[000:00:00;00] in the same medicine it will appear that using the same signals it is possible to determine diagnostics that were not done at all before, for example, uh-huh, and uh, gradually the world will move into a state of constant screening rather than treatment, we haven’t happened yet, but 10 -15 years, all wearable devices will already have an ecg, they will determine a lot of things, and the threats that come from there are serious, but first of all it is that our consciousness is changing, europeans, for example, have followed the path of what some parts of artificial... the use, for example, to collect biometrics in public places, social scoring, some other things will be prohibited, and this immediately leads to an outflow of innovation from europe, 18% immediately to a drop in the level of security, it should be noted, here are the philosophical questions here, and here we, as a society, have to discuss it internally, but we, what we want, this information flow still influences us, especially if in childhood, here are the germans, i know us now, how serious it will be is unclear, but they are discussing what

ban gadgets in schools, for example, yeah, because well, we also have such conversations, a solution, but in order to defend ourselves in general , we probably need some kind of value history, but again this is not my thing, how can i say it, i still have to talk about my part, otherwise i’ll leave into some kind of philosophy or futurology, this is not my task, but the threats are obvious, yes, thank you very much for the conversation, thank you for the invitation. hello, in russia the decade of science and technology, the ntv television company and the state corporation rosatom present a program: science and us, a program about how science will change our lives

in the next 10 years. i am vladimir antokhin, yakaterina shugaeva, in 10 years science will understand the nature of electricity, well, i would really like to at least understand electricity, finally, so i invited optimists who believe that in 10 years science will really understand the nature of electricity, this is eldar abdyukhanov , material ovet, good evening, and andrey kolubov, physicist, specialist in nonlinear dynamics, hello, good evening, in general it’s actually very surprising, we have so much electrical stuff, but science still doesn’t understands clearly what it is, so i think that 10 years will not be enough to figure it out, yes, traditionally my guests are skeptics, konstantin ivanovsky, physicist and materials, good evening, vyacheslav kulagin, energy engineer, economist, good evening, at the end of the program, our guests, optimists, will make a forecast with what probability in 10 years science will really understand the nature of electricity, our expert professor kapustin will tell about the history of electricity ; the discoverer of electricity is considered to be

the ancient greek thales, smeletsky, who was the first described the ability of worn amber to attract pieces of fabric. the greeks called yantai an electron, which means attracting. luigi galvani tortured frogs in the late 18th century and noticed that the frog's muscles contracted when they were near an electric machine. in 1799 , volt created the voltaic pole, the first. source of continuous electric current. our scientist, vasily petrov, created a battery of thousands of copper and zinc plates of ammonia, and he discovered the processes of gas release under the influence of current. well then followed by the discovery of the laws of ohm and ampere, the creation of an electric motor, and the establishment of a connection between electrical and magnetic phenomena.

and finally, lodygin’s light bulb disappeared. nat, this is how they tell you, every time they tell you this way, you want to listen directly, i have a personal question for you, have you ever been given an electric shock, i’ll tell you a secret, women have such massagers, every evening, with two the electrodes constantly give me a slight electric shock and my eye twitches, that is, i get an electric shock every evening, that is when you wink at me, i understand that you get an electric shock, have you ever been electrocuted, listen, i’m not here, but our friend pavel has a wonderful animal, and how it is connected with electricity, and then he combs it, says that literally showers sparks, but exactly, exactly, vyacheslav aleksandrovich, and when was the first time people encountered electricity, you know, it’s an interesting question, because i think that

they collided right up to the very moment. of his appearance, let's imagine an ancient man, here he is walking there somewhere, suddenly it began to rain, and then there was lightning, he doesn’t understand what it is, but he feels that something is wrong here, he went for... a swim, he seemed to be swimming, everything was fine, suddenly there was some kind of blow, although it seemed no one hit, by the way, there is ancient evidence that these are electric stingrays or sama, or eel, for example, electric, in ancient times, because they could not explain what it was, they even offered to be treated, if you are sick, find such a fish, dive next to her, let her shock you, electrophoresis, yes or there for example, here is the same example as with a cat, as we did in childhood at school, for example, a favorite activity, this is an experiment, rub either a comb or a pen and see how the leaf rises, but let’s imagine an ancient person, they were like that

shaggy, woolen, and so he also took it with a stick, scratched himself, then suddenly accidentally noticed that a leaf was stuck to the stick, he realized that something was wrong, but he couldn’t explain it, of course, that’s what was sold in many ways such mythological properties, by the way, let’s remember ancient greece, mythology, who... the strong god there from the olympians, zeus, the thunderer, who could control lightning, this came from there, but in an amicable way, the term electricity itself appeared only in 1600 ad, uilel helbert described it accordingly, but he described more about magnetism, there he first introduced such a concept as electricity, and indeed further, starting from the 14th century, there were many studies that professor kapustin spoke about, by the way, nosov made a great contribution to this study, that is, there is a whole series research, there's about 200 years ago the first energy generator appeared, that is, it was introduced, 150 years ago an incandescent light bulb appeared somewhere

, and somewhere more than 100 years have passed since the civil war passed in our country and people got access to electricity, that is, fortunately it’s us received, well, by the way, about light bulbs in every house, it must be said in fairness that... according to un estimates, about 700-800 million people do not know what electricity is and do not have access to it, that is, one eighth of the planet, let’s say 1/9 doesn't have access to electricity, amazingly konstantin vasilyevich, how people used to explain what electricity is, i actually remember my childhood, when we were children, we didn’t rub sticks, we took a blanket in the dark and started shaking it like this, sparks fell from it, who did this in the camp , they kind of thought, what kind of wizard is there in the dark with a blanket, a spark, before, how people explained what electricity is, it was foley smiletsky, about whom we already talked, and then, in general, there was such a period, almost 2,000 years, when some in-depth scientific

research in this part or or even though if there had been no study of this process at all, there would not have been, already in the 16th century the first scientists began to appear who began to study this phenomenon more substantively, studied magnetic phenomena, these studies appeared in russia, there mikhail ... lamonosov, he studied these phenomena in the atmosphere , including lightning, northern lights, he himself would observe from the north, let our tv viewers ask me, in philadelphia , if there are any, it is believed that the first lightning rod was invented by franklin, benjamin franklin, yes, in fact, in about 25 years before this, the first thunderbolt already stood on the nevyansk tower, this is the city of nivyansk, the ancient city of novorali, in 1725 this tower was completed on it... so he can look at nature, on the screen, now they brought out a photograph, there was a letter, it was such a ball, approximately 30 cm in diameter, with spikes, in general, it already performed the function of the first letter-maker and it did not stand for beauty, but having already performed it, it stood precisely in order to perform this function and

still perform the function, it remains, it remains only to understand franklin was an honorary member of the russian academy of imperial sciences, so that he could find out about it, he stole everything from our tower to investigate everything at once. on this, on this intrigue, let's take a break from advertising on ntv, superstar, new season , today our participants will perform their most important, most super hit, i can’t, i can’t continue this way, i’m so tired, so tired, i want to rest , i could barely restrain my impulse so as not to jump... on this table and do something indecent here, how many years have you not

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i'm alive, i, this is my job, we are being pursued by some armed people, you know what kind of work we have, what is not a challenge is a risk to life, i was bitten, and evelina went on a trip, we need to contact the police, no, no, the police don’t need to be involved, it’s stressful, well, yes, no shock, the long-awaited continuation of your favorite series, so quiet, no calls, what? people stopped getting sick, that’s good, more walks in the fresh air, more positive emotions, that’s absolutely true. ambulance, new. i wish you good health, good morning, from november 7 at 20:00 on ntv, the program is on air, we are science, science and we, a program about how science will change our lives in the next 10 years, in 10 years science will understand the nature of electricity,

even i don’t know whether it will be reflected, the main thing is whether it will affect our lives, well, i don’t know, by the way , our expert, professor knows the whole truth about electricity: kapustin , we know everything about electricity, or we just think that we know. school textbooks say that electric current is the movement of electrons and ions. ions carry charge in electrolytes, free electrons in metals. in fact, electric current is not movement, but charge transfer. even university textbooks say that bound electrons in metals move without energy consumption. along metal axes, well, well, this is terrible, simply, in metals, bound electrons do not move anywhere, they move around the nucleus, move freely, move at no cost, their wave function is described by the flea function, which requires strict periodicity of the ion potential

composition. deviation from periodicity is caused by temperature when the ions oscillate and the field is distorted. no, well, everything seems to be clear, the individual words are all understandable, but in totality, this is apparently also science , like everything comes from an outlet, but thank god it does, yes, andrei vladimirovich, well , really, what sciences are being studied today studying electricity and how do they explain what it is? well, in the basics, well, the main thing is still electrophysics, that is, this is the main science that studies, well, in many ways , the behavior, the electrical properties of different materials and how they change depending on the temperature of the applied voltages of magnetic electric fields, but this is only one piece, because in fact electricity, and not inextricably linked with magnetism, any movement of an electric charge causes

the appearance of a magnetic field, and magnetic field, on the contrary, can cause electric , and there is also a wonderful thing called electromagnetic... the light that blinds us and which reveals something to us, this is an electromagnetic wave and also refers to electricity, so in fact it surrounds, it is created with the help of electrical forces, it is visible with the help of electric electromagnetic fields, that is, we actually live in a world of electricity, well, movement, magnetism, well, electricity is everywhere around us, so if we, for example, look at the mood atoms or, for example, how chemical substances interact, then quantum chemistry, this actually studies electrical forces at the level of atoms and, accordingly, molecules, no, but like all of them, these wonderful people,

i don’t know, wonderful sciences, by the way, i had electrophysics in this, how do they explain in a simple way what electricity is, what runs where, where from? well, yes, when an electron moves around an atom, around the nucleus, is this electricity? of course, and that is, once again, that’s it, let’s do this, if we, for example, talk about metals, then the free charges in one cubic centimeter are about 10 to the 22nd power or 10 to the 23rd power, in this range, we probably get it , something like... uh, a million billion billion, well a little less, that is, this is a fantastic number and this is only one centimeter and these are only free electrons, and if we are talking about electrons that are still spinning around the nucleus, then we multiply this by at least

10 more, wait, the most important thing is the source of everything electricity on the planet is electrons, but you said that quantum, quantum is also possible electricity, but this is the movement of photons, photons are also electromagnetic phenomena we are talking about, that is , we are talking about there are some fundamental, fundamental phenomena or interactions in nature, there are only four of them, electromagnetic, which we are actually talking about now, gravitational, which also has a long-range order of interaction, like electromagnetic ones, and there is nuclear interaction, strong and weak, strong and weak, it is carried there by gleons and vector, here are strong and weak nuclear interactions, and in fact we are talking about the fact that electromagnetic phenomena, and well , gravitational phenomena, they probably form the basis of what we observe in nature, in the world, or what we create , that is... fundamental interactions in nature, so virtually all sciences, one way or another, they study

electromagnetic manifestations somewhere, no, i realized that a lot of all nations all sciences are studied, tell me exactly what electricity is, science is unknown, science is still weak, in general , well, look, we have a classical view of the world, that is , classical theory, there is quantum theory, in the classics, for example, we are... an electron as a particle, a fundamental particle, possessing a minimal, correspondingly quantum charge, it carries it somewhere, we can say in the classics that an electron is running, it has coordinates, it has a velocity vector, well, an impulse, and if we move to the quantum world, then this is already a wave, well, there is bloch’s, and accordingly, we cannot say, we can with some probability ... say where it will be, so all the modern successes that we have now, superconductivity, there is quantum transfer,

it is connected with that what we are starting to watch at the world with quantum eyes, with quantum ones, when we look at the world with quantum eyes, everyone immediately appears in a certain confusion, that is , i still, in english there is such a statement from one professor who was constantly asked, explain to me all sorts of quantum... in the end he could not stand it, he said shut up and calculate, that is, we have learned to count the quantum world, but have not yet learned to understand it, nevertheless, electricity, described by quantum mechanics, has indeed given us superconductors, which are entering our world, new materials are now giving more and more, well, it’s all working , well, so good, good, about the work ildar mansurovich, well, i have here... i have a small experiment, i prepared it,

potatoes, watch they don’t work, the watch doesn’t work, it doesn’t work, you see, it doesn’t work, now we just plug it in and the watch starts working , that is, we have electricity , it turns out, under what conditions does electricity generally appear and where does it go then, if i turn it off, it disappears , that is, it seems to me is there potassium? 40, and this is already nuclear physics, and that is, it means that electricity can be nuclear , not only quantum and electronic, which means, ekaterina and vladimir, i will slightly disappoint you now, no electricity has arisen or disappeared, it’s not there at all does not arise and does not disappear, it exists in our universe regardless of us , electricity arose when matter arose, because electricity, well, let 's say so, is the whole set of interactions and effects that... arise when particles interact on

the element of electrons carrying an electric charge, these include electrons, you absolutely need at least electrons to begin with, not only not only not only, the carrier of the electric charge can be electrons, and maybe a proton, which goes into the nucleus, atom, and now think, everything around us consists of atoms, inside any material object that exists around us, there are charged particles, that is, wherever there are protons, electrons, at least, everywhere means... that is, wherever there are particles, there is electricity everywhere, uh, well, let’s do this, everywhere there are certain interactions associated with the presence of these charged particles , therefore there is electricity, we agreed, electricity is the totality of all these effects of the interaction of phenomena, so what you have just demonstrated is this is one of the effects, well, let’s put it this way, it’s an electrochemical voltage generator, that’s how it works, this wonderful experience with potatoes in childhood, many people listen to how at least there is electricity there. because electrochemical, which means electricity arising from chemical reactions, yes, electricity arising from various

kinds of chemical reactions, processes, and so on, and it makes it flow in a closed system, so when you stuck your wires into a potato, you closed an electrical circuit, these are the same electrochemical processes, well, in this case they can be called electromotive force or something like that, they caused an electric current to flow in a closed network so that there was an electric current, you need two conditions, the first is a free... charge carrier, these can be particles , quasi-particles, for example, in semiconductors these are so-called holes, yes, in metals, like your favorite electrons, well, here is the second condition, a certain force that will make them move, in this case, this is the force that arises when, when sticking electrodes into a potato, the electrochemical potential is a stupid question, i have electrons, well, let’s say let’s dwell on them, yes, yes, yes, it’s very difficult, there are electrons, there is a force that moves them, there is a wire, so they ran from here... they ran away there and didn’t make it, it’s not true, i was just always interested in childhood, they

run on a wire from here and there, they run, okay, it’ll end, they can all run away so that it doesn’t end, the network the network should be, uh, closed, well, it may not be closed , anyway, i will have a piece in the wire with electricity, they ran, they ran away, you know, our colleague just said that the number of free charge carriers in the wire is so enormous that so that they all they ran away, but i don’t know, everyone ran away no, but it will take a very long time to wait, 10:2, they called yes, well, how interesting, no, they are real, good, but if i close this wire, they will really run like that. ekaterina, i think that you know, here it must be said that in general the transfer, the transfer of electricity as such does not occur due to electrons, well, including, that is, they move, yes, but even the speed of transfer itself is everything- after all, this is still a wave effect, this is a wave moving, or, let’s say, an electromagnetic field, it moves quickly, that’s what we see there: the rapid transmission of a signal through wires from one city

to another, through telephones, something else, this electromagnetic field is transmitted. and that is, it is not the electron that runs from moscow to st. petersburg, and so, the electron moves , millions of times slower, billions of times slower probably, than a wave, so we are talking in general about the wave nature of this effect, all electricity is generally a wave, it's clear? of course, this was obviously good from the very beginning, vyacheslav aleksandrovich, well, okay, but why is there also, for example, we often hear, there is a constant, a variable, what is this? which one is better ? well, if you imagine a river , there are electrons like droplets, so they are all moving in one direction, this is a direct current, and if they start to move chaotically in different directions, this is already variable, respectively wire, depending on

what kind of wire, if we are, well, mostly common, of course, during transmission. energy and alternating current, this has its advantages , because in order to use less wires over a smaller cross-section to conduct current, you need to increase the voltage, increase the input voltage accordingly, and then, on the contrary, lower it, uh yes, that is, from high to low, but this is an expensive process, it is expensive for direct current, for alternating current due to transformers and so on, it is quite cheap to do, therefore they are used, and this is... the properties of a constant variable, why when they run in a straight line, they are not confused, why not, they run normally, but they need to be converted from voltage, for example, a high-voltage line, to a sharply lower voltage, here here you need to install quite expensive equipment, since they first need to increase the voltage and then lower it, they prefer to use alternating current, but there are a number of other things, that is, for example, alternating current, when there is an interruption, it’s

okay, if constant, conditionally war, problems are already arising here. there, if we have alternating current, again we inserted it into the socket, no matter which side the plug is inserted into the sockets, but in a certain device it is naturally converted into direct current, either in an electric car or somewhere else, that is, we are converting these currents the consumer already has the one that is actually needed, as a rule, it is often really constant, some devices easily operate on alternating voltage, for example, for electricity. for large transfers, as a rule variable is used because it is cheaper, although constant also has its advantages, but first, there is no need to synchronize the generators at the input according to phase purity;

, it is more evenly redistributed, there is no reactive reactive voltage in it, that is , nothing is thrown back and forth, plus or minus it can be immediately plus or minus there, let’s say direct current can be directed to charge the drive, that is, it also has its advantages, but as a rule , it’s still this complexity and... knowing the voltage drop leads to the fact that variables are used more often, and constants are only somewhere in underwater cables, or now there is a rather interesting solution along ultra -high-voltage high-voltage lines, of great length, which just work on direct current, and then there is a conversion to alternating current, okay, you want one more trick, i’ll do one more, look, i have another question, i still

don’t understand anything , look, it’s like a light bulb, do you see it's not lit? and the wires are dipped in distilled water so that you don’t doubt it, that is, it turns out that this is it, that is, the water does not conduct, the insulator is distilled. now look, this is ordinary salt, poured salt, now let's stir, look, you see, the light bulb lit up, and the salt conducts electrons, not the salt, but the solution, conducts electrons, closes the circuit without even touching, okay, then let's remember one more joke, konstantin vasilyevich, as you remember, when you were a child at school they said that there are conductors in the carriage, why are there no semiconductors , especially insulators, well, in general, yes, yes, such a joke, but really, why are all this, conductors, insulators, semi-insulators needed in

electricity? well, let me first make a reservation, a little reservation in the sense that there are conductors, semiconductors, and dielectrics, what you say, let’s say an insulator, here are dielectrics, dielectrics, this is a particular particular, as it were, a name for a dielectric, a functional name, an insulator, dacilized by whom was was an insulator and she was a dielectric well an insulator netol it took a long time to explain, nevertheless, it’s correct to say insulators, i myself will get confused, don’t confuse me, in fact , there are actually, well, that is, three groups of materials, yes, we are talking, i even brought with me, we have samples , and you still have them, i brought conductors, they, as a rule, well, they, they are usually represented by metals, metals, so good, conductors, this is what conducts electricity well, that is, what wires are made of, all kinds and they are divided by resistivity, there are metals

that, as a rule, have resistance there 10 minus the fifth dash there is 10, well, a third meter there, in general it conducts well , there are conductors that have a resistivity there from ten minus the sixth , maybe there is a barrier up to 10 in the eighth meter and a dielectric, which... resistance from ten eight and above there are up to 10-16 degrees of meter, that is, dielectrics do not conduct, electronic-electrics do not conduct electricity, and there is generally something that does not conduct at all, but they are dielectrics , after all, somehow this does not happen in nature at all, that is this is all determined in at some level there, well, maybe i don’t know the peak of amperes, tampers, there is always some kind of conductivity, zero value, vacuum gap, if you really have, then accordingly the absence of matter or complete antimatter, that is, it will not be electricity

, please look here look, there are samples of metals, metals are almost always good conductors , there is no dielectric metal, everyone has seen ordinary metals, yes, but there are specific ones, let’s say zirconium, cobalt, copper, nickel, that’s scand. clean, even liquid metal, here is liquid metal, this is ruby, it is also a conductor, it is in a flask here because it is explosive, ruby, ruby, rubidi, rubidi, yes, you have semiconductors that are already used in electronics, here are the samples presented silicon, rossinide galium, antimanide india, from which, in general, later they make electronic devices , microchips, well, first they make epitexial plates like this, here is a sample, they are already applied to... the entire structure, because the plate conducts poorly, am i right understand, this is a semiconductor, it both conducts and does not conduct, depending on the conditions applied, applied, there are insulators that do not conduct at all,

because well, they have such properties, this is all determined by the so-called band structure, which are unstable, more so in detail, if a little, it means that the plate can be supported while you draw, yes, of course, it can be determined: and this is that it’s straight cerconium, all this is due to the properties of the band structure of these materials, they won’t plant so much and you can’t open it carefully, why and i you can look, yes, you can only with one eye, but why be careful because this is a highly pure material, it gets dirty from ours from dust and how to clean it later, and then there are special devices, washing machines, special conditions where they are where they are processed in clean rooms and so on you have such there are some of us. they even enter these rooms in a special suit, for them we are an environment that brings well, well, i would understand that everything needs to be washed like this, if it were all a super

dielectric and insulator, but otherwise, well, this it’s just a semiconductor, it wouldn’t hurt to have a couple of extra elements, but for electronics, where there are very thin transitions, where everything goes on the edge, and there, say, low voltages or low currents, this is very important, therefore, here are its properties it is precisely these materials that are determined by the band structure, we should always, well, usually consider such a situation, that is, we have it in any material. the valet zone, yes, we studied at school, the valet zone and the conduction zone, the valet zone is, this is a state, an electronic state that is filled electrons, the outermost filled electron shell is, well, let’s say, the ceiling of the valence band, that is, they are all electrons here, they are collected here, they are not, but they are in all states inside, they are all crammed here, okay, the conduction band is like rule is empty. here, between the

conduction band and the jack band, the so-called forbidden band is designated ig. so , the properties of materials depend on the size of the bandgap; for a dielectric, this is a band that is usually larger than three electrons. very big, very big, so they they can’t run here from here, so only under a certain influence, say, photon excitation, well, in general, they need to be pushed, they need to be pushed, okay. semihydrogen, this zone is smaller, it occupies approximately, well, it can be less than 3 electrons, yeah, and transitions can already occur here, that is, sometimes someone runs away here, there is, there is, there is a possibility at temperatures above zero that electrons will go into the conduction band, there is a so-called fermi level, and when it’s cold, they don’t run anywhere, but when at absolute zero, this is when 0 kl, uh-huh, uh-huh, at this

temperature, yes, all the electrons are in the jack zone. at temperatures above zero , it occurs that electrons will move into the conduction band. but with metals, they don’t have this zone, they have intersection, intersection, they are generally a conductor , they are conductors, the conduction zone intersects with the valence zone, that’s all, they don’t stop here at all, they run back and forth, the electrons are actually in conduction zone, and are not free, therefore. free electrons, they make it possible to organize, well, let’s say, to provide the electric current of a conductor, to be honest, it has become clearer , these same properties provide, for example, other observable effects, for example, the shine of a metal, why, because it has free electrons that provide, like scattering of light, so the metal on the cross-section there always shines, but here you know, volodya , in fact, everything is very simple, it’s like look, it’s like a married couple, husband and wife, they

have all the time... they really everyone actually lives together, and this is generally like love at a distance, well, it’s so-so, it’s not a fact that anything will get somewhere at all, now you understand how to explain what electricity is, advertising on ntv, mom, mom, it’s clear that a man with a yumk, a boy with a gusto. avatar show - new season. sunday at 20:20 on ntv. superstar - new season, saturday at 20:20 on ntv. what is the cause of hemorrhoids? the problem may be in the veins. venarus helps increase the tone of the veins. osvechi vinoproctalium have local effects: venarus and vinoproctalium together against hemorrhoids. pay only 25% of the amount and the new sneakers are yours right away. and then

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you are, among your own people, it’s great, it’s... me, alexander osachiev. i discovered two ocean currents, and global climate forecasts became more accurate. and this is the moment when i realized that there is a whole sea of ​​seas in the world. and i wanted to know everything about them. develop an interest in science from childhood. enter science majors. rf. the program is on air: science and a program about how science will change our lives in the next 10 years. perhaps in 10 years he will... understand the nature of electricity, perhaps, perhaps, but not exactly, but our expert, professor kapustin, talks about electricity in nature. it would seem that we know everything about electric current, but neither quantum electrodynamics nor the quantum theory of electroweak interactions

can answer all the questions. in particular, we cannot explain the existence of electrons themselves, charge carriers, just as we cannot explain the existence of photons. carriers of this very electromagnetic interaction. by the way, our smaller brothers, who know nothing about electricity, have learned to use it. the electric eel is capable of generating a voltage of 500 v. such an electric shock can kill a person and even a horse; in total there are more than 300 varieties of electric fish on earth. eastern hornets are simply basking in the sun, their chitinous cover is a solar battery that converts sunlight into electricity, well, how such creatures generate electric current is still debated among scientists.

a lightning discharge can reach 3 million volts. by the way, in lightning particles move at half the speed of light, but also from people also benefit from receiving... electricity, now you can buy sneakers with a built-in generator, when walking a person generates, well, about 3 watts of electrical energy, it’s quite enough to recharge the phone, i thought that if we had quantum electricity or photonic, otherwise it would generally move at the speed of light, it would be super fast electricity, brilliant, i don’t know why he decided to share, why fast electricity is good for us, well, that’s always cool, no, really, that’s where strength is seen progress lies in the fact that previously different substances interfered, grew crystals, and then progress

was made by looking at their properties. now science has learned to predict, of course, it is not yet guaranteed, but at least to predict the direction of the search, and i think that in 10 years it will be possible to try to create materials with given properties, here there is really great progress, which i hope we will see the best thing is, the progress is obvious, the only thing is that i still really don’t understand, in addition to these high-temperature superconductors -20, in fact , electricity is a wave or particles , it’s still not very clear. konstantin vasilievich, you just have a demonstration, it’s true that we are generally studying, studying the phenomena of electromagnetic interaction of photons, for example, with a material, yes, that is, we are not only talking about conductivity due to electrons or other carriers , and just when we are developing materials for various applications in electronics and photonics, we

are precisely providing, well, let’s say, not understanding electricity, and understanding how to channel this nature in the right direction, somehow direct it, yes, it turns out, that is, we, we can get faster, i don’t know, processors, more low-temperature ones or less heated ones, some detectors there , yes or returning there, if we are talking about interaction. waves there with the material, well, here’s an example, here’s a crystal - this is silicate silicate adapted to cerium , these are rare earth metals, so i just pointed an ultraviolet flashlight at it , but if you look closely here, you can see luminosence it is in such a blue bluish such a fili fili color this is luminosity this is a glow and cerium which, after excitation by an ultraviolet photon of the silicate matrix , receives energy from the matrix and lights up in the required wavelength range.

and so we learned to obtain materials, yes, which, when excited by ultraviolet or x-rays or gamma quanta, emit in the required range of the visible range for detection, and that is, there is electricity inside there , electromagnetic phenomena occur there, that is actually we we. an electron from the valet band to the conduction band, from the conduction band the energy of the electron-hole pair is transferred to the serium ion, which is then cured, that is , we somehow still control the electromagnetic phenomenon or electronic states in the material. okay, eldar mansurovich, what breakthroughs in the study of electricity do you expect in the next 10 years , look at what terina and vladimir want about everything, it means that if we are talking about some... breakthroughs, which, for example, i

expect, then i expect first of all the appearance room-temperature superconductors, a superconductor can be a metal, which is a conductor, and oxide ceramics , which is a dielectric in normal states, yes, but when cooled to very low temperatures, this material becomes absolute, how to say, it is not about , does not provide resistance to the flow of current against it, we when we looked at... it turned out that in a conductor, that is, there is still some kind of resistance to the movement of electrons, in a superconductor there is no resistance at all, just that you like that when there is a word at all, it won’t be there at all, this is a super-family couple who have no incredibly family at all , everyone moves very much like this, no resistance, no matter how paradoxical it is, you described the theory in an amazing way, in superconductors, at least literally yes, we are talking about, there is such a concept, cooper pairs, that is, exactly the same pair that you are talking about, when two electrons combine and fly through

the crystal lattice, without seeing it, no interference, he flies them and well, now yes, now unfortunately, the existence of such a pair of super-seaplanes is only possible in a super-negative under some extreme conditions, low, very low temperature , or there you wait at room temperature for this to happen, in what funny, why can’t they do it now at room temperature, what’s stopping them? they didn’t find it, my colleague andrei said that now the theory of superconductivity, of course it has moved far, in some cases it can... predict, but so far it cannot predict that compound that will be superconducting at room temperature, while not a single theory prohibits the existence of room temperature, they just haven’t found the option of mixing one element with another, they haven’t met yet, they’re still looking, that’s literally a couple of months ago the whole world was rocked by the message that the koreans, in my opinion, no, let’s find them here, but we are koreans, even if we don’t need them there, we really are. i just wanted to say

about koreans that there is a small message somewhere there on some social network or somewhere else that the synthesized compound , which is super-hot at room temperature, just generated a storm, a flurry of all kinds of publications, responses, feedback in the scientific community, including our colleagues from fian were one of the first who, by the way, said that no, this is still a fake message, such a connection is not, as it was described, superconducting at room temperature, but the fact itself is important, how the entire community stirred up the message about that, well, finally found, this is what people have been looking for for more than 100 years. ok, people, these are such great guys, they have been looking for more than 100 years, superconductors at room temperature, but so what, in my ordinary life, i don’t know, konstantin vasilyevich showed up there, so what does it matter what i have there glows inside this kosi this material was developed for a reason in order to see the glow, it has a specific function, they are developed in order to be used in pet tomography, that is, from this

crystal on you can highlight some kind of rubbish inside a person then it, well, i don’t know, there ’s a tumor then. this is the same material for detecting gamma radiation , it is placed in the form of small pixels in a pet tomograph and detects gamma radiation that leaves the body, where, where the radiopharmaceutical is accumulated, that is, any material has some kind of functionality that can be achieved through understanding its electrophysical chemical properties, it is precisely this combination that allows, well, to transform energy, for example, the transformation of a gamma quantum into ultraviolet, this is actually a very serious... energy transformation, out of 500 kv we make about three or a half electron volts thousands of times, that’s what the magic of this transformation is today people are studying materials and synthesizing new ones, in general, everything, but we still need to find out from our guests,

optimists and skeptics, how likely it is that science will understand the nature of electricity in 10 years. so, dear guests, eldar mansurovich, let's go. let's start with you, you have forecast? yes, i believe that science will definitely understand with 100 % probability, it will understand and use electricity , new materials will appear, new ways, abilities and systems will appear for using electricity much more efficiently, it will make our lives better, the most interesting thing is that nothing is stopping us now appearing with this material despite the fact that we still don’t understand anything, so well, 100%. thank you very much, well, i would say that science will deal with this and study this phenomenon for probably decades to come, that is says that we have some kind of bar there, that we will understand this phenomenon in 10 years, well, probably, somehow it seems a little absurd to me, so probably, so let’s make a forecast for 10 years

that we let's figure it out, yes, this is this, this is an endless process of learning, as we will either understand or not, 50%, i believe, 50%, in 10 years, the fact that those problems that are facing in the field of electricity will be solved, well probability, let's do it, i'm 99%, based on the fact that we, uh, how will we begin to create materials, devices, consciously with open eyes, with the help of this we, of course, will really make life much better for... well, let's do this, everyone has a computer at home, uh, at first our winchesters were slow, that is, how quickly the operating system began to load there, and this is actually one of the successes of electrophysics, well , there is a gigantic magnetic resistance, and