this is the new normal, it implies responsible relationships. as i understand it, not only to a plastic bag, probably, to some kind of devices such as batteries, for example, accumulators, and so on and so forth. that is, the person must also be aware of this. and today, of course people say there is not enough infrastructure. we don’t know where to take it, but slowly, but here such centers become, i don’t know, someone puts them in a jar at the entrance, and then they take themselves to the nearest store electronics, someone else does some other things , but behaves differently with textiles. so it's not just plastic. yes, the second in terms of pollution of the planet. this is the textile industry. we must understand this, that each deal is these very small particles that are billions of tons, and then they will accumulate on our planet if we do not behave differently and very much as we should behave. now. i can't say that of course, we need to use all this, but we must be conscious. we must clearly understand that we are participants in this chain. that is, this is not

a problem somewhere, this is not your natural supervision, it will go and figure it out. it's not someone there to be blamed. this is a normal life for all of us. here is the responsible consumption today participation in the system rob a hmm participation in the circular economy of every enterprise small and large and the purchase of things conscious. well, probably it's all in one chain, that is, without one there will be no other separate failure of garbage, according to which we talk so much about its essence deftly return and the second thing life hmm well, any conscious consumption, no matter how it is expressed. eh, that's very correct. this is your contribution to ecology today. this is your treasure in the life of your children tomorrow. svetlana gennadievna thank you very much for the conversation. thank you hello

russia decades of science and technology ntv television company rosatom state corporation presents a program on how science will change our lives in the next 10 years. i am vladimir antokhin. i am ekaterina shugaeva. in 10 years, science will explain the nature of light , we will finally figure it out, so i invited optimists who believe that in 10 years science will really explain the nature of light is yuri oleg astrophysicist good evening and nikolai kalachevsky physicist. by tradition, my guest is skeptics vyacheslav moiseev , an expert on the philosophy and methodology of science. good evening. vyacheslav ostrovsky is a specialist in the field of laser physics. good evening. kind at the end of the program our guests and optimists will make a prediction. what is the probability

that in 10 years science will really explain the nature of light and the time when it was dark, our expert professor kapustin recalls visible light, like other types of radiation , arose at the moment of the big bang, since light travels at a speed of 300,000 km / s. today we can look into the past in the most distant past, the universe consisted of three quarters of hydrogen and a quarter of helium in a dense hot plasma , photons could not move freely, electrons constantly absorbed and lowered them again, the substance was opaque. after the big bang, everything was dark, the temperature of the universe was about 4,000°. by the way, it's only three degrees now. the propagation of light began about 200-300,000 years later, when the temperature of the universe dropped, the electrons united into nuclei and the gas became transparent. is it really dark?

well, apparently, yes, but i have a personal question for you, what do you think about the corpuscular-wave theory of light? it makes you want to joke that i'm not sveta but katya, but any woman will tell you about dualism. she knows everything about the fact that light is a wave of particles at the same time. i heard i can't explain. well, i think that we will deal with this just today. well probably before the big bang. it was definitely darkness for sure. and it seems to me that if owls existed at that moment, then, apparently, only they would be fine, dark, no one interferes. uh, yuri yuryevich and when the light arose right after the big explosion, or a little later , still not right after the explosion, of course, it was really dark. first there was e was plasma, which is where the photons are. they

were just mixed up. you know, when we hear the word plasma now. it seems to us all that this is some kind of shining red ball, red yellow. oh well, black, for example, it was like this and it was difficult , it meant that, but the trace could not escape, and then , when e the universe arrow expanding, expanding the body, cools down and the first light appeared about 380,000 years after birth universe. he was hot the trail lived in the dark, we can register in the form of microwave radiation. that is, the very first yes, the very peresvet that's the one who had some kind of connection. this oscillation is like this and ah, if we imagine that this is rubber, then with time from the decision of the universe, and now this light is visible over a length of about 2 mm. this is the first light of the universe which is now possible to register the so-called microwave

fund. changed the wavelength expanded and light became the wavelength. and uh, it was the first light, but then the dark times came, which professor kapustin once mentioned, because the first atoms were formed. they absorbed just a huge amount of hydrogen helium, it all absorbed light and only later. uh, hundreds of millions of years , the first stars from these clouds lit up. when the first stars were already cold enough to light up and did not illuminate the universe, this was the second epoch. the epoch means when the light reappeared, and now it still shines so that we see again. it changes length because the brighter, maybe our universe is getting brighter let's talk. today i think, well, well ivanovich and how people's ideas about the nature of light have changed in general. here it is, you know, since i am a philosopher among physicists, so i would almost say more broadly looked at this topic. and i would single out two concepts

light big and small light relatively speaking. uh, small light, on the one hand, this is external light, physical light, electromagnetic vibrations, as physics explains to us today , yes, and the other small light, this is internal light, this is a sensation of light that we perceive in our inner world in our minds with our senses. so. ah, philosophy always. she worked with big light big light. it is, as it were, the unity of these two small saints of the external physical light of electromagnetic vibrations and the internal sensation of light, and in this regard, the light in stories. e, cultures, civilizations, was understood as something unified, which was dissociated, in general we hear the beginning of being, which, as it were , was differentiated, then it exists on everything, yes, and just like light flashes in the dark and illuminates everything and visually it all appears, as like

this, from the non-existence of darkness, as if what exists emerged from the non-existence of darkness thanks to the light, the one that was parried by being and differentiated into different kinds of states? this is the deepest ancient intuition that connects the highest principle and light, and then it was all differentiated, and the theory of the external light, as it were, went, as it were, into the field of physics. uh, mathematicians here arose corpuscular, wave theory yuta yutan, and gürgens arose the topic, how to combine they say that quantum mechanics unified these two concepts, and the theory of inner light it is in the field of psychophysics and arose holy luck arose, uh, theory. eh, well, like psychophysical transformations , and now colors, for example, are considered as abstract vectors in a multidimensional three-dimensional space, where each base

color. for example, red, green and blue are three basic colors, mixtures that can form all other colors are considered as three basis vectors, as three systems, as if the coordinates of the three axes of the coordinate system, and as vectors we can add and form mixtures. so colors. we add up and in our brain, in our consciousness , a three-dimensional color space works, which translates the physical light into a psychically inner light, the sensation of this light. and here, it seems to me, the most important topic is to combine these two. lights two small lights external and inner light and ascend here again to this theory of a great big light, but i will try to say about it, then at the end. i think i hope that we will put it all together, in the meantime , let's return the owl to its natural habitat advertising on ntv do not miss the events and people

of the week on central television, german leopards are seen near artyomovsk. is it possible that western tanks reached the ukrainian battlefields so quickly? ukraine is accumulating troops on the border with transnistria. why does a small republic run the risk of becoming a big one ? a headache for the whole world and a new hot spot on the map. are they really seriously aiming at a warehouse of ammunition that has been stored in transnistria since the collapse of the soviet union, life after death is no longer science fiction , scientists have begun to use artificial intelligence to create digital copies of real people. is life as usual a computer. now you can just reload. this will be your central television on saturday at 19:00. the science and us program is on air, a program about how science will change our lives for the next 10 years in 10 years, science will explain the nature of light about

the history of light, our expert professor kapustin will tell in everything vika was interested in people. but what is light? where does he go at night? why is it so easy to turn off the light , well, it’s enough to close your eyes for the first time what light is, euclid described in his book optics back in 300 bc, and lucretius wrote that both light and heat from the sun. these are all tiny particles. in the 17th century, battles began between supporters of the wave and corpuscular theories. dakar thought light was a wave from particle theory supported newton, these convincing theories were swept away by max planck and his photons of light quanta, and then james maxwell came and now we all know what light is, although not all scientists. we are sure that modern physics interprets light as a spectrum of colors from red to violet

many animals. by the way, unlike humans , they see in the ultraviolet range. and some are able to see even in infrared . however, if a long wolf becomes shorter or longer, then they cease to be called light. vyacheslav aleksandrovich well, indeed, today we have already talked many times about the fact that a wave and a particle are really in the course of physics in a standard school. we are simply explained photon is a wave and a particle at the same time. well, in the end, how is it so, can you do it in a simple way? well, i'll try. uh, if light were only a particle, that's how it is shown on the screen we have, uh, in jung's experiment , then we would have only two stripes on the screen, and this would be specifically related to corpuscular theory. that is, the light would pass through these two slits. ah, well, just passed and it would have been visible only these two slits, but

young's experience by thomas young published there in 1803 showed that when passing through 2 thin ones. uh, through two thin slits, these slits become secondary sources of secondary light sources, and on the screen we get two identically at the same time. you, well, two essentially identical waves, which either each other, well, at some point they either destroy each other or add up, and thus we have not two strips, but a whole set of them. that is, is it possible to understand? well another way to understand this is that we have wave properties. the light they are determined in the process of spreading it. and when we encounter some kind of obstacle. that is, where the light itself is visible , it manifests its own. well, that is, the properties how it behaves like particles. well, specifically photon, he is still a particle. this is a philosophical question in the process of spreading, everyone nods,

and everyone in the eighth grade still nods. yes, yes , they understood, but to be honest, these are not very, understandable. well, here it is easy to understand explain, so in the process of propagation in the process of movement in space, he is a wave at the moment when he collides with some kind of obstacle, and he is a systemic retina, he gets to us a particle. and when he flies, he is a wave, well, so-so, you know, that's about the small light, and the second small was even clearer. okay then. let's deal with the photon. yes, uh, nikolai nikolaevich but one photon is already light or not yet light, and then how many photons are needed for there to be light, but i will try to this question can be approached in no way, probably, a physicist and not a philosopher at all, but simply as a person, if it is possible for a little bit of a second person , too, you understand, because everything is clear. class we er, see, we really see

light as professor kapustin er said, that range of so-called wavelengths, where we register what we call light , is somewhere from 380 nanometers. it's small, well , somewhere around 780 nanometers. this is what isaac newton , in his experiments in the book light 1700, actually already unraveled, respectively, well i won't say it's clear. no, it's not clear, wait, it comes from afar. here we do not see the person does not see here the person does not see. here is the red range. here is the blue range. this is the rainbow that we see, which means that, accordingly, people have introduced a certain measure of physics, in fact, our beloved or some, a measure of the visible light , it is called one lux, let's just understand it on a scale. what if the sun shines brightly falls on a sunny lawn illumination. 10.000 lux is a lot, that is, in fact, the sun. yes

here we have a little man who yes little man, so that we are here with a spout. so he means, respectively, in the sun he sees an illumination of 10.000. lux is a lot of photons. and we understand sveta, that is, if we are in the office or we have cloudy, that is, we will draw a point here. that's about a thousand. many or few? we got used to it quite comfortably feel myself, now the sun. no, clouds. no, the moon we appeared on a moonlit night, so to speak, we look at the night quite clearly, the shadows are cast by the moon yes, nothing zero lux this is the moon, remove the moon, leave the stars, we get. zero zero zero one lux and here's the next question, first of all, of course, it surprises how much the human eye can adapt the range. it's about the same. well,

a billion times, probably, that is, we can easily rebuild, without much effort we continue to see. in this case, the second question is many years - this is a photon. here we are in the starry night itself, well, there are already a lot of uncomfortable conditions or photons get into the eye. the answer is actually a lot of hits 10 million reception photons per second. this is a lot of things, but further questions. can we go down, so can it really fly into my eye just one question, our great scientist sergey ivanovich vilov, who was the president of the russian academy of sciences, was the director of the fian. he was deeply involved in this issue and wrote a book. by the way, and the light and the sun are the eyes and the sun, he wrote a book and his scientific research boiled down to the fact that i tried to register the eyes. we are his students very one photon he believed that it was possible to register his single photons student pavel cherenkov post-graduate student. he

sent him to study a very weak glow , e, some salts under the action of cherenkov radiation. yes, some figurines. they just radiate. yes, then the nobel prize, pavel cherenkov's sun and one photon and one photon. yes, that is, indeed, those streams of light that were recorded by pavel cherenkov covering his head with black matter. conditions in a dark room are very uncomfortable and watching the faint flickering of this blue radiation in a liquid. this is cherenkov, so to speak, radiation, which he is light one photon is light. no, well, a colleague, vyacheslav correctly said that when a photon hits the eye and is registered? he, well, we understand according to the particles, and while he flies , he controls the wave properties. yes, it can go around obstacles. in fact, a photon

can go around an obstacle due to diffraction. yes, maybe it was, by the way, about 50 years ago it was actually carried out, really a physiological experiment, that is, there was a group of volunteers e. they were given a flash of light and watched, weakening this flash. how many photons? well, in terms of the number of photons a person sure distinguishes between a flash how much 50? that is 50 photons. yes, a person confidently says that in order for hse to get from 50 to e, even 10 million. and here it is a million times more. it's amazing. and in fact, of course, given that we have a lot of cones in our eyes. in fact, there are 8 million cones of color e, a detector and about 100 million e, black and white rods, all the same , there are more and they are few, so in fact we register one photon. one hundred percent, so to speak, the probability. here is such a story. and here, by the way, about the fact that photons fly unevenly. let's talk some more later, i'll say that i've been

an astronomer all my life. uh registered single photons, because astronomers are always absent and cherenkov astronomers are always short of light and uh and very distant objects. we receive a stream of light in single photons. and we see these single photons, like grains, sprinkled on the screen of coins, although they are amplified. that is, we are constantly working with a single photon. these are types of anti particles. not just like, uh, like, like grains of rice fall on the surface, detector them on drops and get the image. and you know, i now understand that these photons can still deceive you. they just flew in like rice. they could zigzag like this, but the physicist zag, and in fact, maybe not from there. where did you expect them from? and because the atmosphere interferes with our atmosphere, it distorts the paths of photons to us. er, and therefore, er, they don't always behave so simply, but in general , single photons - this is a common phenomenon after

amplifying their brightness with special devices. here they are. vyacheslav alexandrovich, volodya and i have practically see the question here. if we want to catch the light, here's a flashlight. turned on the photons ran, there is color, right? here they are, somewhere on my retina, and the wave is a particle at the same time well, for example, well, in the dark, everything is fine, no. and if we take a mirror thermos, let's go catch it, so they ran, and so they ran there 1 2 3 closed we caught them. let's say there's nothing. it’s not just where they go, but it turns out light, you can still catch it or

you can’t here the question is more about reflection and there is nothing about the absorption of light. that's right, yes, there is nothing to be absorbed here. well, i understand, for example, my hand swallowed there, and there is a mirror. well a mirror has exactly the same way a mirror has a finite. well, that is, the final reflection of any material is some part of the light, it absorbs including its own mirror. here's a question. if about reflection, then some part is always reflected. well, let's say, if you take a model, e.g. a thermos, which you can close the light, then here you need to take into account the ideal one, you can still catch it. yes here it is necessary to take into account the speed of propagation. that is, as we have already been told , 300,000 km/s. she is constantly. what does it mean to consider speed? light is constantly vacuum well, in different environments, in fact, it is different, that is, it depends on the medium of propagation

of the vacuum. yes, she's okay. well, about a vacuum, to do this, we need to make sure that the path length is greater than, well, that is, the speed of closing the lid. it was much more than the length of the path. that is, if we take into account the speed of light propagation , these 300.000 km/s. i will close very quickly lid, then we can raise the light, critically, yes, if it is an ideal system inside. or , let’s say, there we have a lid that closes instantly in a thermos the size of a planet, then i believe that this was theoretically given in the thirteenth year of sergeants. still, the light, caught the light of the resonator. he lived there seconds, this is the nobel reality. well, here it is. well, like you, for some reason vyacheslav says he was eventually absorbed into e in one of the mirrors. they still absorb,

anyway they are not perfect mirrors do not eat, but for a few seconds you can like this once and there the light will live a mirror, it turns out we are leading to a dead end, by the way, philosophy also has such turns, an interesting whore sergeevich solovyov is a russian philosopher. he said that the soul is a frozen light. and here, by the way, look at the light caught. yes, it might be related. that's from some special physics. yes, you can not for a fraction of a second for seconds. but for 90 years we have learned to catch the very small light, two. well, let's, as at home to ordinary light, yury yuryevich well , there is a laser, yes, there is, i don't know, here's a light bulb, x-rays. it's all light. and why but then he is so different, even here are the relic radiation. yes, it will be, like the light is completely different. well, these are just different manifestations of light, of course, these are all lights of light

, as already mentioned. hmm, its characteristics, its wavelength. they can be very short hair, in general there is what we see nikolai nikolaevich spoke of in the short range of 400 nanometers to one micron. they are always the same size , they are not all the same, and each photon, the shorter the wave, the more it has. above the energy and now the particles are already light on yourself energy. in short, not only is a wave a particle, by the way, yes, if the wavelength is several kilometers, then also several kilometers. you can attribute anything to anything. ah, quantum nature. here, uh, fluctuation, oscillatory nature. here are the molecules of molecules it also has its own wavelength and even large molecules can be described as a factor by mechanical equations, it will also be like the same light, which means long-wavelength light, which is gradually red red, then infrared, then we feel heat, it has already gone microns , then millimeters. here

you know microwave ovens and so on and went into the radio range nature is the same this electromagnetic oscillation is the propagation of these oscillations, but the shorter the wave, the more the corpuscular properties of light manifest, which means the particle, the more it looks like parts , say hammock quanta. rigid they are already difficult to describe by equations. uh, although not difficult, of course, but just imagine how the wave is more difficult than radio waves, which are electromagnetic water. there, let's say 10 cm or there meters, so it's all the same it's these are electromagnetic fields that propagate and at the same time particles. well, what does it mean, like a radio wave on a radio, what are magnetic vibrations? yes, this is also light, only , uh, with such fluctuations. here. i'm just in kind shown in kind show these radio waves of the wave that are visible. yes, they can be. in short, it's shorter to go into microns, then the philosopher's wave

is a fluctuation of the medium. what kind of medium in the case of electromagnetic waves, a wave e, fluctuations of the medium represent a wave, like a wave on the surface of water. yes it's spread electromagnetic field. this is the electric energy of the oscillation field. it's not just another name. and in what medium the wave oscillates, how can there be an electric wave, we are now slowly moving to the ether of kefir, yes, kefir and the ancient philosophical xix centuries, which connected electromagnetic waves, maxim also believed that electromagnetic waves are vibrations of the ether. and how do modern physicists get out of this situation. they don't get out, physics. no need to get out, because we don’t need a medium here, distribution electromagnetic wave. doesn't need an environment. she goes, of course, that's how it is, let's just vacuum, and then it flies , it needs an environment to fly. uh, some kind of magnetic

vibration, he has a property in this vibration. he himself just fluctuates due to the fact that the vectors that are the waves have just told you all this about his property at the same time and the waves. it can move, then a photon stream, even if it's alone. let go of the obstacle. yes, i understand the question here, that is, how would it be like a wave, he must shake something, or he only shakes himself at all , shake nothing around, this is the second nobel prize. now it will wait, so this is a disturbance of the electromagnetic field, but it is nothing more, that, no. bullets are electromagnets and there are vacuums, of course, of course. you put two transformers in a vacuum. well, that's kind of an experiment. yes, turn on one or the second and between them. they will create fields

around themselves. these fields interact here you do not need. uh. here you need to fill them with water or bleed gases or air into it. they spread electricity, vacuum. it's easier, even to give an example that there are two magnets. if you remember these vacuums, they won't stop repelling or attracting well. these are magnets. photons, and nikolai nikolayevich, well , the speed of light in vacuum is constant. and how this was proved is the main question. why is she always there again? yes, why constantly ? why, if photons fly out from the sun at my speed, when it comes to my eye, it must somehow already slow down. this true, the speed of light does not depend on the frame of reference, but this is actually an experimental observation that we can still move the speed of light will be the same, it turns out that the speed of light is there is a maximum speed. this is 300.000 km/s. as we are taught at school and professor kapustin said, and this is the maximum speed that can be reached. um, well, in

general, a body or a wave in our world. uh, the last experiment to measure the speed of light. it was made in the seventy-fifth year, because then it was still as a standard meter in the chamber of weights, platinum and reddish, means meter, because to measure the speed of light. we need some standard. then it turned out that all these standards of their accuracy. it is not enough and actually the speed of light itself has become a standard. yes, that is now scientists. they simply accepted axiomatically that the speed of light is equal to, well, actually not exactly. this is just a simple question. that is, we take glass and send light or a photon or a light bulb there, and it slows down there, it flies there more slowly than in a vacuum, than in such a one. uh, empty, space, slower easy. you can generally slow down the light. there is an experience where the light was braked literally to the speed. here are colleagues from laser physics. uh, where is he? well, you can, in fact, he is. that's how he crawls, how he is. well,

yes. well, you can’t see how he crawls, but the speed of his movement. she's a centimeter per second. that is, that the photon loses some internal energy. no, he just crawls like that slowly. that is, he does not lose anything. well, you can slow down, then special environments until in fact almost full became energy goes into speed, for example, it is not clear at all and it is not connected at all. well, that is, you know him, is that how you are if you were a photon? equally, but e cannot move faster than the speed of light , that is, there is a postulate that if you carry some information to yourself, that is , it is impossible to transmit information at a speed higher than the speed of light. here is a shadow or here. well, a good example, when the scissors are closing, suppose already at the last moment of closing you have this point there, which is at the junction of two blades. it can move very fast, but it doesn't carry any information. you can here such here, well, speculative stories. eh, it turns out the highest speed of light. it's really

called the phase velocity, but it doesn't carry any information, so without photons, it's without photons, right? that is, it can be a phase velocity that is higher than the speed of light, without a photon this happens. all in all, i don't know about you. i need to digest this advertisement on ntv , i'll explain it to you. today at the apartment when this julia parshuta your soul is playing east, that it seems to me that i all day a little unworthy welcome philosophical. i love you like

i don't. my delicious mole or smut near margulis on saturday at zero 20 on ntv aired a program about how science will change our lives in the next 10 years in 10 years, science will explain the nature of light a. here's how we can control the light, our expert professor kapustin argues the most amazing thing in the world. this is something we still don't know everything about. about light, for example, we do not know at all why light travels at the speed of light, however, the equation used to describe and light waves and light particles work the same way. fine. it is possible that this will allow the use of light to create encrypted communication channels, because the quantum state of photons changes when they are read, which

means that if someone tries to eavesdrop on an encrypted channel, they will immediately give out their place of hacking. the so-called light field synthesizers make it possible to synchronize light waves resulting in intense directional light pulses of very short x-ray pulses a quintillion fraction of a second long. they even allow you to take pictures of visible light, that is, there is a real opportunity to photograph moving light , which means that the first step towards controlling light has been taken. well, about the same as we switch tv channels with a remote control and after all , this is just the beginning. well, what will happen tomorrow is even impossible to imagine. marvelous. yes , we have not yet figured out the nature of light, but we are already learning, it is impossible to control it. well, let's try nikolai nikolaevich really, and what technologies will we be able to use light in the next 10 years.

well, firstly, and we already use light a lot, i would not like to list the technologies in which we have everything here , we have each other, we would not have a program if there were no light, the second, which is now very there is a lot of discussion, and something that has not yet been discussed. these are the so-called photonic chips. that is, that not only semiconductors will work in computers, but german silicon in transistors, but there will be communication channels. uh, light turns out electron goes not goes, zero or one, but it will be light photon goes or it doesn’t go, there is a zero or a one, and the second is that the wires are replaced on the holy faster, the transfer rate is higher. yep, just like the internet. in our country, when the internet began, we had 32 kb, but by phone. to the waters, and now everything goes by wholesale color photons will replace electronic light will replace electricity, but probably in many areas. this is still waiting for us. then,

of course, there are still a lot of stunned later, of ​​course, there are a huge number of tasks in laser medicine, both in cosmetology and surgery and in oncology. that is, this is not yet a field that has not been plowed to the end. and, probably, the most intriguing thing for me can be a little disturbing. this is the so-called pathogenetics, that is, when photosensitive elements of the brain are introduced into dna and cells , such experiments are now being carried out on mice in russia , including, then light guides are introduced into the brain. that is, uh, in this way, with the help of joysticks, it is practically possible to control a mouse only while alive. with the help of light signals, i mean, you can synchronize them with these mice, uh, like all biotechnologies. er, well, there's always a big big fear. as they say, so that it was not used, but this is happening now, today progress in

this area. it's scary and it's growing fast. i remembered now nikolai nikolayevich told me. e, the outstanding physicist nikolai nikolaevich a worked at his institute as a bass and nobel laureate, and once he spoke at the presidium of the academy of science. he said, you know, the time will come when leds in everyday life will replace incandescent bulbs, in general, they were so psychic, because then the led cost a fortune now it's traffic lights. he talked about traffic lights. i just remembered, he says the traffic lights will be leds on the street, and everyone laughed, because , well, an old man. well, at least outstanding. can you imagine how quickly it all came to life well? question, but they say that the light is warm, we have a cold one here, but it turns out a light bulb. it also gives heat, which means the light of this energy. in fact, yes, there is, well, this is generally, that is, light, this is generally

everything, well, yes, that is, light, in principle, has a light pulse, as such, has both impulses and energy. but, for example, if we continue the topic of use, that is, we can catch photons and capture its energy and use it. well, there is the so-called development of powerful lasers, in fact, that is, they gain energy from light and use it, for example, instead. well, like, for example , local hammers. well, that is, we have. uh, there are impact hardening technologies. that is, we gain energy with a laser. then, yes, instead of a hammer, as it were, we use it. well this is exaggerated in fact, ah, you strengthen some kind of material, you understand, you first catch these. as a result, we create with a laser, that is, we either strengthen it. or we create. well , there are some materials. well, for example, it

can be understood in this way. will there be any new theories at all, about what, in general , what light is a particle, nor energy, not a radio wave, in general, yes, in general, yes, yes, yes, we talked a lot about external light. but i still want to return to the theme of light as a single one; there is such a philosophy direction, like phenomenology, that is, here we are all the time accustomed to such a perspective, we are in the outside world and see ourselves as a small body. yes, and there in the brain is our inner world. this is such an external perspective. and you can turn everything upside down and say that everything that is is the state of my consciousness. this is the whole formation of my consciousness. they have the opposite and there is an internal perspective, when everything that is around is my consciousness. this is the infinite global background on which everything is located is the second perspective. and so

what is the main perspective, you understand, there are two directions in philosophy, materialism and idealism, materialism works and absolutizes the external perspective, while idealism works in the internal perspective in its modern form. of course, we are more for idealism. it is clear that we will arrange everything also works in the external perspective and light. they also study from an outer perspective, so i say again that there are two lights , an inner light and an outer light. if we talk about some future theory, there should be an integral theory that will connect these two perspectives and assert that the second internal perspective is as objective as the first. well, there are other laws and light pierces these two perspectives and exists there and there, and we will return. here's to this idea of ​​a single light. somehow as a symbol of the one that unites these two great realities , internal and external, and remember grandfather. lenin spoke. he doesn't draw either. here's

interpreting it. we can say that the photon is inexhaustible, so no matter how many theories are created. it will be only models that will always be infinitely far from the prototype from the object itself, even such a micro-object as photon is good. yes? okay, then i have a question for our guests from an optimist to a skeptic. see chemical elements. as soon as it's over. so we immediately synthesize new ones. well, not to mention all sorts of new elementary particles and other charmed clarks. yes, maybe a radically new kind of light will appear in general , maybe science will discover it, synthesize something. i think not. i believe, well, really, i primitively understand the materialistic understanding of light, i believe that the nature of light long ago. it’s good where it is written and there are no such discoveries, uh, that turn this science about the nature of light upside down and cannot be. this is my idea , there is hope. i mean, in a good

way, dark energy, which is something completely different, something that it can't, but we don't know what it is. maybe there are also photons only with signs of only those that all of humanity is now looking for. that's why yes there is. uh, a loophole, even for such scientists and philosophers, because there is something unknown yet, regarding the light of which we see from excuse me from light bulbs from matches, most likely from my point of view. nothing new here in terms of science. we are from rusatom. yes, everyone likes to dig to divide everything or electronically, small small parts of the photons did not try to dig there to divide it into something to see what it has in the depths of some kind of endless, please, just in case, but this is impossible, this is impossible because quantum mechanics. there is a ban on a more detailed study. uh, microbe

objects. this ban is called classical standard. e, the copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, which are dominant today, and there are other interpretations of quantum mechanics and other attempts to construct it, where the presence of so -called hidden parameters is assumed. this is the question you are asking about the internals of the photon. these are hidden parameters, they are banned. therefore, my colleagues say so unambiguously that we are nothing in the world. well, only philosophers. please, but only divorce god. well, wait a minute. let's not we will be there, such as nuclear division. let's make thermonuclear. let's combine photons and see what happens. what energy will be released. what kind of light will pour somewhere, someone tried to combine photons , merge them, yes, that is, first of two photons. it can turn out just one photon if there is a medium, it's rather boring, or maybe it will turn out two particles. for example, if

the energy of photons, enough there is an electron positron, or well, in the end we turned out as we discussed at the beginning and light a long time ago, a long time ago we turned out and we were banal and uninteresting, they dreamed of marrying a foreigner and flying over the seas and oceans. black-haired curly, with blue eyes wasting captured immediately. yes. you see, this is how he puts the pen and puts the money. i just said, smile, if he had the appearance of george maiko, he was such a very handsome foreign romantics turned into horror films in jumping into this water to close it and that's it. yes, and then he just sits at the computer, and overseas princes turned out to be tyrants. he got me

choked until the moment when i begin to lose consciousness. that to love is to suffer the stars agreed financially, it helps money is always not enough on sunday immediately after the mask show on ntv i am the lawyer of mr. fomin, you become one of the three heirs. if you don't give back, then what belongs to you will be very bad for you. architect

everything will be clear. catastrophysics to other figures, i did not expect one hundred percent. thank you very much. how likely is science to explain categorically 0% the photon is inexhaustible as well as the atom, like the electron yes and science philosophy will not help us in any way here, but this does not mean that in 10 years. all will be. explained. it will be explained to an infinitesimal value relative to the researched. it will still be the non-exhaustive part infinitely small and equal to 0. according to abraham rabbinson's non-standard analysis 0% 0. thank you very much.

taking into account the fact that humanity has not yet figured out something, but it has not figured it out, after all, the problem of dark energy and it is clear that this is hardly in the so-called electromagnetic sector, where light is. we are in the electromagnetic sector, which, well, light i i will say 90% 90, yes, that is, i am an optimist. i believe that a lot is it true that almost everything , that is, from the point of view of visible light, has been well studied, but some mysteries may remain, which well, there is a need to solve, therefore 90%. thank you. probably, 10 percent will cost more the question of using the most fundamental moment. how to get it? how to create it? it is known, and from my point of view, the fact that, in principle, it is light here, how, exactly, how to explain an electromagnetic wave here, there is nothing more we have to create it, well

hundreds of years. let's just say it could be a coincidence. eh, if well, when looking for the use of it, some random event will arise that will lead to some new factors of the wave, and then quantum-like features appeared in it yes. and in the end, we understand that everything is not like that at all, when we figure it out, kelvin said that a small cloud remained there on the horizon. yes, the development of physics. and so everything is already known and everything will be nothing to do. yes, yes, quantum mechanics is inexhaustible, so the forecast. yes 10%. thanks a lot. well volodya it's just that real experts have gathered real skeptics, optimists

, the probability is 50/50 . listen, but on the other hand, how interesting it is on top, well, then it became more clear, but about the fact that apparently it still has an inexhaustible amount of property and, of course, it’s also very interesting about dark matter, but i want the research to continue, i want to direct a lot that people sometimes come to the opening, we are somehow unexpected, yes by chance, they didn’t think about it at all, because i remembered the story, but they mentioned just about leds and traffic lights, so that incandescent lights will be changed to leds at traffic lights. and when they began to change, they suddenly faced a completely problem. you know what ah, there are visors at the traffic lights and the incandescent lamp shines and warms, so snow does not accumulate on the visors. it melts, and when it was replaced with

leds, the snow did not melt, and the drivers complained that they did not see the traffic signals, and thus found out that the leds. actually. yes, the snow does not melt, maybe the photons will be the same. we will apply something somewhere and suddenly find out something interesting, in general, we will find out pretty soon in the next 10 years. it was a science program. we are a program about how science will change, including our life with you for the next 10 years. well, do not forget that the light is our everything and we need to save it, see you in a week. bye.