in the evening to clean some short prayer and nothing more, and the second important aspect is still connected. that's what this religious reform is about. it is harmonious, superimposed on

political processes on international processes. so, under tsar alexei mikhailovich, it was planned to modernize church life, bring it into unity and so that it corresponded to the spirit of the times, for example, they sang in discord at services. it is necessary at least to equalize the polyphony of the melody, but this is only one detail, the rest of the novelties concerned the ritual aspects and at first even the doubting hierarchs did not called strongly. go moreover, we have this notion that the priests should wear the bomb of byzantium and then in turkey today the priest had to wear a short haircut long hair. it has been recognized with rarity. why did the turks insist on this? why did they force the same constantinopolitan priests to wear these long braids, and in order to emphasize their secular character, that is, they thus humiliated them, relatively speaking, and the

pride of moscow, the tretyakov gallery. who is this, for example, boyarynya morozova, known from school from a painting from the tretyakov gallery, well, they forced her to be baptized in a new way, she refused this is a common answer. and feodosia morozova was a blonde 40-year-old widow. one of the richest, educated of the noble women of moscow, she could conduct scientific conversations with the elite of that time, her spiritual mentor was archpriest avvakum when she was tortured on the rack, they said they ate christianity if they torture a person. after she was imprisoned in the borovsky monastery and starved to sacrifice. being everyone, before the rich king influential. for what for dvitye just because of the rite? no, the essence of the split was deeper and the boyars. it was understood that this was a political catastrophe for the

muscovite kingdom, because in the middle of the 17th century, just under tsarevich and mikhailovich, the patriarchy of the neurochi was deprived of their national ideology. if everything was clear for this. moscow the third rome the fourth is not a latin heresy. the second day of paul's constantinople is the invasion of the turks, then moscow is already such a cornerstone on which it is based universal orthodoxy, the last stronghold of this same orthodoxy, the view of the whole world from the point of view of moscow scribes is directed towards moscow towards russia, and some kind of destiny is expected from russia, an extraordinary mission to play in the history of mankind and under tsar alexei mikhailovich nooses. the myth did not say that this opinion was erroneous. the fact is that from young nails they began to blow into the ears of alexei the idea that the doctrines of moscow are the

third rome. it no longer meets the geopolitical interests of moscow, but that alexei mikhailovich should to become the head of universal orthodoxy, and he was infected with this idea. patriarch nikon insisted on the piety of greek literature. the main role model was called ancient greek manuscripts. at the council of 1654, it was decided to correct and correct old greek books with dignity and correctness. but any action is determined by political expediency. if a new empire grows in the east. the west needs continuity from rome and through kiev, forgotten in the last century, the mother of russian cities, i believe that pyzhikov absolutely correctly drew attention to the essay on these diesels, and there the concept was really put forward that the bucket and the russian state, the core of the russian empire was little russia little russia with its capital in kiev but

the term itself is little russia or little russia. this is also an invention of constantinople after the ancient russian state collapsed and the russian lands went into different state formations, but in particular the composition of lithuania and the great vladimir reign, then in the fourteenth century, constantinople e, claims a separate, and russian , lithuanian metropolis, and they call it the metropolis of little russia alexei mikhailovich went from the other side. he imposed this form of rituals, this form of dogmatics. with the help of e greek e patriarchs, he imposed on his people. right here, right here, the strength was and thus was broken. this is the basis of the civil national revival , the accession of ukraine was ensured, the expansion of space, but thereby, such a demoralization of society, which was the result of a split, led

to the fact that society hmm was prepared for serfdom is very difficult to subdue. eh, this is a self-respecting society, but a blow to faith. this demoralization is actually this blow to faith. it was a blow to society, and therefore serfdom followed. around nikon at first rallied, a circle of young reformers among them and a bright orator, a vacuum, he was destined to soon become a symbol of schismatic disobedience. their ways. they will radically disperse with nikon , and the vacuum of nikon’s novelties will not accept archpriest avvakun became, perhaps, the first bright the author's writer of russia, his full of passions and sharp swearing, the handwritten block immediately received thousands of likes, contemporaries and descendants, the life of the archpriest avakum, written by himself, will become for many years a symbol of russian passion and the torment of the heroes of tolstoy dostoevsky and

, possibly, the fury of korchagin's grandmother, will grow out of it life itself, for example, and it shows the vacuum, as he directly told everyone, who sins and he got it for it, they drowned him there, and beat him, and so on. he survived in at the same time, the formation you can say russian. ka, that is, the life of the archpriest according to avakum. this is one of the first works produced by russian literature, that is, which is in plain language. yes, and those people who are formed during this period, they are closer and more understandable, and they were able to move this way. confrontation. yes, pour in such new forms of new sermons that have proven to be in demand. well, at first, the vacuum is ready to help nikon, not knowing that soon both of them will become enemies and both exiles on april 14,

1682. in pustozersk, a cinematsar's house was opened blasphemy line from the verdict, archpriest, and in a vacuum we'll burn petrov in an earthen one. against the church reforms of nikon in his life, he wrote with fire, and with a whip, yes, they want to establish the gallows faith, which the apostles taught there so they don’t know my christ did not order our apostles so the teacher. even before the execution in 1653, the vacuum that served in the moscow kazan cathedral was exiled to tobolsk for the split of the teaching staff, where they were used in burlat works. after patriarch nikon, whom he referred to in vacuum

as a dog and one son, fell into disgrace archpriest. the exiles returned, showered with royal favors and even settled in the kremlin, he was only required to keep silent about his views. however, those who again began to preach the old faith in 1666 at a church council in moscow and were defrocked were anathematized, and the next year they were exiled to the north. akum spent 15 years there in the earthen cell of the pustozero strict akum, during which he wrote his main works, including from the famous lives, fearing that popularity in akum would lead to a popular revolt. tsar fyodor alekseevich, the son of alexei mikhailovich , who started the reform and the brother of the then young future emperor peter, ordered the rebellious schismatic to be dealt with, citizen rebrov. you are

arrested on suspicion of receiving a bribe and extortion of half of that suitcase. it may well be important. yes, you went to me. excuse one of the authorities, it’s not possible to issue you with a translation, you will have to poishachit the lieutenant colonel of the clans of the chiefs, the threat of speech. if i let at least do this, we have been slammed, like a moth, i will bury the version. soon here is the real one. tin you chosen the best way to commit suicide. i need customers krotovo. you think everything is cool, too, here the whole city on a short leash held for 2 seconds to really see each other to find their own. pack premiere from monday at 21:45 on ntv ricochet finale tomorrow at 21:40 on ntv how is it you what the name i remember

about the head is spinning helps to restore memory and reduce dizziness. now i won’t forget, there is a great way to teach a child financial literacy free tinkoff card junior get a card in the first financial questions. tinkoff he is such one of leon's dream lotteries in the application or at the checkouts of supermarkets with a super prize of 100 million rubles. even if the damaged liver is worried, it is better to take care of it in time with two active components. could help reduce inflammation and restore cells. liver care for the liver with a vengeance. the largest bank offers a guaranteed favorable rate on a loan and no matter where you are in the post office, banks are waiting for you in cash for only five and five tenths percent per annum. and where are the guarantees of the class to choose the rate of the mail bank comes in our time.

we reach the goal in the shortest way, we need more than just gas stations. we need launch pads to give a new charge to those who do not stop. gazpromneft stop for those who do not stop sleeping badly. the drink helps to restore memory, reduce fatigue and improve the facility. now i will not forget why i invest the best opportunities always in a crisis it's time to learn new investments. install tinkoff investment app. complete a training course and receive a gift package worth up to 20,000 rubles. tinkoff, he is one such inflammation , the destruction of liver cells often occurs without symptoms and outside. it may seem that everything is in order. but even if the damaged liver does not bother, it is better to worry at the wrong time, thanks to two active components, it simultaneously helps to relieve inflammation and restore liver cells. see cookie care with a vengeance. now in a new package, 96 capsules. so on saturday at 20:10 on ntv in lenta

gifts for you. it's time to buy two products, first - it's two weekly, cool prizes - it's three check card registers. this, of course, is four and another surprise is half a million super prizes. already lena was kidnapped, breaking the woman flooded on her, which means they flooded on me. this is a call to me near the resource from all over expressed doing what they want to see. this is a record of a video message of candidates for stamps to his people, a man opens. do you even understand that now we don't have our own mayor in the port. kidnapping of a mayoral candidate. there are some since i'm not the chief of police. you know, office rat. do you know who tomorrow is the head of the port police, that tomorrow at 20:00 the premiere from

monday at 21:45 on ntv is a new absolutely unreal show avatar welcome to new worlds i like it. our rehash introduced their anna herman, it is worth the cost of the stars, their fabulous avatars sing, the personality has already begun to shine through. and what could be so, and the shrewd members of the jury sherlock what do you think deduction should guess? who is the owner of the avadar continues to

make fun of us the premiere of the new original music show. we were smeared avatar who controls this avatar? and on saturday at 20:10 on ntv, you know, indeed, a split is a sore point in russian history, a turning point in russian history, but we have this circumstance on purpose, as if blurred. why because, if you tell the whole truth about the split? this completely unfavorable light exposes the russian official church. that is, as the so-called konian church, which has been established in our country since the second half of the 17th century, and is still the official one,

orthodox church, was this schism inevitable? i think yes. by the way, because the way we pronounce the name of the protocop of the vacuum can be understood. from which side of the split they were brought up, and the vacuum, say the zealots of the old faith, not the princes, pronounce our service more habitually, and at the vakustozero settlement, 20 km from maryan-mar, it is noteworthy that the city where the frantic protopokum was burned now does not exist. at the place of execution, in the very center of the former city, there are only crosses and the place itself is only approximately. the fire that consumed the akuma became for a long time

for decades, the symbol of the old believer communities may have been his tongues set on fire by russia in 1917, as alexander pyzhikov suggested, they dispersed. one part of the old believers decided that it was possible to resort to the help of priests from the nikon faith, so priests appeared, another part of the old believers was convinced that after the split, grace completely left the orthodox church , and all that was left for them was to humbly wait for the last judgment, who rejected the priesthood, the old believers, the white sea in karelia, the nizhny novgorod lands, precisely among the bespopovtsy subsequently, the most radical old believer consonants appear. and there were precedents, when the troops broke in together with the

priests, and with the help of special devices they poured in part by part, yes, in order not to become defiled, they went into the forests accordingly. here, of course, there was already a social aspect, but still he scoffed at the fact that this is not just a social country. i don’t want to go to the soldiers, i don’t want to take a figu. yes, there is to go into bondage, antich, there is. well, that is, it again had theological foundation. the religious split did not pass and the western countries, only it was a little earlier a century earlier, and this split was between catholics and protestants, as we all know very well, but there all these religious wars are no less bloody and cruel. they ended up with the opposing sides dispersing. that is, if we look at the map of europe, we will see that the whole of europe is sorted into countries that are predominantly catholic or predominantly

protestant. that is happened i use such a word is confessional sorting. here in russia, this did not happen, the country remained one side remained externally united, but in fact, on this territory, which would turn out to be united, there were absolutely two different societies that did not look like themselves. here is this train for a month from ukraine through krasnodar yes to the revolution ekaterina dar further to the volga along the black. peter does not settle as a prince, the schismatics settle to the north, based on two principles in the black soil. the earth itself will give birth in the schismatic unfertile lands. account for one cannot survive as a community. this is how the spirit of the old believers is born, and this spirit will turn a lot of things in russia after 300 years, the automatons of historians, the victorious side, which was already working in the 19th century, and in the second half of the 18th century, when history already arose as a science,

of course, those grandiose consequences of religious the schism that actually took place was not covered. and i was given some serious importance. but if we nevertheless try to apply a new approach to the coverage of our history, this approach consists in one fundamental thing. we believe that the religious schism is the nodal point of which influenced and left its mark on the entire course of russian history , or, in other words, look. russian history through the prism of a religious split can we talk about a religious split, as a mental and political split, tsar alexei mikhailovich started this complex and right with us, but his son peter i, he didn’t particularly reflect, as a man of the european worldview, religion considered an instrument . tom well, time to build an empire means time to suppress opposition to this in the form of

raskolnikov. i will give you an example of a very characteristic demetrius, metropolitan of rostov, one of the most active and active enemies. rybak or opponents wrote in polish, and then translated from polish into ukrainian or russian, depending on whom he had to speak to , a completely western person, for whom, probably, even writing in church slavonic in modern language was not cool. i just had to write like the biographer golikov writes about his deeds of peter the great when tsarevich was born dmitry when he was still then lemons and while in moscow compiled his horoscope. you imagine uh russian. eh, hieromonk, sacred otherwise in the first half of the 16. 100th century even making a horoscope, but his poor fellow, along with all the papers , were shot with a telescope and would have been taken and burned at the stake

somewhere on bolotnaya square, and here, please, european erudition of education . endless, but one thing is clear. he is a product of that split country with riots, executions by a sister trying to kill her brother. the content of the faith was of little interest to him, but religion, as an instrument for the functioning of the state, was erected by him in the absolute of the church, turning into a department of power of the church. built by peter as a fleet, seminarians from kiev renounced the faith and went to study in protestant schools. later, they again entered orthodoxy and were promoted to the cathedra in russia from the faith of the future bishops. here you are in a schismatic concept and tsar christ raskolnikov under peter was overlaid with a double feed, securing the

status of anti-state for accelerating the vera model ideologies peter, if they are honest hardworking people, then let them believe what they want, if they cannot be converted. days, of course, will not be helped by any fire, but to be martyrs for stupidity. they are not worthy of that honor, nor will the country profit from that there will be persecution in different periods. they violence of a different nature, then softened, then toughened began. it’s from the time of princess sophia, remember, and the famous twelve articles of princess sophia will stand on end, because there, for belonging to the old believers, literally through every article, death execution. fierce death penalty, this is the watershed. well, the massaging communities are burning

in the forests, the old believers, and only a german woman on the throne of catherine ii will understand that the russians are not so simply divided people. you can try to combine according to the calculations of a number of historians only up to 1.772 years. about 10,000 consumables burned themselves alive in a protest fire. entire communities set themselves on fire by collective self-immolation. raskolnikov cast reflections. fire for almost the entire 18th century, but catherine ii, like no one else, did a lot for the old believers of all interpretations and places of residence easing the equalization of taxes the abolition of prohibitions begins the exit from the forests and the return from europe they are the same people, now only the authorities work, do not touch. her famous speech of 1763, where she attacked the patriarch. nikona said that this is the worst person, because he spent

an unhealed wound all over the heart of the russian people. and that tsar alexei mikhailovich succumbed to these spells of this villain and turned into a villain himself. this is what she said in relation to the russian tsar, the same anointing in them is wretched, as she is in the russian presture. and by the way, under catherine, the dawn of old believer entrepreneurship will begin. catherine, as a phagematic woman, just became healthy , used to develop new families, and , accordingly, for this they received certain concessions from the radio, even the ayat of legends in her relationship. uh, the lineups of sidewaysness suffer in fact, most likely, this is such a practical thing. e lived when the former empress of the former partisan who looked, in general, quite rationally, before that, the monarchy treated the old believers unambiguously

negative. after the moscow plague of 1771, the empress grants the old believers a large plot of land, behind the rogozhskaya zastava, the rogozhskaya cemetery appears with him as a whole town, the old believers have everything, but for their own, where everything is legal, but everything is closed from strangers, it seemed the authorities recognized the old church. well, was there reciprocity in these relations mixed with the population dissolving in the expanses of the growing russian empire, but over the years of persecution, their environment gave birth to a lot of specialists of various kinds, the old believers become part of economy, and a significant part, most importantly, the empress declared the merchant guilds and the authorized capital in them. that is, you can keep your faith and work and have respect. and, in general, in the 17th century, by the way, merchant's capital. here the second half of the 18th century will reach

literally unprecedented heights, when merchants at their own expense will build entire cities and the role of old believer capital. here, the colossal rogozhsky cemetery becomes a kind of state within a state. where a man from nowhere and suddenly joins the merchant's guild laying out on a person this society lives according to its own laws and according to its accounting, or rather, no. no bookkeeping. there is simply a merchant's word. this is communal capitalism. arranged quite differently than the state manufactory. the creation of a special type of russian capitalism, not yet studied and not understood communal capitalism, when the owners of the means of production were not a specific person, but there was a community and the capital that earned the communities did not go to serve the interests and lust and whims of any one specific figure. and him

families. it is the interests of the entire society of the community. and this is the unique experience of the russian old believer community. he is now practically unexplored. pyzhikov just started, as it were, this process and this experience. it would be useful to us in the future , almost the entire russian domestic market, and it is considerable. since russia's population was also significantly and steadily increased. all this merchant class was formed from the peasantry. and in i. the most important thing is that this merchant class was formed from the old believer community. no matter how much you applied power to the nobility, go into business, help, there was no answer, the ruling class learned to mortgage the estate to live on a percentage, but oblomov's response to stolz's proposal to do at least something gets the answer that i'm some kind of artisan.

the russian schism, the unhappy nobility, which has its own pride, the wealthy merchants from nowhere from the void with the cemetery, the first attempt is meaningful and scientifically figure out what kind of people we rule who is down there, if nicholas i makes a comment on the proposal of a complaint in the 19th century nicholas i instructs the department of internal affairs to equip, three long-term expeditions to three central provinces send people, young amazing educated people live there for a year or two, there is a census of the orthodox population and 2 % of old believers. those whom the sovereign sends for reconnaissance in the yaroslavl region. aksakov yaroslavl got accustomed to people , got along and after 2 years, together with his colleagues

, presented a report. as it turned out, the census of old believers is lying not two percent, but almost 20, but even more people simply do not sign up as princely orthodox, so that the state lags behind them, but live in their own way and alike. the farther inland , the larger the figure, and nikolai again begins the persecution of the old believers. the altar of the rogozhskaya church is sealed. these cubic capitals. these connections within the country are bought and less, impoverished nobles, there are two russias that are not similar in everything along the way . and some tea and

liberty and also established a thought parliament. here repin's famous painting manifesto on october 17, 1905 , it depicts the events preceding the battles in moscow, absolutely delight of muscovites in that plan, they lifted the amnestied person on their shoulders and a crowd of thousands moving along the square of the big city in the ecstasy of general jubilation will replace the people, before the people were in moscow, and now the public wrote gilyarovsky on december 7, 1905. the audience took to the stage and engaged in the action itself. even the authorities are surprised. where did the workers get so many weapons and the second question. where do they get so much money for weapons and organization of resistance. alexander pyzhikov

considered russian history as a continuous process in which all events are interconnected and trying to understand the 20th century delved into the past in order to find the causes of the russian schism, the starting point for the schism of the 17th century church, but according to pyzhikov. he went into a split mentally in russia, it turned out to be like two peoples who looked differently at the power of the empire and were guided by different life principles alexander pyzhikov. didn't finish my research. he died suddenly in the hall. archive. he became ill when he sorted out new documents for his research. he was only 53 years old. you know, when i met him, it was september 1984, i was a fourth-year student at the faculty of history. e

of the moscow regional pedagogical institute named after krupskaya, he had previously worked in production for 2 years, but her intelligent manner, probably, she came from a family and with all outward intelligence. he was a very person. uh, such a serious thoughtful business and decisive and he in general, he could always convince his interlocutor by intelligent methods. e, in that, e that he was trying to convey in general. he was a man who loved this job. he she was his hobby and the meaning of life. this is a person who was a born accountant, a born scientist to catch, in fact, died in the archive, that is, the archive became ill and from there. here they were. uh, to the hospital, where is he? unfortunately, he died and i must say that, like, uh, many of his colleagues they say he died at his post as a fawn in this sense, he simply lived in documents. libraries in the archives, here and uh, relied on a huge array of historical sources in professional stories and here we adults

understand that, well, to plant as an opponent against uh, fawn, especially there was no one to resist him. not from any liberal side. they are there from the monarchist side. with whatever you like, become all the more so, no westerners could be there next to him, because there is a colossal amount of knowledge and facts in his head and absolutely these logical lines drawn. uh, unprecedentedly accurate. and as i said, merciless. well, fawns even made historians argue and look in a new way, it would turn out to be long- known facts and give a direction for new research. in 1905, moscow was the second largest and most important city of the empire, but the gymnasium theater shops were closed in it. newspapers suspended power supply stopped. the trams stopped in the evenings moscow plunged into darkness. in the streets, hundreds of protesters

are erecting barricades, they are being built from fallen telephone poles to small gates of trees, billboards cut down on the boulevard ring, these ridiculous structures covered with ice shell, doused with water, not the best protection from the remote control, nevertheless, the barricades first of all had a demoralizing effect on the soldiers of the officers sent to suppression, and the unanimity with which the students began to erect the barricades of the working students showed that that the cossack leg from their demands. so just no waved. most of the large enterprises in moscow at the beginning of the 20th century belonged to the old believers. well factories and factories were scattered throughout the city, but the greatest concentration was in the freshwater area, and it was located there, including the famous trekhgornaya manufactory, it was there that a crowd of thousands of workers provided the most severe resistance to the soldiers and cossacks, the rebel for

some time even managed to squeeze government troops out of the area soviet history geography believed that the bolsheviks of the ussr were the driving force behind this resistance in 1905, but was it really so? you can just look at the facts of the revolutionary unrest in moscow in 1905 they were clearly distributed over the area where the factories of the richest people of moscow were located, while their factories were just working, which is most surprising, the workers who fought with government troops in brigades were regularly paid wages and strike money. if forbes magazine had been founded earlier before the

revolution, then the first on the list of russian rich people would be merchants, guchkovs, mammoths, ryabushinsky morozovs, the list can be continued, as they say, the owners of the plant in the newspapers of steamships surprisingly, they all come from ordinary peasants, and how did they manage to become the richest people in russia, because there was no privatization, no loans-for-shares auctions, even perestroika in the empire , or they were just lucky and the invisible hand of the market brought it out, or wealth has completely different roots. shmitovsky proyezd in moscow in the region is a fresh place for a revolutionary lieutenant who mutinied in the black sea fleet, not for an arctic explorer, the name of the street has nothing to do with nikolai schmidt , the owner of a furniture factory and a luxurious mansion presnya is a young man, 21 years old. the heir to wealthy relatives of the old believers, through

millionaires and also a relative of the old believer savva morozov, he is familiar with prominent revolutionaries, including nikolai bauman. schmidt recruits revolutionary -minded workers at the factory and personally forms combat detachments of them. schmidt’s worker detachments hold the barricades on presnya until they are shot from artillery. after 2 years, he dies in a prison hospital under mysterious circumstances with bruises on his face and numerous cuts, which are visible even in the photo from the funeral, schmidt was buried according to the old believer without the priestly rank and he was buried at the old believer transfiguration cemetery in moscow in revolutionary soviet

historiography, schmidt passed as a class alien, but sympathetic to his entire fortune. he bequeathed large whiskey to the party. well, that's what alexander pyzhikov drew attention to. after all, he was not the only one such unrest in the area of ​​\ u200b\u200bthe sokolniki and rogozhskaya simonovsky districts of moscow was supervised by preobrazhenskaya, that is, without priestly and rogozhskaya that is. popovskiy communities for the fight against the autocracy, most of the workers were allocated by the factories of the old believers mammoth schmidt and also the manufactory of morozov, moreover, those workers who tried to protest against participating in the riots were instantly declared police agents and the plans of the kuptsov were truly napoleonic, they were definitely not limited to a riot in moscow alone . in march april 1905 , police sources reported on the observation of the liberal writer sergei afanasiev, who upon arrival in geneva contacted prominent members of the sir party, and

also met with one of the ideologists of terror. mikhail messengers, discussing with them the planned assassination attempt on nicholas ii and other high-ranking officials, afanasyev assured that he had the finances necessary for this for us in this report, interestingly, the next after the negotiations and sergeyev afanasyev returned to moscow and went straight from the station to the house of a certain grechinsky managing director savva morozov it turns out that the element of the revolution, which, as we were taught before, rose from the the bolsheviks were ruled from above. here are quotes from a letter from maria andreevna lyubarskaya, written by the wife of the director of the yekaterinoslav bank and the owner of the newspaper. on september 10, 1906, she wrote the kharkov leaflet by the grand duchess xenia alexandrovna. they are arrested, imprisoned, exiled by the hundreds

of thousands, sometimes small fry, even hired agitators, and the brothers ryabushinsky frosts, pugovkins, sirotkina and others continue to freely subsidize newspapers and hand over brochures. vigorously support propaganda sow confusion indignation in country march victoriously across russia at the head of the anarchy of the red terror. they wanted to achieve in a revolutionary way those whom, as we know very well today, in just a few years, the october revolution will absorb and straighten out after experiencing. rise is not a person, as a person not so old believer who prays on icons before the seventeenth century believes. the psalter also has other grooves. no, they were normal people. they

traveled to france to the south in the world, they had fun, but only for personal reasons, the ancient forgotten by everyone has already line. struggle, not autocratic capitalism, but with what was on in our country, they gave money for the revolution and it was easier to go over to the position of the bolsheviks, go over to them and not carry their old believers. and simply already brought up without love, hatred, or love of the official church , official officials, and not more likely than others , understood that the country needed to call it a simple word revolution. that is, the complete destruction of the

old system of the system, which arose in the early middle ages, which decomposed to the limit somewhere in the fourth or fifth year. a-a newspaper for a week not to confuse the soviet supplement with the news of terrible information in some village a peasant decided to become a flight attendant. moved on about it. the local priest immediately learned to persuade them not to make a terrible mistake, it did not help, they called the police and this unfortunate peasant and his family were poured out in the church building inside the church, and since he

then refused to return to orthodoxy their siberia for eternal settlement, alexander pyzhikov again advised to rewind time and look at the situation that developed back in the 19th century, and in the 19th century, two completely different types of capitalism developed in our country, the first st. was the bread that the russian peasants fed even in the hungry years throughout europe without receiving anything in return. but the second type of capitalism of the phenomenon is unique, it is internal or moscow capitalism, but why exactly moscow yes, because in the primeval and its suburbs they produced everything that the russian bread producers consumed

for europe, those very peasants 80% of the population of russia moscow is the mother of our fabrication of no politics, the entire exchange is placed on the porch of the gostiny yard about the enterprise work , not thinking about the decrease or increase in the bond rate, in fact, the entire domestic market is russian, and it is considerable, since the population of russia was also significant and this russian market was constantly increasing. ah, it ended up in the hands of those who, in fact, lived on it inside the country. these are the peasants who got the opportunity to engage in entrepreneurship, and therefore i burn substances that were not grouped at the throne there, and served there, uh, export import business , coupled with foreign businessmen, and the merchant class that grew out of the domestic market and served the needs inland country. all this merchant class was formed from the peasantry. and most importantly, this merchant class was formed

from the old believer community, so we can say that the russian merchants grew up in the greek root, it is not by chance that we have a double-headed eagle. we have two two civilizations. yes, there is the noble and folk civilization. we have two east west and here we have two capitalisms, then we very often, uh, serfdom is considered by analogy with european serfdom, as an element of feudalism, as an element of backwardness, they do not associate it with capitalism, but in fact it is not so, because our serfdom, because it is so long delayed that it was part of the global emerging capital of global capitalism. why because it was profitable to keep serfdom in order to sell grain abroad? now we export oil and gas. but then we exported grain, then we

often exported food, by the way, trains with food. eh, let's go. uh, on top. eh, hmm, so to speak. e, the starving village of the starving people at the same time, e, the national market of the old believer national market and all of the above merchants, old believers, potential candidates for our imaginary forbes list were the owners of the vast majority of factories and manufactories focused on production for the domestic market. already in the first decade of the xix century. the annual turnover of domestic trade reached almost a billion rubles, for comparison, in the most profitable year of the russian empire in 1913, the income of the whole country was 3.5 billion . handkerchief. at at the same time, in the hands of the nobility of foreigners , foreign trade read, sales of grain did not exceed

a turnover of even a quarter of the domestic 250 million rubles. however, what is unique about all this to begin with, one is drawn to wonder. where do they get such money from? after all, all these frosts in the ryabushinsky guchkovs gained huge sums that helped them eventually become the richest businessmen in the country and surprisingly quickly russian art turned to the images of business people more than once, but the main artist of the merchant class, of course, boris kustodiev. here one of his most famous works, this is the name of a merchant, counting money with a long beard tenaciously, clutching banknotes, clearly a native of the people, having seized a fortune, most likely thanks to communication this picture of 1918, at that time such a calf who did everything to the revolution happened, this very revolution already put it against the wall, perhaps that is why kustodiev gave his hero the appearance of an evangelical martyr, doomed to the execution of such a

thoughtful mournful, but the merchant's hand firmly compresses the signs that stand behind this sign behind this sign real life. a school near tula and a really interesting activity at a point of growth, where real five-year-olds are passionate about their first discoveries more than 9,000 points of growth in small towns and villages throughout russia, so that these guys have a truly bright future national project education is what is important here and now. people are friends, i may not find me the money of successful

entrepreneurial cities. we are faced with the same phenomenon, large funds were suddenly at the disposal of people earlier, engaged in perhaps small-scale commercial handicraft activities? in the pskov region, the story of savva vasilievich draws on a separate scenario of a simple fortress landowner nikolai ryumin in 1797 , who married the daughter of a dye master ulyana almost immediately after the wedding, opens a silk-weaving workshop, according to official data, with the funds that he received as a dowry of the

bride, which at least should cause questions, but where does the dyer get such money ? 10 machines and 20 employees, moreover, morozov not only opened his own business. well, he redeemed himself and his landowner's family for a huge amount of 17,000 rubles at that time. and here again it is tempting to ask, but where does such an amount come from the famous russian community has become the most optimal tool to maximize the concentration of both economic and spiritual resources. that is why they often possess collectivist relations. they turned out to be the foundation on which the economic the managerial dispensation of the split is precisely the communal period. well, of course, this is spiritual unity through primarily e-service. well, if we are talking about the priests, uh, through the rite it is

cementing, people capable of entrepreneurship for trade for organizing industry are advanced from the community and they are delegated from the community the authority to be a leader, but this leadership is still carried out to communicate all this the leaders themselves know, too, they maximize their talents, but they still understand that they act not for themselves, but for the improvement of the future for the present future in general. its survival and prosperity, that is, it was still not capitalism, for the sake of capitalism, the russian peasants lived in general nah, not recognizing private property. at some point, the community she simply chipped in and gave money to one of her representatives for russian society. eh, the nineteenth or even the beginning of the xx century, the community is

the basis of the entire christian economy. we are told that these are the merchant names among the old believers, but the fact is that, again, this is it's fake caught, just the most m-m, as it were , the most educated, the most enterprising. eh, people, they became, as it were, the holders of this community, in general, just as the community trusted them. uh, manage this money and no one will violate this decision of the community circle. but it's hard to imagine now, but then it was an unwritten law, you don't need to sign any law. paper contracts, if i said yes uh if we agreed it would be a person broke his word, then all this is actually the loss of all authority. it is clear that a lot of banking capital that

just arose, here, in the 19th century, they were often, a based on deception on, the same pyramids that we again grew in the nineties. yes, that was in the 19th century. here the old believers just did not have this. yes, that is, uh, they tried to do business, honestly, the reason is that, unlike the capitalism of st. petersburg, read western, which was built on the principle, the owner of capital to build a factory for himself and hire workers whose salary is no more than that. moscow capitalism was with a human face for its own people, so that their co-religionists, schismatics could calmly work there for good pay and live with dignity, the democrats were quick to hurry, if you take this period of that time, because they valued not status, not wealth, but knowledge of the gospel. and in general, it was not believed by the old believers

that money does not belong to the merchant, it belongs to the community. so here it is just by the will of god is spread by this money. by the way, here is the feature. she struck someone, but nicholas ii and he, when he found out about it, as well as from the recorded employees of the ministries of internal affairs. yes, he even gave a command to the minister, and send the second enclave ritualists so that they actually study what is really happening there, what it is, moreover, all the horrors of the exploitation of workers. the owners of factories and plants in pre-revolutionary russia, about whom it is difficult to read even in documents , are mainly foreign industrialists for them, the workers of our country were no different from the negro slaves. america's old believers are another matter. first of all, when one or another was built. factory factory manufactory, schismatic businessman who collected money and his communities

had to build a hospital at home for the workers. that is, his personal. benefits came last. after all, the money, roughly speaking, is not his, but the general, such a factory cooperative. during perestroika in the ussr , they also tried to arrange similar ones, but it ended. it is known than running ahead. forward. let's say the same this operational movement will also end. i noticed that let's say in the nineties. uh, when they started creating, uh, small business cooperatives and so on and so forth. they did not know about e, old believer capitalism, the principle by which they e organized their enterprise. he was just such a collectivist old believer, and i asked. why aren't you on private property? i mean , what does that mean? here are three of them, let's say yes, and they handed over money. here one is engaged in refrigerators, the other is engaged in tourism there, the third is something else. it was a way to survive. here in

this marginal environment, you understand, the trial of the ostroobrites was forbidden. uh, they didn't have the opportunity to take out a loan, and somehow yes, and that was their way, uh. e survival so in 1905, the old believers factory owners. the working day was no more than 9 hours. despite the fact that competitors worked for 12 , there were dormitories of medical care provided absolutely free of charge at the manufactory, for example, the old believers of balin were issued interest-free long-term loans for the construction stone houses worked for all employees of enterprises , a modern, well-equipped hospital with a maternity ward, there was even a sanatorium for workers and a nursing home, and that’s all. it was absolutely free for the employees of the manufactory; the old-age pension was 25-50% of wages. that is, in russia, by the beginning of the 20th century, not only two different mentalities were formed, but also two different economic

systems of relations in 1825. morozov himself is the founder of the dynasty, the owner is no longer a workshop, but a whole weaving factory, but due to problems with the health businessman began to hand over the business to his sons. they were five years old and almost all of them were interested. in the development of the family business, however, only the younger timothy of the middle of the 19th century justified his father's hope. he began to acquire land, and in 1871 he became the head of the largest textile enterprise in russia, a trading house, savva morozov 's son and the company were doing so well that the profit grew to several million rubles a year, but what is extremely important, the profits did not go to champagne balls and travel, but only in business and i must say that in these old believer communities until the beginning of the 20th century there were such elements of social justice, when, indeed, rich people lived very modestly and ate sheep. they drank tea from a samovar. and at the same time, as

if they were millionaires and billionaires and gave a lot of money to charity, in particular, the same frost manufacturers who built kindergartens and children's dispensaries and sancho rest houses for workers. uh, in the same orekhovo-zuevo they built housing for workers. after all, they reasoned that that's not mine. it belongs to god. and god, in general, gave me this just to dispose of in the interests. the community itself, moreover, the owner of the factory was not the owner in a privately proprietary sense , and in relation to the workers. and most importantly, it is the community that has the right to inherit after the death of the owner. they decided who would continue to own the factory, and if the offspring of the deceased owner did not fit, then the westerners of st. petersburg appointed a new one, they did not understand how this was possible in moscow and how private property was. according to one version of the persecution old believers at the preobrazhensky cemetery began like this in 1853, he died, a rich merchant

of fedoseevsky, consent, was buried, somewhere here at the preobrazhensky cemetery, and the inheritance was waiting for his nephew, but the community decided once the nephew had departed from the old faith, then the inheritance should there is no way to go to someone more worthy at all, the heir complained to the authorities, it came to tsar nicholas i, and by his decree he limited the activities of the old believers and took away the church at the transfiguration cemetery from them. fury sealed and the altar churches at the rogozhsky cemetery, and the state delivered an ultimatum to the merchants of the old believers, you want to do business normally. convert to official orthodoxy. but if they did not want to betray their old faith, it turned out that the richer old believers in legal terms turned out to be almost the lowest class of the society of the russian empire, sometimes a millionaire owner of factories or a merchant of the first guild of the old believers, had less civil

rights than the last worker with his own official authorities saw factories. here the criminalization of relationships, wondering how can simple factory workers stand with the owners with arrogant self-confidence and puts themselves on an equal footing with them, this is a feature of factory life before reform russia was also noticed by soviet historians. true, their conclusion was peculiar, ostensibly. factory life began to develop people who did not resignedly endure the arbitrariness of exploitation. mm, within the framework of the russian state, a marginal cluster of society is being formed, marginal in the sense that it is being persecuted somewhere, so to speak, with the help of taxes. yes, they strangle him, he is not admit, uh, to m-th politics, namely the cluster of brave capitalism. what it is? this is a very peculiar phenomenon, after all, and this is capitalism, which worked for the domestic market. and uh, when

mark wrote off the capital. i think that he had no idea of ​​old believer capitalism from his point of view. there, private property is , as it were, uh. hmm, the basis of capitalist relations, there is no private property, there are no successful capitalist relations. but the russian old believer capitalism, but testifies to that. what is possible capitalism, and very effective and profitable , while maintaining this communal property? well , after all, in fact, they have become a civilization, and in which the people themselves are society, the power itself is the intelligentsia itself, and they do n’t even have very much intersection. for example, here is anton pavlovich chekhov. here he was told, a quintessential conspirator. here is that state. they not only don’t even understand, and why this is true, and this one, but they are in different parallel universes there is an attacker in chekhov’s story

the peasant sincerely does not understand. why is he being tried for unscrewing the nuts from the rails. and why can't he unscrew them and use, like a sinker for fishing, to fish this nut in order to make her breasts, and what is not in bikers. and look, you won't find lead on the road. these are two parallel universes of perception - a world where everything is common against a world where there is private and public. by the way, about the railroad rails and whether nuts were common or on it in the mid- sixties of the 19th century moscow merchants resolutely declares itself at the all-russian level, the government of the russian empire, realized their power, during the island of rivalry during the sale of the nikolaev railway in 1868, the authorities

decided to hold a competition for the right to operate this most profitable railway line between moscow and st. said the tender was considered four applications from the main society of russian railways from the ryazan merchant. the first genius of samuil polyakov from an american citizen of wayans and from a moscow partnerships, that is, merchants of the old believers between moscow and its main competitor, the main society of railways. a real lobbying war unfolded in the kuptsov proposal in all respects. really attractive to carry out all the repair work on the tracks to increase the outboard train, raising for this free of charge any allowance guarantee from the government own capital of 15 million rubles. even the heir to the throne, the future emperor alexander iii, publicly supported the moscow initiative in this, by the way, manifested his views on supporting domestic industrialists and protecting them from foreign

competitors. however, the then supreme power in the person of his father, emperor alexander ii, had completely different plans and a profitable asset. it went to the main society of russian railways, founded by french financiers and the highest russian aristocracy. so the authorities clearly showed the place of the moscow rich. although he promised them the kursk railway. well, among the old believers, the sediment remained too intelligible, they explained that it was not it is worth developing a mouth for someone else's loaf, the battle was lost, but the war was just beginning already at that. despite the huge incomes, the children and grandchildren of the merchants of the old believers not only and not so much began to look at the interest of the community. how many began to look for new opportunities for doing business, for example, from moroz himself to the namesake and grandson of the founder of the dynasty , he was already born into a very wealthy family, and therefore he received an education corresponding to the beginning , he graduated from the faculty of physics and mathematics of the imperial moscow university, and then

continued his studies at cambridge and began to conduct business in a european way. yes, he was engaged in charitable activities, for example, he helps women in childbirth in his factories, but this was already charity. they are a duty, like his grandfather, if earlier the owner was and not the owners. rather, the manager, who worked for the benefit of the community, has now become poe an ordinary capitalist from old memory, throwing gifts already from barsky's shoulders. here is what he wrote in his essays of 1872, a native of serf writers, not fedorov old men and factory owners who well remembered their relationship with the workers and knew that only their sidewalk. they owe their wealth and fame to the stage. their place was taken by all sorts of young people . the link between the fathers-manufacturers and their workers ceased to exist and was broken. now there is no commonality of interests. there are only two sharply

separated from one another. at the top of the pedestal stands a handful of manufacturers of these new deities, and below it lie prostrate tens of thousands of new pariahs and social spending has begun. reduced capital grew along with income began to grow and appetites. it was already not enough to provide the whole country with chintz and sugar; i wanted to myself, so that there was a state order. well, in order for the merchants of moscow to sit on the state order, colossal economic changes in the state were needed, for which neither the romanovs nor their ministers were ready, but the liberal public was ready, boldly disposed towards the monarchy. when communicating to the budget process, in contrast to the debate about the length of the manila working day, the big merchant bourgeoisie for decades, who dreamed of getting their own set of keys to the state's money chest, the political

activities of the new allies from the ranks of the liberal intelligentsia. it brought this moment closer, and therefore the party regularly received funds from the industrialists of the central region. the general fascination with socialist ideas is a trend of the beginning of the 20th century and the question is what will it say? the merchants decided to invest in those who can change the government in the country, it is clear that a worker with rifles will not be able to govern the country. but the bigwigs of business are quite. it was wrong opinion, when the next event seems, but it allowed the financial circles of the old believer bourgeoisie and the revolutionary parties to unite for a while in a useful interaction, musical in the east for a long time began to reveal its true tempo to us. the premiere of the new original

musical show avatar on saturday 20:10 on ntv being an honest cop is not very profitable for a wife. i no longer have from moscow i was kicked out and very dangerous. i just can't guarantee i won't be wanted or killed by tonight, but captain morozov made his choice a long time ago there is a good proverb, you don’t know how to act according to the law to retreat? give us the head off of this moment, it's better to leave and miss out on all the fun. no vakhtangridze. one more step. make your brains be on the guard's face. understood a flock of prime ministers from monday at

21:45 on ntv 1897 moscow professors of the intelligentsia organize prechistensky courses for workers in the center of moscow. there, the best teachers of the city teach the working class point science and explain the fashionable trends of marxism. courses are so popular that in 1908 year, the premises are no longer enough and the old believers of morozov allocate 85,000 rubles. for the construction of a new three-story building for courses. this building and alley has been named after these courses ever since. and the land, by the way, was allocated for this building by the head of the moscow city duma next to nikolai guchkov. it is quite logical that the factory workers of the factories owned by the old believers supported their employers in everything, and this is how revolutionary

actions began in moscow in 1905. and behold, what is surprising even after the suppression of the revolution of 1905 year, the millionaires of the old believers were the only ones who significantly benefited from them by a special decree, the government finally equalized the civil rights of the old believers and parishioners of the official church to this decree, the old believers have been going for several centuries. well, the next step was just this question e. freedom, which was granted by nicholas ii, began in large numbers. and they started. uh, official registration of communities, that is, literally every month. there, dozens of official communities began to appear, registered activity has already begun construction of temples. that is already now. temples, and not prayer houses, as before, and i believe that this was a good moment and the same persecutor of the

old believers, pavel ivanovich melnik pechersky , in his last memorandum, he writes, so i see the future of russia in the old believers, and he knew tolster. it would seem that all the concessions from the authorities, which the old believers sought, can be received calmly, but the merchants, who sensed the money, considered otherwise, inspired by success the sponsors of the revolution held a private meeting of the old believers. one of its speakers was the great chemist dmitry mendeleev, who created the periodic table system that hangs in every school chemistry classroom in the world. the famous chemist came from a family of old believers, without pomeranian priests. at the meeting, it was decided that the indulgence of the authorities could be canceled. it was the russian government that skillfully and loved to practice, and the struggle must be continued until complete victory. but it’s best to do it by strangers hands. soon, on the money, including the millionaire

ryabushinsky, part of the mansion in the center of moscow amazed contemporaries with its luxury, agitators dispersed throughout russia, who called on the workers to new protests. the russian empire is being swept by a wave of strike riots, but here is an amazing fact, they almost do not touch at that moment the enterprises that belonged to the industrialists of the old believers. lena execution the fact is that the gold mines of the linsut company were owned by the british and merchants. the companies were represented on all the largest stock exchanges in the world will be on an enterprise organized by provocateurs ended with the execution of workers, followed by an angry speech to the state duma and deputies of the old believers, the company went bankrupt minus as soon as the british withdrew from the shareholders. they were immediately bought, the old believers by a millionaire, zachary. they have pants for the opera. you are a prudent businessman who won 1.5 million and

similar actions to squeeze out foreign capital from the country were carried out by the old believers everywhere, but as history has already shown with the nikolaev railway managed to do this for the old believers, far from always and with great difficulty. that's why the guchkovo of konovalov morozov wanted to remove the tsar in order to free up a direct road to that very state order looking ahead. i just want to remind you that it was alexander guchkov who was one of those who accepted the abdication from nicholas ii at the station pskov events of the seventeenth year. it was in direct form the project of the moscow bourgeoisie. here it is in its purest form. this can even be seen in the composition of the first provisional government. until what there about the provisional government? take , for example, the same progressive bloc. after all, when the preparations for this february revolution began, it was the summer of 1915. this defeat at the front is the creation of the cbpk, and then local

military-industrial committees. in the summer of 1915, the russian army suffered defeat after defeat due to shell shortages, there were not enough at the front, neither large-caliber shells, nor even conventional bullets, then in order to overcome the crisis that was terrible for our troops, the mobilization of industry began on public torment in june in petrograd the ninth congress of representatives of industry and trade took place, at which the old believers trebushinsky called on russian industry for unity and friendship. at work to serve the needs of the war at this congress, regional military-industrial committees were organized, uniting local industry and trade and the central military-industrial committee. petrograd, the old believers of alexander buchkov elected the chairman of the latter, and the largest liberal industrialists and, again, became the leaders of the regional military-industrial committees. the old believers already mentioned ryabushinsky in moscow and tereshchenko, the future minister of trade of the provisional

government in kiev, these are the people to whom we owe in the february revolution decided to arrange the supply of shells for fruit. although it seems more like the defeat of the army. after all, then their authority increased, and the attacks on the current government became more and more thorough. here, they completely coincided with the bolsheviks, who wanted the imperial power to defeat the war, that is, there is an opinion that the old believers prepared and revolutions of 1905 and 1917. actually, it didn't. that is, the old believers. always at all times they loved mother russia at the same time as the committee mobilized large-scale industry. actions in conjunction with all-russian unions, zemstvos and cities, headed by the future chairman of the interim government. prince. lvov organized the mobilization of medium and small industries. at that congress, lvov said we become in the position of winners over the order of state administration, we take on

themselves the performance of the most important functions of state power during the war, after february 17, the representatives of the committee liked to ascribe to themselves the role of saviors of the imperial army of shell hunger. well, is it so, as the survey showed, the cost of fulfilling orders turned out to be extremely high, and the percentage of sales, on the contrary, was low. but advertising was up to the mark, for example, boxes for combat equipment were invariably decorated with tsvpk inscriptions, which gave the impression of an extraordinary productivity of this organization. then few was. it is known that the enormous expenses of these public organizations were replenished not from zemstvo or city funds, but from the state treasury and, moreover, without reporting to the union of zemstvos and cities on october 1. years, huge sums of about 560 million rubles were allocated from the budget. and the military-industrial complex received 170 million. this became possible due to the distribution of orders

among friendly enterprises, based on profitability, and out of personal interest, a classic example of nepotism, as the moscow military-industrial complex recalled the head of the old believer ryabushinsky ordered one of the local manufacturers barbed wire for 12 rubles. per item. and although the zemstvo offered to carry out the same amount of work for six and a half rubles of the order, it did not receive much publicity. i got a case in the nizhny novgorod military-industrial complex here is one of the factories. undertook to make shovels for 45 kopecks. a piece. well, the leadership of the local committee. he doesn’t think for long and gives an order to another manufacturer at the rate of 75 koptuns. when , after the october revolution, the historian approached the issue of studying the activities of the military-industrial complex , it turned out what were they selling? everything is the same as state-owned factories, but at inflated prices and never met the deadlines for the order. however, the opportunity to help the army also gave the

political opposition bourgeoisie from the old believer merchants a chance to declare themselves, who won the most in terms of money from the creation of the vc, began to increasingly penetrate the military industrial authorities. the progressive bloc, a stronghold of liberals from the old believers in the duma, became more active in various unions of the organization. in general , the government was most of all worried about political engagement of public organizations, especially the central exhibition committee, after all, as contemporaries claimed in the military-industrial committees. groups of the bourgeoisie, hostile to the tsarist regime, entered. what is the mere initiative to create working groups that have appeared in almost every fourth military-industrial committee. this undertaking was not justified by the settlement of the labor issue, which inevitably manifested itself in the spontaneity of the strike movement.