from the middle of the first millennium ad , the slavs began to develop the banks of the velikaya river, gradually they learned to build powerful fortress cities, including the foundation of pskov. the first chronicle mention of it dates back to 903. for almost 100 years, all life in the border lands of pskov will be subordinated to one goal - the protection of russian territories from onslaught from the west. the pskov region is located in the north-west of the european part of russia. it borders three states. estonia, latvia and belarus. from moscow to apsky by rail road. about 700 km, travel time by train 12

hours. you can also get to the city by bus or car. skov is a small regional center by modern standards with a population of about 200,000 people. in medieval europe, the city was considered one of the largest fortresses, impregnable to the enemy. many ancient monuments of vsky are included in the unesco list of world cultural heritage. the journey to pskov's past usually begins from krom, the center of the pskov fortress, its core, located on a high narrow cape at the confluence of the pskava river and great, krom is still the architectural dominant of the city. according to legend, a native of pskoye, princess olga, the wife of prince igor, herself pointed to this place. she ordered to build a temple here in the name of the holy trinity. there are gates leading to the holy trinity cathedral.

the high southern wall of the chrome, usually only the towers of the fortresses have a name, but in pskov the wall got its name: persia, which means chest. it was from the southern side that there was the most convenient approach to the fortification; there were no natural obstacles in the form of the avran rivers. in the wall of persia the first was to meet the enemy with its chest, so it was fortified better than all other parts of the fortress. and the persian wall is in poskovichi. for them this is a kind of symbol , the face of the city, even now, behind the wall of persia, everything that was most important and secret for the launchers was located, the treasury of the republic, the trinity cathedral, the main shrine of the city, the veche square, the strategic food supply, was located behind the wall of persia, and on the territory of krom, even later in the period of the classical middle ages, the late middle ages, the territory of krom is in in general, it’s a tough nut, the gate leads to a cleverly designed one. a narrow sleeve or

corridor sandwiched by sheer walls. this defensive structure is called zahab. the name comes from the ancient word ahabit - to capture. the enemy units that broke through here found themselves under crossfire . the vskovichi were excellent civil engineers. they skillfully defended themselves and their city. this was taught by their life in conditions of constant military threat. the squitches fought a lot. this of course affected them. psychology, if you met medieval launcher, you would understand that he is a suspicious person, yes, in general , so, here people were not immediately accepted with cordiality, with open arms, they lived collectively, they also resolved issues, but collectively, so to speak, on the veche square, so , but it must be said that pskov loved freedom; in the 13th century, pskov had to rapidly increase its defensive power. the vskovichi faced experienced knightly troops, the order... and then the levon

order. in 1240, for the only time in its history, the fortress fell, but 2 years later, the city was liberated by prince alexander nevsky of novgorod. it was near pskokov on the shores of lake chutskoye that the troops of alexander nevsky defeated the german knights in the famous battle on the ice. 6 km from pskov krom on mount sakalikhov, the memory of this battle elevates. he practically drew a border between the orthodox world and the catholic west, this border still exists today, it was unshakable in the most difficult times, this is really the border that was drawn by the historical wisdom of alexander nevsky. in common vernacular

at the meeting, the pskovites themselves chose their ruler and the talents of the military leader played an important role. lithuanian by birth, prince davmont ruled the pskov republic for 33 years. dovemont did not lose a single battle in the troubled 13th century. the memory of it is stored in the names of parts of chrome. in the museum, which is located in the executive chambers, you can see his sword. gradually the rich trade and craft city of pskov grew. it was surrounded by ever new rings of fortifications. of the five wall lines, three have survived, some of them are still looks impressive. the walls were reinforced with almost forty towers. the most heroic story is at pokrovskaya on the coal tower of the outlying city. in 1581, after a six-month siege , a fierce battle between the pskovites and the haiduks of

stefan batory broke out here. victory at the final stage of the livonian war was of great importance. the transfer of land in the northwestern part of russia was excluded. to the polish-lithuanian commonwealth. ancient castles and the unique landscape of the pskov lands attract many history buffs. dozens of re-enactor festivals take place here. one of the most famous and cathedral gathers guests near the isborsk fortress. isborsk was one of the oldest cities in russia. it is mentioned in the earliest ancient russian chronicles. the tale of bygone years. according to legend, one of the brothers of the princes of rurik, truvar, sat down to reign in ancient izborsk. to protect against the levon order, the izborians built a fortress on zherovya mountain. stone fortress walls grew up on the very edge

of the impenetrable ravine. despite its smaller size compared to pskov krom, the izborsk fortress was no less powerful citadel. now izborsk is a small village. during the re-enactors festival , more than a thousand participants and spectators from russia and other countries come here. every year we try to show some aspect of everyday life and at the same time show the military program. it always takes place in a natural amphitheater above lake gorodishchenskoye. conducts everything related to cooking. right here on the site. at the festival you can observe the same political picture that was here in the early middle ages. professional reenactors carefully approach the historical accuracy of the recreated elements of clothing, military traditions and crafts.

for many of them, this is not just a hobby, but the result of painstaking scientific work. about the armor of people of the early middle ages was small among the participants there are those who reconstruct, well, let's call it that, the druzhina class, those who are very well armored, and there are people for whom this, as for the people of that period of time, is just one of the activities, yes , therefore, combat interactions are carried out before the first touch, usually, traditionally, well... there were no unnecessary injuries, well, in addition, various military exercises are shown that were typical of that era. the moscow land keeps traces of many

military conflicts; the 10th century left indelible scars. the great patriotic war with merch swept through the north-west of the ussr. the pskov region was sentenced to 3 years. occupied by fascist troops. near the ancient border town of ostrov, part of the line of defensive structures of that time has been preserved. the island was one of the outposts of the pskov republic. the central part of the city is located on a small island of the velikaya river. the banks are connected by the only chain transport bridges of the mid-21st century that have survived on russian territory. the island found itself at the center of military events in july. 1941, a system of powerful fortifications, which the foreign press called the stalin line, was supposed to stretch along the entire western border of the soviet union. on its site near the city of ostrov they managed to build 11 pillboxes, long-term fire

points. the stalin line was planned as one of the most powerful systems of military-technical fortifications, similar to the french maginot line or the finnish one. monarheim line, but the work was not completed due to the transfer of the soviet border back in 1939-40 , the stalin line was mothballed, armed and there were clearly not enough people on it to resist the enemy, nevertheless, at the beginning of july 1941, those who heroically fought here soviet wars were able to temporarily stop the fascist troops. this section fought for four days, i fought, the infantry fought against the german sixth tank division. the germans were offended that it was impossible to fight on our roads, the cars were slipping. this

is wrong, they thought so, a collection of rare equipment, a memorial military burial ground, a restored fragment of stalin’s line, preserve the memory of the heroes of the ostrovsky defense center. during the three-year occupation , the population of the pskov region continued to resist. east of pskov. 541, the first partisan region in the history of the great patriotic war was formed. the pskov region was completely liberated in 1944. the exploits of heroes and modern wars are immortalized on pskov land. in the village of cherekha, a monument was erected to the sixth company of the 76th pskov airborne division. in 2000 , there were 90 fighters in the orgon gorge of chechnya. the lives of about 3,000 islamic militants were stopped, only six

paratroopers survived. throughout the history of russia, pskov and pskov city fortresses stood guard over the russian land. in 2009 , pskov was awarded the honorary title of city of military glory.

diplomacy is the most important instrument of the state’s foreign policy, here in the city of veliky novgorod. where did the russian statehood of the monument to the millennium of russia come from, it’s time to remember how it all began. russian chronicles attribute the first serious diplomatic successes to two outstanding rulers of ancient russia, vladimir the saint and yaroslav the wise. autumn 957. despite the rampant prosperity of paganism in russia, grand duchess olga became the first russian ruler. who accepted the christian faith in constantinople. in constantinople, emperor constantine ii. and

the patriarch of constantinople, baptized the russian princess personally, at the same time extended the trade agreement that was still underway with oleg’s response and concluded a military alliance. but even after olga’s baptism, the princely squad and all the people remained pagans. even the son of the future saint, the grand duke of kiev svyatoslav igorevich, was not there. christian. we do not know the specific reasons that prompted olga to visit constantinople. we know that she was personally interested in christianity even before that, when she was a priest, and she apparently contributed to the founding of the second christian church, the church of st. sophia, in the city of kiev itself in 952. therefore, one might think that it was personal interest. on the other hand, she did not want... her adoption of christianity meant political dependence on byzantium

, and it is known that she invited a bishop, although she did not very successfully invite her to russia from germany, he preached, then he left, considering his activities unpromising, however, olga's grandson, whom she raised, prince vladimir, took a firm course towards common faith, baptizing russia, the need to comprehend, systematize the world around us in a civilized way... obviously, it was brewing. most of the laws, courts, civil law, and politics were regulated by the church, that is, they were part of the dogmas created by it. in an amazing way. coincided with the internal request of the russian person, the need for truth and justice. world religions, christianity, judaism, islam - this is the foundation, this was clear already in the 10th century, they became the basis for the development of the culture of the people, which helps to hold together cultural traditions, even in the most severe trials. vladimir understood this therefore