more than 44 subjects receive federal subsidies for these purposes. this year there are 700 billion millionaires, 700 million rubles. and this work will continue and for 24 the amount is somewhere around 700 billion, somewhere. this is allocated annually, by the legion and to local government, just so that these small hydraulic structures can be monitored and repairs carried out in a timely manner and prevent accidents. well, it is believed that water resources are with this. i think few would argue that food security is one of the most important elements. and with what other point of view might they be interesting, because we, uh, sometimes forget at a glance and look at the problems. and i would say with regard to food security, that today it is not even a factor. these are uh food security conditions over the last uh 100 years. water consumption has increased by about 6 times, and growth is predicted for the fiftieth year, but still by about 50%.

well, there are no fewer of us on earth, but the water factor. it probably becomes key in many ways, and in the future too. of course it will be defining e as e even in social economic anyone in many processes. now, it’s probably even difficult to say unambiguously about this, what it might even influence, but if we talk about promising and interesting directions, let’s say so. e. here is the use of water resources today. well, first of all, this is a motivated water market. we don't want 20 years. we are used to it now , but we can’t imagine it. now we can no longer get out of the habit of using bottled water. yes, its market is growing. and this is not an attached fact, it will be continue. and then the second, probably, is one of the uh interesting directions. this is the so-called blue economy. and this is a new concept, a new look, green is almost there. well, green is almost like blue, right? yes, and this is definitely

a relatively fresh look at development. well, in fact, humanity is a large agglomeration, and we know that our oceans are 2/3 of the earth's surface. so, yesenia ’s economy is also the use, but the harmonious use of the resources of the seas and oceans in bandages. e. hmm with how is developing, the surrounding area means the development of tourism and active sports, and here comes the tail. a and. actually, uh, coastal territories as a place, let's say, a base for hmm, for resource development, if applied to the russian federation. uh , maybe you know, this was an appeal from just one of the heads of our new regions of the donetsk people's republic to the president and on behalf of vladimir vladimirovich is now, uh, the agency for strategic initiatives, how is it developing a similar concept for integrated development, and the azov territories in connection with conservation of resources and water quality

of the azov sea dmitry mikhailovich thank you very much for the conversation. thank you hello in russia decades of science and technology rosatom presents a program on how science will change our lives in the next 10 years. i'm vladimir antokhin. i am ekaterina, in 10 years a perpetual motion machine will be created. finally. i would like to say that in 10 years a perpetual motion machine will actually be invented,

a perpetual motion machine will be created , a specialist in charged particle accelerators. good evening yu cool expert in the field nuclear technology and nuclear industry hello, i’m also not against perpetual motion. well, i’m just a traditional skeptic andrey kolobov physics specialist in nonlinear dynamics good evening and sergey nikitov specialist in the field of micro and nanoelectronics. good evening. good evening. at the end of the program, our guests and optimists will make a forecast. how likely is it that in 10 years a perpetual motion machine will be created, and in attempts to create a perpetual motion machine , our expert professor kapustin will tell you that it is possible to extract energy from nothing, probably dreamed of all humanity. the first known attempt to build a perpetual motion machine dates back to the eighth century; a perpetual motion machine was considered to be a wheel with attached vessels that

were filled with mercury; among the drawings of leonardo da vinci there was also a drawing of a perpetual motion machine. although more often the great leonardo was still involved in exposing perpetual motion machines, comparing them with the search for the philosopher's stone. well, although leonardo himself did not hesitate to show his pseudo-perpetual motion engines, which worked from imperceptibly supplied water in the 18th century so many schemes of perpetual motion machines were proposed that the academy of sciences refused to consider applications. our peter i was also keen on perpetual motion machines and wanted 100,000 efimki for a huge sum of money, to buy a perpetual motion machine, dr. orpherius to see, peter did not succeed in perpetual motion machines in 1725 peter died. but i’m very interested in

what peter would do when he saw that his perpetual motion machine had stopped after all. our professor, yulia aleksandrovna, is truly such an entertainer. that's when people started thinking about creating a perpetual motion machine. well, i i think that as soon as people appeared, they immediately began to think. it would be great, in general, if something at least something in our lives were forever guaranteed from the very beginning. and there was no need to waste any energy on it. but in general, if we talk about the topic of our conversation today, then i would like to immediately discuss what eternity is in general, because, well, it’s unlikely that he owes it to anyone, but it’s unlikely that anyone needs an engine that moves in absence of a person. well, that is, there are no people, for example, to imagine something after many millennia, suddenly something happens there, there are no people, but some engine is still spinning, so i’m more inclined to consider the issue of a personal engine. in the context of that very eternity. well, for example, surely you have cars, yes, when you enter a car, do you

recharge it? well, probably once every 2-3 days. well , in the sense that you refuel. well , for example, modern nuclear icebreakers are charged with fuel and sail along the northern sea route for 7 years without recharging from the point of view of the life cycle there car. well, we are there, mostly car enthusiasts for 5-7 years. it is clear that this is something like that. well, manipulative, for example, yes, but nevertheless, from the point of view of a motorist, it’s a seven-year cycle. eh, charging is straight, well, practically an eternity from a point of view. uh, for example, in a person's life it would be great. if we had a nuclear reactor there in the backyard, some kind of nuclear battery that is powered by sources. it is protected from vandalism. roughly speaking, yes, and it provides electricity to a household on a hundred-year cycle, for example, for an individual. this is also practically an eternity, so here it is for me as soon as possible. uh, how pragmatically we are, it’s probably more interesting for a person to consider issues in the personal engine in the context of what kind of life cycle we mean and,

for example, in the nuclear industry for a long time , real work has been carried out, that is, not scientific research, and experimental design work related to the prora project. that is a closed nuclear fuel cycle, which makes it possible to extend the fuel supply of nuclear energy, existing there are 100-200 years old. e for periods up to several thousand years for humanity. it seems to me several thousand years old. this is also practically an eternity. therefore , i believe that in nuclear energy. today we are already working hard on our personal lives. and you and i ordered, we are finishing this program. well, in general, yes, nuclear energy, maybe we’ll come back today anatoly olegovich well, just in time for the prototypes. yes, if in general, what ideas have been expressed about the operation of a perpetual motion machine? in general, these were the prototypes, well, my favorites memories of school. this, of course, is the problem of perpetual motion machines; in all branches of physics there were problems for which a design was proposed as an answer as a condition. it was necessary to explain why it doesn't work.

yes, and in sections of physics. there is a classification, eternal door or based on the use of gravity. this is an example of the first eternal. the body of the proposed version of the archimedes screw when the archimedes screw lifts water , the water turns the screw, the following is on archimedes' law, the buoyant force is used for energy production using the capillary effect is a very interesting perpetual motion machine. um, the next one is permanent magnet. i think modern school. maybe even in modern life, projects have appeared in the electricians segment. now, when i was in school, today, this electrician was still known, purely theoretically, but just like that, it’s something that has a constant electric charge in its hands. it was difficult to hold and the theme of perpetual motion. well, thanks to our school education, including, despite the fact that the correct answer was that he did not will work. still, it became interesting

now, and now those people who received bad marks in physics have gained access. social networks and in social networks the perpetual motion machine is just a bomb. look on any social network using the link perpetual motion machine. you will find a million videos of materials, explanations of something else. but, unfortunately, those who studied excellently. they know it doesn't work. well, that was still a bit. well, still, but there is another type of perpetual motion machine, i’ll stick with my optimist. yeah, uh there is, uh, a device that performs useful work for a long time compared to a person’s life. they can have either internal energy sources. this is what our rosatom is promoting; they may not have this internal source. and, for example, here is the longest operating life of the mechanism at the moment. next year we will celebrate 160 years since clocks have been running without

winding. there's a slight subtlety here. still, they were stopped several times for cleaning, but they work on a difference in atmospheric pressure. yes this the process on earth always continues as long as the sun shines and the mechanism does useful work. useful to people without having an internal source of energy. these are pseudo-perpetual motion machines. and these are the devices. i think they will appear in the near future, but after the advertisement there is an ntv advertisement. did you steal your grandfather’s cutlass at the age of 7? this is what the men from the yard told you, a fighter - you were never afraid of a fight, it’s with you everywhere, calmly, your friends can always rely on you. it's you who can't stay. aside. this is you and here you are among your own.

it’s great that the science program is on air and we are a program about how science will change our lives in the next 10 years, in 10 years a perpetual motion machine will be created, but our expert professor kapustin doesn’t believe in this. a perpetual motion machine or a mobile torpedo is a device that is turned on once and then, operating indefinitely, that is, a machine that does not require energy to operate. and even better is generating energy and more than it consumes itself. alas, the existence of such a machine is prohibited by both the first law of thermodynamics and the second. first law of thermodynamics states that changes in the internal energy of a body can be accomplished either by performing mechanical work or by heat transfer. the energy transferred to a system

by heat transfer is called heat quantity. you are the second law of thermodynamics - this is a physical principle that imposes restrictions on the direction of the process in the transfer of heat; the second law establishes the existence of entropy and introduces the concept of absolute temperature. the transfer of heat from a cold body to a hotter one is, in principle, possible, but this is an extremely unlikely event. very interesting, nothing is clear. you know , it reminds me of this, when i was visiting a fairy tale earlier, when the house opens , this is the first law of thermodynamics. very interesting. well, it’s clear, yes, andrei vladimirovich, well, here science denies the building of a perpetual motion machine. it could be something simpler. why?

well, in fact, those uh, the beginning of thermodynamics that are cited are empirical laws, that is, they are based on long-term observations and just uh they uh, how did you cross yourself from and in the fight against perpetual motion machines, that is, although again, that is, by creating a perpetual motion machine , they decided to write laws for this. well, one of the formulations. e of the first law of thermodynamics, and consists in the fact that a perpetual motion machine of the first kind. perhaps yes, it sounds like this, well, this is one of the formulations, as if by contradiction, and one of the formulations of the second principle, that a perpetual motion machine of the second kind is impossible. that is, everything seems to be very simple here, that is, these two principles actually postulate that energy cannot come from anywhere; this is the first thing. this first law of thermodynamics. this is actually a refutation of a perpetual motion machine, because a perpetual motion machine is somehow good in theory, well, freebies, as they now like to say,

we’ll take it. but energy or work from nowhere. well, and, accordingly, the first principle also protests to intuitive scientists, but for people who do not believe in magic, which in general, there is enough there. uh, they have a skeptical view of the world. and it is intuitively clear that nothing really comes from anywhere, that is, energy will not come from emptiness. although again in the current conditions concepts of emptiness. this can already be expanded. that is, it seems clear that that’s all. this really dates back to the 17th-18th centuries, when the days of electromagnetic fields, they are, respectively, nuclear, nuclear physics, respectively, were not yet possible and further is possible. well, in the end, the first automatic winding on watches appeared at the end of the 18th century, and

it’s true, it was not on a wristwatch, but on a pocket. and people didn’t move that much, and already at the beginning of the 20th century there was automatic winding. that is, like a pseudo-vech in the engines. yes, he has already appeared in the world with the second one. it's the beginning thermodynamics. a little more complicated. this means that it is impossible to convert all the heat into work. and this actually places limits on the efficiency of the engine. this is really what happens when we look at different internal combustion engine systems. that is, as if there is 40% efficiency during combustion, this is considered to be a good fight so that it becomes 780% in thermal power plants. that is, why everyone likes electricity, because the electric motor has an efficiency close to 100%. so everyone really wants it. and if we are still in if we use, for example, superconductors in an electric motor, then it will be

generally 100. that is, as it were, well, that’s good, therefore. in fact, the idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine echoes the idea of ​​the philosopher's stone, that is, people wanted to get gold from nothing or energy from nothing, but it must be said that despite the fact that, uh, they are really impossible, that the philosopher's stone, that the perpetual motion machine are greatly advanced science, that is, the philosopher's stone greatly advanced chemistry, and the perpetual motion machine, in fact actually physics and mechanics. yes, that is, in 1800 there, in my opinion, sixty-eight, the great scientist james clerk michael yes he gave a certain example, which is called the demon max, which means that generally speaking heat is the movement of molecules, the faster they move, the the temperature is higher, the less they move, the lower the temperature. well, i suggested taking a box and dividing it in half. this means that i made this small hole, which means that in one there are molecules with

a higher speed and will not collect more, that is, the warmer ones are colder. and so, when a cold molecule flies up to this hole, the demon opens it passes and that means, that is , warm hot molecules pass in one direction to the other, uh, cold molecules. so to say in this way means a closed system, so you can increase the temperature in one area and reduce another and that’s it. it comes down to this. it was just said that the second one, to begin thermodynamics, introduces a certain concept, perhaps orderliness, or a system in general. this is entropy, no matter what you or i do , the entropy of the universe is increased. here you were sitting with we are talking to you, and it increases , so to speak, and therefore, and here, once everything becomes balanced, it decreases. therefore, dragging here violates the second law of thermodynamics.

and what can lead to a perpetual motion machine, which means that it took 50 years 50 years for in 1929 , the hungarian scientist sillard proved that after all , energy is also spent on the energy of this very demon, namely, the informational component informational, amounting to 60 later in 1961. so landauer from ibm proposed the law. or rather, it is illegal to have such a form, so to speak, very clear, to erase information. you need to refuel and expend a certain amount of energy. here you have a disk. yes, you need to erase the information so to speak, and the tradition wastes energy on this. that same demon who sits there, he must count. how many molecules go back and forth, and his memory becomes full. he erases it, a huge amount of energy is wasted on this, and the entropy, sorry, does not change. so, uh, but it turns out physics is moving.

forward, which means that the experiments of the last twentieth year of the nineteenth year showed that entropy can be reduced in this way. ultra- this means that in atomic physics, let’s say, by creating a quantum computer, it means that scientists are achieving the fact that it is possible to order the system, so to speak, and for a quantum computer. this is very important and at the same time the experimental entropy is proven to decrease by 2.5 times. that is, this supposedly disrupts the dynamics, but in reality everything is not like that, just keep an eye on it to get this whole thing done it is necessary, so to speak. cooling can be carried out in particular, so to speak, with the help of light, electromagnetic waves or photons. these photons, when scattered into atoms, ordering them, they spend a huge amount of energy, because they scatter and increase entropy. in such

systems, which, so to speak, allows you to reduce the temperature, so to speak, these ultra pads of atoms can generally bring the efficiency to 99 and nine per period, that is, many ninths, almost to 100%. almost to 100%. but, nevertheless, physics, there is no escape from the laws of physics, so to speak, well, i already know, 101 no, but given that the system is not closed. yes, everything is not so clear. well , come on, i don’t spend anything at all, it seems like i take it from me. porn yeah, but the aim was i didn’t even spend anything. i’m even like this molecule, it seems, although no, probably a molecule, it wasn’t a quantum stump moving in me. yes, it even captures what the point is, they say the system should be a closed

experiment. can help with me, oh my. what is not so difficult for me and the truth is eternal there is no such thing as engine failure. what is a good fellow? a-and split o quite so. i can do this for a long time. oops, wasted energy. well , i doubt it. well, this is the system. wow . you ruined my perpetual motion machine. damn it, well, the nobel prize is gone. well, okay, yes laughter with laughter, but uh yuri aleksandrovna, look at the first and second laws of thermodynamics . they prohibit the creation of a perpetual motion machine. yes, but at one time it was argued that vehicles heavier than air also could not fly. although it’s like they’re flying

nothing yet. yes, here you go, it’s legal. how has it been claimed by the chinese from time immemorial that they let out a snake, right? who is it anyway, who said that the first and second laws of thermodynamics are generally an axiom. this is the law. well, the scientists said. i am inclined to believe them in fact, but here’s how my colleague i just illustrated clearly. it seems to me that in general the progress of science is driven by those people who are constantly trying to refute what everyone has already proven to me a hundred times over there for 300 years in a row and let’s try, i couldn’t learn the first one second, and here i am still inclined to rely on engineers, who while scientists are trying to refute and are trying to come up with some new concepts that explain everything around and link everything to all the most complex phenomena of the modern world, and engineers are trying to improve efficiency to the highest

possible level. among other things, i have already given an example about the closed nuclear fuel cycle, but an even more impressive engineering device for this, in my opinion. this is a thermonuclear reactor. also well, in theory, when when and if well, we hope that after all, if it happens, and when it proves, yes , from here, but at the moment when the thermonuclear reactor is built and proves its viability, we will receive, well, an almost endless source of energy. and that too. well, it’s as if it’s not a perpetual motion machine, but an eternal source of energy or almost eternity, let ’s say 99.9 per period. they are building. let 's take a break for a moment advertising on ntv . we are broadcasting a program about science and a program about

how science will change our lives, in the next 10 years, in 10 years a perpetual motion machine will be created. our almost perpetual motion machine believes expert professor kapustin, prepare for today's broadcast. i read all sorts of fun ways to create perpetual motion machines and learned a lot about the inventions of perpetual motion machines. i 've heard it before, but here's a description of such engines. never seen it before. it turns out that the inventors of perpetual motion machines are a dime a dozen, and they all extract energy from nothing, or rather from a physical vacuum, their projects in simplicity and naivety are not inferior to the projects of geniuses, well, who lived centuries ago, a perpetual motion machine called vacuum energy plants have an efficiency even thousands of percent. but there is a fundamental difference between perpetual

motion machines and almost perpetual motion machines, and then it turns out that there are a dime a dozen of such engines around us, from the simplest to the very complex, a small turbine in a stream. if it doesn’t break and the water doesn’t run out, it’s almost a perpetual motion machine for several years. enough solar radiation is 60 mw per square meter, that is, 10 to the twentieth power of megawatts. this gives us almost eternal and almost free energy. how wonderful it is that after all, people who dream try and in general, they never learned the first second law of thermodynamics. i actually have faith in these people that they are still coming up with something. they will create it along the way. on this path, there is something very necessary for people for science. yes, andrei vladimirovich do you think that perhaps a perpetual motion machine is really being created? we are also doing something new for them. well, of course, but in fact

, a person usually shows his best qualities when he is pushed to the wall. and so he will really lie and somehow very slowly is how to act. this is why there are questions of the energy crisis. he will always stimulate. uh, finding new sources of new perpetual motion machines. in this sense, really. eh, now i’m moving a little away from the position of a skeptic. we're just greeting yes, that means, uh, really closed nuclear. the cycle is almost a perpetual motion machine. that is, we have really heavy elements. uranus is enough for him. well, maybe not for 1,000, but for many hundreds of years, but they will still end, so the real ones are from mine point of view, a real perpetual motion machine is, of course, an analogue of our sun; it is thermonuclear in our light elements. the whole universe. well, there are 99 and there are many nines in

the period of these elements. we have enough for the entire life of our descendants on earth, we light such a small, sun, sun. but, uh, i’ll say, honestly, ten years is not enough for this. and maybe, uh, because you 're appealing to the skeptic position. and now i’m watching the movie somehow, and maybe it’s precisely because it will appear in my hands how soon a closed nuclear cycle will appear, since it will be close and that’s all if they will use it for hundreds of years, then the study of thermonuclear fusion will continue, well, according to the residual feature. but if humanity were really pushed to the wall, maybe we would hurry up. so 10 years. we still won't have enough. yes, but maybe there is something else in parallel. on this path , we will create some discoveries, anatoly olegovich , maybe we will turn something upside down, and all the laws probably shouldn’t be turned over. you

might, well, i wouldn’t refer to the first law of thermodynamics. this is one of the formulations of the laws of conservation of energy, which this is the law of conservation of energy. in general , there is such an area of ​​​​activity that is called science; science obtains knowledge about the world, how it differs from knowledge of religious, ethical, and artistic. yes , they are mandatory for any person, regardless of gender, age, nation of religion, anywhere in the inhabited world and at any time. here is a statement at any time that is equivalent to the law of conservation of energy. today a ninth grader is doing an experiment, and in physics labs in 100 years the next tenth grader will do it. and repeat it will get the same result. this is the law of conservation of energy. if there were no law of conservation of energy, there would be no science, and the repetition of

an experiment would be uncertain every time. it would lead to a miraculous result; we get the same results over a long period of time ; modern science has not existed for so long, of course, but 300 years. the main work of science is precisely school work. this is a constant test of already acquired knowledge, so that there is a perpetual motion machine, because then science will be lost, then science will be lost, but at the same time, science with its attachment. now, regarding the law of conservation of energy, she didn’t say anything against heraclitus’s two. took to go into the same water, therefore, science has a deep philosophical basis in european. no, it cannot exist, as science without the law of conservation of energy is incomprehensible. why does it even exist? sergei, in my opinion, yes, developing this idea, very interesting and wise thoughts. so to speak, i am developing this idea. uh, that's 100 years ago . around there from 900 to 930, and physics

has undergone huge changes. we have created quantum quantum, in general, your science is yours physics and the theory of relativity. they completely changed the idea of ​​classical physics, they completely changed, imagine 30 years passed , so to speak, but the laws were not violated, the laws of classical physics remained the same, which began to talk about the speed of the speed of light, because quantum mechanics, but still all the laws classical physics. they are executed at these speeds. they are made in these sizes. are they all all the laws, time flows. uh, it’s also equally wonderful, of course, so to speak, all this can be shown. so to speak, it can be shown that time flows from the right and to the left, so to speak, the gemini man is also, so to speak, a creature. uh, that means a perpetual motion machine is

actually an effect. so gemini well- known, so to speak, the effect that two twins were born. so from one they put him in a spaceship. he flew away uh-huh and the other one remained on the ground, so to speak, but in relation to the first one he also moves with speed of light. and therefore, when the first one returns, they will be exactly the same as one and nothing will change. this is the answer to the twin paradox. so, that's why it's like this. i want to say that in 30 years the most profound changes have taken place, so to speak, and then after the thirtieth year for the next 100 years. it's already 2023. well, super big changes like this, changing all ideas in general, have not happened and, generally speaking, are not expected, so to speak. well, well , modern science does not foresee, of course, some kind of quantum will be created computer. this is obvious, so to speak, or quantum processors. they have already been created. and this has been done. there, in 10 years, so to speak, in comparison with this, but, nevertheless, development

happened. well, i already mentioned it there. and in principle, this landal, but there was the concept of entropy, and it exists , so to speak, it was introduced, so the concept of information entropy appeared, so to speak, in recent years, that is, information in information theory associated with calculations associated generally speaking with transformation , so to speak, e of how we generally do everything we also calculate that there is entropy, and it also increases or maybe decreases, but at the same time, so to speak, if there is a certain system, therefore, so to speak. what has changed is changing. everything, uh, well, it’s unlikely to say so, e legal preservation means, but nevertheless everyone is watching. let's see, okay? it became a little sad. yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, just believe it. they will certainly be fine. anatoly olegovich well, we are still discussing the creation of a perpetual motion machine, but here on earth. but, for example,

i don’t know, near a black hole the first law thermodynamics works or, for example, at the quantum level, i’ll tell you something more terrible, maybe not exactly this and let’s deviate, maybe not in very professional language, but i’ll say something in which humanity and modern science have been living for two decades. uh, there are no problems with dark matter, which is more correctly called dark matter. no. yes , most likely, the dark substance that confuses the country may look exactly the same; it simply does not absorb and does not emit light, but this substance has such a concept in science as dark energy. yes, that’s a beautiful term, what it hides underneath. accurate measurements of the distances from the stars to the galaxy, the speed of their expansion, showed that the galaxy is flying away with acceleration

and, accordingly, the potential energy of gravitational interaction is growing, the kinetic energy is growing , but this is simply a blatant violation of the conservation law, but science cannot state this, because otherwise it is not science from science. uh, the law of conservation of energy is the uniformity of time, how can we resolve the issue, when we see a blatant violation the law of the structure of the homogeneous everything works, everything is confirmed, the scientific way is to say that our universe is not a closed system. we are a sheep in a multidimensional space, and then we see only some piece, but according to my ideas. these are already some very strong stretches. the world cannot be so complicated, heraclitus is probably right after all. you cannot enter the same water twice and a miracle happens every moment. but science somehow still manages to exist due to its practical mercantile science.

you need to relax and not worry about the fact that she might disappear. if suddenly something doesn’t work out for her and just relax and really find something like that, it won’t be science, miracles are all around us, but science doesn’t see them, and then why is it needed? you see, here. why is this necessary? why miracles? why something like that? nine well, not at all. this is a different matter, so to speak. this is a huge job. so to speak, the number of people and , generally speaking, great people who, so to speak, invested their brains, so to speak, general permeability. well, insight is whatever you want to drag such people, such people do not often come across shit. the most important animal, so to speak, but they are just these fantasies. they just continue writing it out in obvious forms. it's obvious to them. and then it confirms this experimentally, or vice versa, look for

an experiment, they explain it, you kill it, if we admit it, well, after all, applied science does not stand still. well, fundamentally. i hope it develops too. maybe we'll just take and refute the first and second law of thermodynamics. well, then everything will come together, finally. oh well, uh, disputes about work, the first second violation of the first second law of thermodynamics. this is always a question of whether the system is closed; if we leave a small loophole, then we can violate both the first and second laws of thermodynamics. in fact. i really like there is a good example from isaac asimov , in my opinion, the work of the gods themselves is actually, as it was said. we live on a brane, but someone can live on another brane if we open a small door there, that is, we we can also reset entropy and in general create everything that exists, since we really have the universe expanding. with acceleration, you need something, some kind of clicks that are looking for. they will as soon as this

crack appears. they will definitely find her. and since they didn’t find it, it apparently hasn’t appeared yet. therefore, you need to develop tools, something like a crowbar for branes, which you just don’t need to chop down a tree. and something like this, well, i understand, but something is good who is in that world that’s exactly my question then. duck is an optimist in our guest esthetic. but in general, well, in principle , the confidence of scientists in the immutability of the first law of thermodynamics and the second law of thermodynamics does not at all slow down the development of science and technology. and this is how to balance here. yes, it seems like it’s like believing, but it develops on hand or not believing and developing. i just thought it would be interesting to do the math. how much thermal energy work scientists have spent trying to prove or return it is possible, the creation of information and the possibility of creating a perpetual motion machine. and

in general, it seems to me that the number of scientists in the world is still growing, because, well, scientific thought does not stand still, and more and more different subsections of scientific schools will appear. so i think that scientists are not slowing down, on the contrary. it’s like all the time the competition there is much more intense than in some other areas. it seems to me that everyone wants to refute a colleague, or prove something new, or discover something new. so there is a perpetual motion machine in the minds of scientists. it has already taken shape. yes, it’s really nice that a scientist from the institute rephrased your questions so that the answer was clear. shouldn't the scientific method of research slow down the development of science? do you think the scientific method of research can hinder the development of science or not? no, yes, well, the scientific method is based on the law of conservation of energy, scientific knowledge is mandatory for everyone. again, the shelf denies the miracles do not intersect. it was a dogma that everyone believed in, but it appeared. why is it

me? i simply reformulated this as the obligatory nature of scientific knowledge at all times. and an experiment carried out today under the same conditions, repeated tomorrow, will give the same the result is that there are no miracles. this is the basis of science, but at the same time, you yourself said, this is the scientific method. the data obtained outside of this method is not scientific. well, you know, there is this question: can the scientific method slow down the development of science? he cannot slow down, without him there is no science. without this foundation there is no science. well, i’d like to end with an optimistic conclusion, so i don’t remember who said it, but it’s a wonderful phrase that at a certain level of technology development is indistinguishable from magic, so maybe we’re just

bananas are just a little undergrown, advertising on ntv, and now they buy them not for the pulp. bio supplements with collagen. this is a global deception of sour cream. which brands are diluted with palm oil? why incandescent lamps are better than led lamps can not spirals do not burn out forever, our consumer supervision will figure it out on saturday 13:10 on ntv the program science and we is on air , a program about how science will change our lives in the next 10 years, a question for you all. how likely do you think it is? in 10 years , a perpetual motion machine will still be created. well let's anatoly olegovich, do you have a forecast. let me say with 100% probability and explain that this is what we will have , we will have some kind of electronic devices without external power sources. and this explain this will

work. humanity produces a huge amount of vibrational garbage. now we will measure the spectrum of these vibrations and in nanotechnology work is underway to create a device that converts the vibrations produced by humanity into electrical energy and such devices will work within 10 years, we will have a watch without a battery. u we will have gadgets that consume little without a battery, that will simply use the garbage produced by human civilization video process vibration so it so it passes heat, well, yes, of course, well , what, when a city sleeps a city is always a city, never sleeps, but moscow will never live in moscow without a battery. we can live without batteries. this is what technology promises us in the next 10 years. here in russia they do this. yes yes. i made, uh,

a battery that lasts forever. so here he is lives in saratov and works in a branch of our institute. and there, once every six months, let’s say we meet with him. he opens the refrigerator. and it ’s in his refrigerator. he says, you see, the battery is working, so to speak, the battery is working and the battery is only working inconveniently. eh, but it works. forever, do you understand? what, but it works forever, and then it turned out that it was just an ordinary electrical effect. peltier, which operates on temperature differences. here it is in the refrigerator, so to speak, and he opens it. temperature changes, so to speak, and here comes the electricity to open the refrigerator. she won't. so yes. and if these vibrations, so to speak , you have different vibrations, so to speak, and your clock will be faster. your clock will go faster, why vladimir oh how oh the clock

is ticking. in general, we will, of course, have watches without batteries, but it’s different for everyone. no, why are you like that? it’s equally interesting, but maybe, maybe the clock will still show something additional about a person’s character, other than temporary. thanks a lot. i'm still a skeptic, so zero. that is, uh. i certainly can't be zero. maybe, well then it can’t be 100%; for optimists , it can be 100%, everything’s fine. i hope i believe that with 90 percent there we will get a closed nuclear cycle that actually works. but i still don’t consider this a perpetual motion machine. but a thermonuclear one will not be built in 10 years, so i would call it a perpetual motion machine. uh, but uh, humanity will come to it when

the lack of heavy elements hits it hard by the gills. a little bit later, so for now zero thank you yulia alexandrovna do you have a forecast? how likely is it that there will be competition between the closed nuclear fuel cycle and thermonuclear energy? it seems to me that there is just competition between these two directions. in fact, in nuclear energy there is always competition that separates individual teams from individual areas. it always ultimately led to some kind of development in one or the other direction. so here i think that, well, there is no need to argue against the wall and leave one option. it's better, uh understands the secret in the nuclear industry, different people are responsible for the cycles. tomorrow you can achieve results faster. i’m still an optimist, so i’ll say so moderately that we’ll get closer to 80%. well, how would we take another step, because

to get closer to perpetual motion in the context of eternity , which i have already spoken about, because, for example, within the framework of work on a closed nuclear fuel cycle, a program for the development of science, technology and technology is being implemented. it has an expiration date, i think it's the thirtieth of the year. and by the thirtieth year, nuclear scientists, and they are very disciplined, always try to fulfill their obligations to the state from and the slummers are obliged to prove the possibility of certain technological systems of devices that are planned within the framework of the breakthrough project. so i think that by the year 1930 we will definitely see some results, and then the facilities of the breakthrough project are already being built in full seversky style, that is, well, a little later there in 1930. i think they will work, and we can all go and see how it all functions. in general, the device is like a large system. in fact, how many objects there are in the construction of mechanisms, including the people who manage it all, and so on, we have an optimistic power of interest. thank you very much for the understanding that professor kapustin explained to us, so to speak, what

a perpetual motion machine is based on the first second law of the first dynamics. so to speak, it, of course, will not be created. that is, the probability will be poured out or so to speak, close to zero of this, well, i want to listen. but right is that, but, but is that really, so to speak, the fact is that the solution of uh, thermonuclear fusion is so uh confident that it will allow us, so to speak, it won’t refute the laws. uh, thermodynamics. it will not disprove the law of thermodynamics. it will, indeed. so to speak, the eternal concept of what a very long-running engine can create is yes. there will be a high probability here, so to speak. she is 10 years old or not 10 years old. well, i’m not sure, i can’t say for sure, because there’s a huge amount that works for this rtr program there are huge funds, so to speak, that are being invested not only in our country, but also abroad there is very strong cooperation, therefore, in principle, in 10 years

it could happen that a thermonuclear reactor will be created that works, so to speak, well then, what’s his name? we still need to optimize for the station, there and so on. if you at least work uh, this will generally leave 20. so, yes, so that you are satisfied, so to speak, and we are satisfied. yes 20%, thank you very much. so volodya well, of course, you know, 50/50 in one word someone who believes in perpetual motion machines. i think we need to cut at least a couple of percent. no, let's leave it. what are they anyway? yes, it’s interesting, of course, and let’s explain once again that we are not going to violate the first law and the second law of thermodynamics, but a little bit, yes, well , it just turns out that if we really light up on the ground , my sunshine, well, in general

, this will be enough for us for several million years, this will count. it seems to work for me. this engine is a million years old or a million years and 10 months. here yes yes yes yes me will suit you perfectly and don’t forget that we have dark matter. and as soon as we figure it out, what will it give us? well, in general, for now, look at what i have created for you and for everyone. yes i understand. that we have wonderful scientists who advance science, do not stand still, and make our lives more interesting and easier, this was the science and we program about how science will change, including our lives in the next 10 years . believe in our scientists, especially ours in russia, they really move our coffee forward. bye.

vasily petrovich please excuse me, i can ask you a few questions about the tender. okay, get in the car and we’ll talk, on the way, vasily petrovich, excuse me, you forgot to sign the business trip order, but i have to go tomorrow. yes? sorry, let's go here. and here it is. thank you. but no, no, he instructed me to answer all yours.