[000:00:00;00] from byzantium, and it is known that she invited a bishop, although not very successfully, she invited him to russia from germany , he preached, then he left, considering his activity futile, but olga’s grandson, whom she raised, prince vladimir , took a firm course towards common faith, baptizing russia. the need to comprehend and systematize the world around us in a civilized manner was obviously brewing. most of the laws, the courts, the church, that is, were part of the dogmas created by it. surprisingly, this coincided with an internal request russian people, the need for truth and justice. world religions, christianity, judaism, islam are the foundation. this was clear already in the 20th century. they became the basis for the development of the culture of the people, which helps to maintain cultural traditions even in the most severe trials.

vladimir... continued the course taken by his grandmother, although he hesitated. 98, vladimir convened the boyars of the city elders of kiev, announcing to them the coming to him of preachers of religion from different nations. mohammedan from the volga bulgars, jewish from the khazars, catholic from the germans, orthodox from the byzantines. each of the preachers praised their faith and tried to explain the origin from their own positions. the world, the nature of existence, what will happen after death, as a result, islam, judaism and catholicism were rejected, and the orthodox version of christianity was adopted as the state religion. it was a global choice between paganism and the largest religions of the east and west. and vladimir, this choice is made just a few decades later, after this, by his son yaroslav

the wise, prince of novgorod. kyiv is present here in veliky novgorod at the foundation stone of one of the largest cathedrals of ancient russia, st. sophia. the khazar khanate, created in the middle of the 8th century by turkic-speaking nomadic tribes in the steppes from the middle volga to dagestan, even before the emergence of the russian state, became a powerful player on the map of world geopolitics. the power of the cavalry of the nomads helped the arabs fight on equal terms with byzantium, fight for the crimea, the khazars paid tribute to the polans, the northerners of the vyatichi, while the khazars managed to create a high culture in the cities, pottery, blacksmithing, bone carving, jewelry crafts. the main occupations of the population were cattle breeding, agriculture and fishing, trade with the arabs and the byzantines and slavs actively developed. the khazars had a writing system based on the turkic script.

the khazar khanate arose in the 8th century. and was in the 7th, 8th and even partly in the 9th centuries the largest state in eastern europe. its creators were the tyok tribes, which around the turn of the 6th century adopted judaism as the state religion. this greatly expanded its economic influence. khazaya positioned himself independent from both the byzantine empire and the arab caliphate, tried to play an independent role in international politics, but already in the 9th century its decline began, as for russia, at its inception it maintained mutually beneficial trade contacts with the khazars, the volga route passing through kagonat was the main trade artery for a long time, connecting russia with the countries of the east, but at the beginning of the tenth century, at least, we again do not have accurate information, relations deteriorated, and according to

initiative of the khazarar during one of the campaigns of russia on the way back to the territory of the russian kaganate... they were ambushed, were exterminated , after that there were wars, there were temporary forced alliances, and it all ended with prince svyatoslav in the sixties of the 10th century defeating the kazar koganate, russia as a result received two important bases, on the dana in the ozovo region, the sarkel fortress on the dana, the white russian vezha, and tmutararakan on the shore of the kerch strait, everything was very ambiguous with religion, time was under pressure byzantium of the baghdad caliphate the khazars adopted either christianity or islam, while the population and guards of the kaganate remained adherents of islam. in the end, in order to ensure political balance, kagan and his associates adopted judaism, the religion of the jews who settled throughout the lands of the roman empire, both conquered by the arabs and barbarians, who remained part of the eastern empire of the romans. by the way

, there was a jewish community in kiev. but political judaism could not create a strong support for the kagan in the army, where he served and pagans and muslims and christians and soon next to the formal kogan. even the jews themselves were suspicious of the adoption of judaism by other peoples, calling the new coreligionists the leprosy of israel. judaism did not unite the population of the khazars, but pitted the jewish elite against the broad masses of the people. and vladimir told them: no, and in a rather convincing form. this could be the second religious scenario for ancient russia. islam. volga bulgaria was another spiritual center close to russia. the basis of the population, the turkic bulgars. the capital of bulgaria was located in a luxurious location, was the northernmost

point of arab trade along the volga. the bulgars blocked the arabs' passage. thus, by the ninth-10th centuries, bulgaria had built connections with the entire eastern world, iraq, iran, and central asia. in india, thanks to the influence of the arabs , islam began to spread in bulgaria in the 2nd century; in 922, the supreme leader of the bulgars converted to islam in defiance of the khazars. over time, other leaders, warriors of the people, followed him. it was extremely beneficial for the ancient russian state to cooperate with them. volga bulgaria was known as an extensive network of cities, developed crafts and trade. the territory is huge. they worked in the cities. coppersmiths, orriers, potters, it was they who were taken prisoner during the raids of the russian princes in order to be placed and employed in the newly built fortresses of north-eastern russia. vozhskaya bulgaria is

another turkic state that emerged in the 9th-10th centuries in the fight against khazaria. the vova bulgarians opposed themselves to the aganate, achieved independence from it, and partly as a sign of this independence, partly under the influence of preachers, adopted islam in as the state religion at the turn of the 9th-10th centuries. the city of bulgargar, which arose at the end of the 9th century, was the center of merchants from various countries of eastern europe and the middle east, including rus, who went there; very colorful descriptions of this have been preserved. so islam, by and large, was not so alien to russia. unlike judaism, it could become the foundation for the development of the state. islam was then borrowed by the mongol tatars, who later created the kazan khanate, the volga tatars, and many other peoples of modern russia, all because islam has always had great unifying power; according to its teaching

, the salvation of believers is not carried out individually, in a religious community, the ummah, hence the importance of rallying the forces of believers to achieve salvation, mutual support, contributions from the rich, and part of the funds to help the poor for public needs. islam created strong foundations of civilization, allowed high social mobility in society and catalyzed entrepreneurship, one could choose it. but geography played a role here. unlike volga bulgaria, ancient russia was far from the islamic world, but the russian state was located close to byzantium, the center of the christian world, only one of the five patriarchs of the former roman empire ended up in the land conquered by the barbarians. roman. the patriarch of the new capital of constantinople became the main one. the patriarchs of the ancient cultural centers of alexandria, antioch and jerusalem were in agreement with him. sound political considerations and the cultural

tradition that arose from the time of the baptism of princess olga, the grandmother of prince vladimir, pushed ancient russia towards a spiritual union the strongest empire, the center of ancient civilization. greek faith, eastern. the roman empire was already well known in kiev everywhere where the russian squad was stationed. vladimir's choice, it seems, was a foregone conclusion. having made his choice, vladimir the saint opened a gigantic gateway to the cultural world of the eastern roman empire, byzantium, but why not the western one, there was also christianity there, and besides, western europe, russia also carried out successful trade, imported its goods . in return, buying weapons and household goods from europeans of european quality utensil. the significance of prince vladimir’s adoption of orthodoxy in 988 and his marriage to the sister

of the byzantine emperor anna can be imagined more clearly if we take into account one fact: a year before this , the french king gogo capet tried to achieve an alliance with byzantium and the marriage of his son with a byzantine princess. the frenchman was pushed back. vladimir. he simply won the faith with a sword in his hand, took the greek khersanez in the crimea and said that he would return the city only in exchange for the hand of anna, the emperor’s sister. when vladimir's ambassadors returned from different countries and they told where, in fact, what kind of church service it was, and to the west they said clearly: we didn’t see any beauty there, but they saw the beauty of the service in constantinople, and such that we can’t forget. having been baptized, prince vladimir received the political support of the byzantine emperor vasily ii, whose godson he became. and finally, vladimir

married princess anna. with great difficulty, the emperor persuaded his sister to go to the kruses; with a cry, the princess said goodbye to her loved ones, saying: “i’m going to polon, it would be better i should die here." along with the wedding, emperor vasily set the condition for the russian prince to be baptized and baptize all the great people of his country. and tsar vasily sent to the tsar of the rus, vladimir, subsequently the metropolitans and they baptized the tsar everyone who was embraced by his lands , and sent his sister to him, she built many churches in the land of the rus. the first, of course, reason for the adoption of christianity, and here the inner convictions of faith and politics are very closely intertwined, in fact, was that christianity was accepted already the masses of pagan peoples of eastern and northern europe, this, on the one hand , proved the weakness of the pagan gods, who cannot oppose anything to the christian. god, and this is very clearly visible from scandinavian sources, for example, how

this feeling grew, on the other hand, of course, it showed that, understanding christianity, russia was already part of a large family of peoples who accepted christianity; by the time vladimir adopted christianity, christianity had already become state religion in denmark and poland, and countries with with which russia communicated in eastern and northern europe, now, in fact , hungary should have become, where already in these same years a turning point was taking place, it was already familiar to the russian nobility, as they told vladimir, they would not have accepted the greek faith, your grandmother olga, if she is bad, because she was the wisest of people, well, in fact, next in line were russia, sweden and norway , of course, these things influenced, the southern slavs, all christians, on the other hand, of course, the main direction of russian foreign policy from the beginning 10th century byzantine c movement c byzantium, economic, political,

religious, cultural, through the adoption of faith and dynastic marriage, vladimir married the sister of the byzantine emperors, and this was very important. byzantium was closer, and byzantium was the main source of economic, political, cultural influences on russia, in fact, there almost 100 years before that. it is with the adoption of christianity that the development of the russian language is connected. culture of the appearance in russia of slavic writing , bookishness, liturgical christian books, translated works of ancient greek and roman authors, schools of education under yaroslav the wise, the pagan prince vladimir changed himself and changed the state, he even, following the christian commandment not to kill, replaced the death penalty for robbers with a fine. russia received from the eastern roman empire, an example of a single state, with equal rights for all its peoples, the idea of ​​a set of laws. which became known as russian truth. so, along with

orthodoxy, the foundations of the political and legal system of the romeev empire penetrate into russia, and of course its political values, already in the 19th century historians would call this byzantium. prince vladimir looked from the hills at the dnieper, where young and old people of his people were baptized in the coastal waters. filled with delight and great thoughts. his amazed mind when the waters of the dnieper washed people. raising his hands, like solomon at the consecration of the temple, he prayed for renewed people. along with spiritual unification, christianity helped lead games and international diplomacy on the chessboard. byzantium sought to draw powerful russia into its political system. byzantine emperor basil ii. bulgarian fighter. a proud man and

he wouldn’t have thrown away his sisters because of khersanes, but the uprising of his own commanders bothered him, seeing how vladimir was famously fighting in the crimea, he thought: wouldn’t the russians help him himself against the uprising in syria? thus, the sobbing princess anna was sent to vladimir, who asked for her hand at the right time and in the right way. vladimir entered into a union of equals with the emperor in the most pleasant way, replacing one wife, seven old wives and... hundreds of concubines, in return he sent the greeks 6,000 russian soldiers, they for a good salary and helped the emperor suppress the mikezh in syria, well and after the baptism of russia, international relations with the kiev state could throw bridges not only towards byzantium, but to other european countries, and immediately began this construction, the first, as kiev’s potential partners are now said, include scandinavia, poland and hungary, relations with whom began to develop on the basis of

marriage diplomacy. yaroslav the wise entered the picture. there were marriages between scandinavian dynasties and russian princes. until the second half, the beginning of the 19th century, when the division churches separated russia and scandinavia, in general, it was a single political space, there was no deep alienation, there were a lot of clan intertwining between russian scandinavian clans. yaroslav modry, he was literally... born for the throne. at the age of 10, his father vladimir svyatoslavovich put his son in charge of rostov and appointed an experienced governor as his mentor. and the influence of the governor and the genes of the mother, the influence of the great-grandmother, the stern, domineering olga, who took the boy to her upbringing, certainly affected

becoming a ruler. in addition, from birth the prince had a peculiarity. as a child, he suffered from partial paralysis, but in an effort to overcome the illness, he persistently practiced with a sword and, having defeated the disease, yaroslav subsequently became one of the best warriors of russia. yaroslav also had 12 brothers. ridicule was inevitable. the competitive environment forged iron will and diplomatic cunning. the word persuasion is used instead of fire and sword. it was yaroslav the wise who established a new tradition in russia: dynastic marriages with western royal families. this when. the son of one king married the daughter of another, or vice versa, showed how this works by his own example. everything turned out to be quite simple. he wooed ingegerda, the daughter of the old swedish king and half-sister of the new one. she had an enviable bride, she was beautiful, smart, her mother was a princess of the western slavs. her neighbor,

the norwegian king olaf, wooed her. yaroslav took ingegerd away from under his nose and simply offered her a wedding, ladoga, as a devoted gift. russia did not lose anything, yaroslav had no intention of getting a divorce, and the swedish emigrants on his land defended the border perfectly, and sweden was right, acquiring most favored nation status in trade on the great volga route, ladaga being the key to it. yaroslav was going to do great things, and ingegerda became his main adviser and assistant for life. rational and far-sighted. the glory of marriage between daughters and sons strengthened russia’s relations with its near and distant neighbors, because marriage unions automatically implied a political connection. bolislav the brave, prince of poland, wooed vladimir's daughter predslav, his successor casimir was married to another daughter of vladimir, maria dobronega. the youngest daughter of yaroslav, anastasia was with

the hungarian king andrew, the eldest elizabeth was with the famous norwegian king harold the severe. the first dynastic marriages. including himself, but yaroslav the wise turned dynastic marriages into the most important instruments of foreign policy, in contrast to the first and not always successful experiments of his predecessors, he realized the capabilities of his family in building military-political alliances, in to the fullest extent, he himself married a swedish princess, his son-in-law was elevated, perhaps not without his help, to the throne of norway, and another to the throne of hungary doubly linked himself with dynastic ties with the polish prince casimir, whom he again confirmed in power in

in poland, with the goal of probably containing the holy roman empire, a russian-french alliance was concluded, probably the most famous of yaroslav’s dynastic marriages, the marriage of his daughter anna, the frenchman ... queen anna of russia, and finally, the last of the dynastic marriages concluded by yaroslav - this is the marriage of his beloved son vsevald with the daughter or relative of the byzantine emperor constantine manomakh, and which ended the last major russian-byzantine conflict, in general, once again strengthened ties with the empire, re-strengthened ties with the empire. the prince's sons also formed strategic european alliances. izdislav. was married first to the daughter of the byzantine emperor constantine manomakh, and then to the polovetsky princess anna. the most famous

example of a diplomatically competent union was the marriage of anna yaroslavna. the prince gave her away french king, henry i. so, the girl became the first russian queen of france, she was 18. anna was fluent in greek , and she learned french quickly. in the marriage contract, they already had their name, and her husband had a cross instead of a signature. on later documents the king can be read with the consent of my wife anne, in the presence of queen anne. what barbaric country have you sent me to? here the dwelling is gloomy, the churches are ugly and the morals are terrible. anna yaroslavna, queen of france. of course it was difficult to imagine a better agent of influence in the partner’s camp. a year after the wedding, anna gave birth to her husband pervints and gave him the name philip, greek therefore unusual for france, with anna’s light hand this name became

popular among the french kings. then anna gave birth to three more children, including two sons, roberto and hugo, of whom the first died in childhood, the second later became count of vermandou. she not only had the right to sign on government documents, but also actually helped her husband in business. becoming queen, anna. but i'm concerned the reunification of the frankish lands and since her husband henry ii was expanding to the east, france exchanged embassies with many influential countries, england, byzantium, and of course, the ancient russian state. so, at the age of 28, anna yaroslavno became a widow, and essentially began to rule france. henry i died on august 4, 1060 in his castle near arlian in the midst of preparations. england. the coronation of anna yaroslavna's son as

co-ruler of henry i took place during his father's lifetime in 1059. and when the son of a russian the queen grew up, he turned out to be an active monarch, ruled for 48 years, significantly expanded his possessions, built a stable system of governing the country, which became independent of the barons, and managed to repel the aggression of the normans. with him, the center of the kingdom. became paris, philip managed to build relations with the vatican in such a way that they became the basis for a long time for an alliance between france and the papal throne. well , while philip was small, anna was in charge of france. 10 years before that, she lived in another large european city, kiev, and now she is the french queen, and in a country where none of the highest nobility could read or write. anna read, wrote and signed papers, queen anne. the french called her “red-haired agnes.” at the entrance to the college of the former abbot of st. vincent, which was founded by our queen in saint-lis,

a sculpture of anna was installed. don’t miss the central television, the first information show about the events and people of the week. who is leaking zelsky. the american media relish revelation of people from the inner circle of the ukrainian president about big problems in the ukrainian army, the ukrainian rear in the head of the president himself. and if this is written in black and white, then what is hidden between the strictures about the situation in the ukrainian establishment? israel chose a purge instead of an invasion, but what will change the words in the name of the operation, which has no real goal, the achievement of which could be passed off as a victory, an unhealthy movement, who and how rocked the situation in makhachkala and can this happen again? this will be your central television, today at 19:00 on ntv. setting up the external yaroslav the wise also did a lot for the enlightenment of russia. at first parents cried when they sent their children to school, but it turned out to be easy

to master reading and writing in their own language; men and women from all walks of life began to write and read. in the west , education slowed down; the people there did not have a native written language; it was necessary to learn latin. in addition to family diplomacy , yaroslav also used other methods to build relationships with influential states. in the eighteenth year he concluded a military alliance with henry ii of germany. yes, the coalition turned out to be not very strong, nevertheless, it was the highest level of international relationships. not only henry ii considered it an honor to negotiate with russia, but also robert ii. pious, king of france, father of anna yaroslavna's future husband. yaroslav had to defend his allies hungary and poland from the turmoil of enemy attacks. this is not surprising; his sister was married to the polish grand duke. dobroneg, and after the king of hungary, daughter anastasia, family affairs forced yaroslav every now and then to get into

the saddle and lead an army to help his relatives. on the one hand, with perhaps high expectations russia from the union that arose during the time of vladimir, including yaroslav’s reluctance to recognize attempts to change the dynasties of byzantium, when some unknown people took the throne, according to the expressions of the byzantine historians themselves, yaroslav, remembering that his father took the wife of russia, the queen, was dissatisfied, on the other hand, and in byzantium, high expectations were met not just with resistance, with rejection of the byzantines, they oppressed the russian monastery on athos, they offended russian merchants in constantinople to the point of beatings and even murders. ultimately in fact, after another, in fact, coup d'etat in byzantium, after another change of emperors, yaroslav took advantage of this and sent

his son on a campaign against byzantium, who, apparently, was inspired by the legends that russia once took tribute to the greeks. the campaign ended tragically, most of the russian army was either captured or died, but on the other hand, byzantium also did not want to continue the war, naturally, and after 2 years - a peace was concluded, sealed by a dynastic enemy. the greeks even offended the norwegian prince harald, known throughout europe for his selfless love for yaroslav's eldest daughter elizabeth. the romans in constantinople, where harolt served in the emperor's guard, went so far as to throw him into prison, but harolt fled to his ships, led them through the insurmountable iron chain that locked the golden horn bay, fought off the roman fleet and went to russia. here, in novgorod, great wealth awaited him. yaroslav carefully kept the gold that harl sent him from his campaigns.

with this gold, harolt was able to collect troops take tronvegi. and not without the help of elizabeth yaroslavna. in 1043, yaroslav the wise marched a large army on a campaign against constantinople under the command of his son vladimir. it was not possible to take the largest city in europe. the russians retreated with heavy losses. but the new emperor constantine monomakh, having difficulty repelling the russian blow, came to his senses, honestly married his beloved empress zoe, whose interests were defended by yaroslav the wise, and married off his daughter from his first marriage to prince vsevald, the son of yaroslav. 10 years later , vladimir monomakh will be born from this marriage, the greatest warrior and wisest diplomat of the next century. together with vladimir the saint, folk storytellers will present him in the collective image of the epic vladimir the red sun. from the byzantine empire , yaroslav the wise received the first metropolitan for russia, theapemptos, and in 1051 he installed as metropolitan not a greek, but a russian,

illarion. it was hilarion who glorified... st. vladimir, yaroslav the wise, the entire russian land in his word about law and grace. from time immemorial, it was merchants who paved the way for diplomacy. the fact is that any trading the path implied the need to protect him. this meant the end of wars between the countries through which the trade route passed, and the fight against robbers, protection. and so on, all this required diplomatic relations, and russia, in fact, arose on the greatest trade route in the medieval world, on the great volga route, it is also called the silver route, because all the banks of the volga to the baltic sea, then the shores of the baltic

sea, are covered with silver coins, treasures of silver coins, arab... of all kinds centuries, so this path was made through the absolutely impenetrable forests of eastern europe by the ancient rus, warriors and traders, they were mostly eastern slavs, but with an admixture of western slavs, and there were five percent of vigorous vikings there, and 5-7 percent of various steppe inhabitants , that is, it was such an international, basically russian, but at the same time everyone else, and when they discovered this great volga route, the real state history of russia began, because this route had to be protected, after all, it was not for nothing that svyatoslav igorevich destroyed the khazar khaganate, which decided to block the great volga route in the lower reaches of the volga. vladimir the holy went to war against volga

bulgaria, why he forced the bulgarians to sign. way, and yaroslav the wise paved this great voush path further in the baltic. and it was precisely through his efforts in the west. the viking age, that is, the era of terrible sea piracy, ended in europe. an important tool of influence of ancient russia under yaroslavia was economic diplomacy. after the trade route from varyak to greece lost its importance, yaroslav managed to make sure that this did not affect the prosperity of novgorod. he changed the direction of movement of goods. the priority became the export of furs from the northeast to europe. novgorod became the heir to wealth. great perm in the urals, russian mikha was recognized throughout europe. there were merchants in novgorod not only from germany, denmark, sweden, but even from distant italy. the novgorodians themselves conducted maritime trade in

the baltic sea, exporting cloth, iron, salt, bread, horses, and objects from abroad luxury. another important area of ​​foreign policy was trade along the volga and caspian sea, with the states of the arab world. much later, at the end of the 19th century, the tactics of imprisonment. prince igor svyatoslavovich, the main character of that very word about igor’s regiment, also used status marriages. he tried to deal with the polovtsians in 1185, but was brutally and prayerfully defeated. then i remembered diplomacy. the polovtsians were nomadic tribes who repeatedly attacked russian borders and caused great trouble to the russians. lands and territories. therefore, russian princes, including prince igor. undertook campaigns against the polovtsians in order to prevent the devastation of russian lands. in that same captivity, igor, having escaped, remained with vladimir, and while he was in captivity, he wisely married the daughter of polovetsky khan konchak.

the girl's name was symbolic: freedom. the wedding took place right there, in the enemy camp, where svoboda was, and after baptism nastasya gave birth to vladimir ii’s son izislav, with whom in 1118 a new unit of society was formed. and came back to the ancient russian state. after this, in the chronicles there is not a single mention of the soldiers of igor and his relatives against the polovetsky svator. but another hero, the words about igor’s regiment, vladimir manomakh, avenged the defeat of the forefathers and powerfully struck the polovtsians several times, organizing natural polovtsian dances on the battlefield for the opponent. this union, a marriage one, relatively speaking, was a definite guarantee that the polovtsians would not devastate the russian lands. sometimes there was a temporary silence, and then again, the polovtsians attacked russian lands. it has continued repeatedly, until vladimir monomakh put an end to these, so to speak,

attacks. he carried out a number of campaigns against the polovtsians, inflicted a crushing defeat on them, and these devastating attacks on russian lands stopped for a long time. in addition, he pursued a policy of unifying the lands, and so he became famous for his foreign policy, including dynastic marriages, difficult relations with the byzantine empire, after the warlike monomach got involved in a conflict with byzantium, in 1116 he went towards the danube, that’s what he wanted help tsysarevich leon devgech obtain supposedly legitimate land. a man who declared himself the son of emperor romanus dioggen as a lion. it was to him that vladimir gave his daughter maria in marriage, recognizing the man as a legitimate contender for the byzantine throne, and also gave

him an army and supported him in the offensive. but leo turned out to be not at all a lion on the battlefield, and not even diogenovich, as everyone believed, an ordinary impostor, of whom there would later be many more in russia. at the beginning of the 19th century , a man appeared in russia who... pretended to be someone who had died in a battle with the pechenegs in 1087 year of the prince, son of the byzantine emperor roman ii. in russia his name was lev evgenievich. vladimir manomakh recognized the impostor as the true son of the emperor, gave him his daughter maria in 1104 and decided to use him for his own foreign policy purposes. however, in a campaign against the empire, aalzhe leo was killed by assassins sent by the byzantine emperor. vladimir monomakh did not give up and continued the war in the interests of his

grandson, vasily lvovich. this war ended with the marriage of monomakh's granddaughter to the son of the byzantine emperor. eldest son vladimir manomakh mskislav the great continued his father’s work regarding international marriage unions. mstislav vladimirovich the great, who reigned in 176-132, was the eldest son of vladimir manomakh, and of course, seeing the example of his father, it is difficult to see. the national situation, seeing how his father had to fight with the polovtsy, with byzantium, he understood that in order to preserve the state, preserve russian lands, it was necessary to continue this paternal policy, after the death of his father he became the successor to his policy, mstislav was also married on foreigners, it

his wife was the daughter of the swedish king. the alliance with the daughter of the swedish king guaranteed, to a certain extent , sweden's military, diplomatic, and foreign policy loyalty to the russian lands. firstly, he himself married the daughter of the swedish king , princess christini, and secondly, he arranged marriages for almost all the children born in this union with representatives of european ruling dynasties. dynastic marriages were important. life of medieval rus'. on the one hand, they were a foreign policy instrument for establishing international contacts, on the other hand, they were the guarantor of compliance with peace agreements with certain states or countries. and therefore, they were widely used in medieval russia by representatives of various princely houses, both in europe and in

russia. they allowed, in particular vladimir manomakh, to strengthen the international ties of kievan rus with europe, to increase the authority of his state, the prince perfectly understood the importance of these matrimonial unions. he himself was the son of a relative, as we remember the byzantine emperor constantine monomakh, and his fathers organized vladimir’s first marriage with the english princess in exile gita of wesex. who, after the death of her father harold at the battle of hastingsen, was forced to flee her native country and found shelter in russian lands. and manomakh himself entered into his third marriage with the daughter of the polovetsky khan. uh, her name is unknown, well, this is how he decided to seal the alliance with the nomads after their defeat on the suli river, which happened in 1107. vladimir monomakh. could not unite russia, in

his time it was impossible, but he showed to the princes the importance of unity in the face of the outsider. he strengthened statehood, strengthened relationships with neighboring countries, and his descendants became the leading political force in southern russia. the descendants of mstislav actively fought against the olgovichs, seeking the kiev table. and competed for the kiev throne with another son of vladimir manomakh, yuri dolgoruky, grand duke of the rossovo-suzdol land. from yuri dolgorukov came the grand dukes of vladimir and then the moscow. the competent foreign policy of vladimir and yaroslav ensured and continuous economic growth in russia and a revolutionary breakthrough in enlightenment, st. sophia cathedral. the library, the first schools

, the kiev-pechersk lavra, translations, the first set of laws of russian truth, for this, in fact, yaroslav was called wise, like the king and prophet solomon. their descendants, prince igor, vladimir manomakh, mskislav and many others, continued to alternate or combine military campaigns with wise diplomatic marriages. in general, for russia, to be in the same faith with those countries with which we conduct international relations. never considered important, yeah moreover, neighboring countries concluded various trade agreements with us, absolutely regardless of what kind of faith was in russia, the russians want to swear by perun in constantinople and there on their swords, yes please, the main thing is that the agreement is concluded within

russia, by the way, the question never stood so urgently and necessarily, even 200 years after yaroslav budry under alexandrevsky, many peoples within russia remained in paganism, and no one forced them to be baptized or even accept russian truth, russian law, problems arose only because accepting someone else's faith meant subordination to the state from which the faith came, so to speak, not that very strong subordination, but nevertheless, subordination was felt, which is why when olga accepted christianity in constantinople, this experiment failed. but when vladimir conquered faith with the sword, and besides faith he also won the princess, it worked, it was not subordination to the roman empire. and so

it continued throughout europe, until the year of the death of yaroslav the wise, only in 1054 orthodox. a completely different story began. the ancient russian lands gradually acquired the features of a civilized state. the connecting threads with foreign countries gradually turned into strong ropes. dynastic marriages made it possible to resolve difficult international issues and often , instead of a good quarrel, it was possible to conclude a bad

peace. prince alexander the most. popular figures of russian history. brave commander, winner of the battle of neva in the battle of lake chutskoe. better known as the battle of the ice. but mainly for their outstanding diplomatic successes, alexander nevsky was canonized by russian history and the russian church. alexander yaroslavich, prince of synislav, later nicknamed nevsky, was born in 1221. and already. in 1233 he took part in the first military campaign. at the age of 12 , under his father’s banners, he came to dderpt, which controlled the livonian order, and not only came, but fought. it was not in vain that we began the story about alexander nevsky from his childhood.

not in the chronology of the case. there are simply too many events from there that predetermined the diplomatic the genius of the prince. it was his father, prince yaroslav vsevaldovich, who showed his son how to lead correctly. himself with his opponents, he also taught alexander the art of correctly making peace with warlike neighbors. alexander, who reigned in novgorod, was 12 years old when the knights of the order of the swordsmen invaded his domain. they suddenly attacked the tesov fortress, captured the commander kiril sinkinich and kept him in chains in the order fortress of the bear's head. in the winter of 1234, yaroslav, the father of alexander nevsky, came to the great. put his son on a horse from the squad they they went to take revenge on the foolish germans in the lands conquered by the teftonian order, but the russian squads galloped not to the bear's head fortress, where the actual capital of the deutonic

order was, but to the most important city of yuev, where the papal bishop settled, from whom the initiative for constant attacks on russia came. i... managed to lure the knights of the yuriev bishop out of the city into the field with a ramming blow from the spears , simply defeating them, the germans rushed to run in fear, drowned, fell under the flow of the omovzha river, and yaroslav, without even trying to finish them off, he immediately sat down at the negotiating table and made peace with the germans in all his truth, so alexander nevsky, from his youth, understood how to treat the western crusaders in order to have peace with them. dorpat, the former yuryev , is now an estonian city, tartu, an outpost, novgorodtsev, its crusaders captured and handed over, along with the surrounding lands

, to a bishop appointed by the pope. the order's authority did not extend here, although the levonians took upon themselves to protect this territory. in 1223, the mongols entered northern pochernom, having previously defeated the allan kingdom in the caucasus, then, uh, before that, the polovtsians and alans defeated the polovtsians themselves. the polovtsians, having family ties in russia, the polovtsian khans turned to the russian princes for help. the mongols , in turn, offered to avoid war, but since the same proposal had recently been received by half, the russian princes treated this proposal as a deception, and the battle of kalka followed. in 1223, one of the largest coalitions of southern russian princes marched there and the result was one of the most crushing defeats in the history of... rus'. the mongols, however, did not dare to go directly to

russia, destroyed the border region, saw the number of russian cities went to the east, from where they returned 14 years later. in 1237, batu leads the mongols to the walls of ryazan and the mongol invasion proper begins. at the beginning of the 16th century, ancient russia, feudally fragmented, was a tasty morsel for its neighbors. onslaughts from the east and west were barely contained. alexander took over the country in the most difficult times; on the one hand, the southern and southeastern lands were devastated by the cruelest the devastating invasion of the mongols, on the other hand, taking advantage of the problems of russia , aggressive crusaders, swedes, germans, teftonians, danes moved from the north, hiding behind the ideas of planting catholicism and the calls of the pope for a crusade, they simply wanted to extend their power to rich novgorod. the period we are talking about, the period of the reign of alexander nevsky, was precisely the most striking episode, this is one of

the initial episodes, such an attempt to ideologically conquer, subjugate territories that have always attracted their wealth, its furs, its forests, its lands, the west, in general, always looked to the east in hope. to annex these territories, so alexander nevsky and his diplomacy, it very clearly divided the direction of foreign policy activity into western and eastern. renamed yuriev by the germans, prince yaroslav did not take the siege, set up a camp a little to the side, closer to lake chutskoye, he lured and provoked the crusaders to attack and achieved his goal. guard detachment of the order of the sword and garrison dorpat united: they attacked yaroslav's army. the prince was waiting for this. the russians managed to press

the enemy to the river and inflict a crushing defeat on him. retreating, the crusaders came out onto a frozen river. suddenly, under the heavily armed warriors, the spring ice broke. many began to drown. german losses were very significant, only a few managed to escape. it is interesting that it was this episode that later became a strong part of the myth of alexander nevsky. the victory was attributed to him. in such a cunning way, in an ice battle. in 1236, alexander's father the prince leaves for kyiv. kiev was then considered the formal capital of the russian principalities. at the age of 15, alexander became a full-fledged novgorod prince and began to strengthen the city. for the mongols, in general the situation was very clear and precise. chengiz khan established his political program and bequeathed to his descendants the conquest of all

the land known to the mongols; accordingly, as the borders of the land known to them expanded, the territory that was to be conquered expanded. for rus' the situation it was also clear, it was necessary to defend one’s independence. they could not defend their independence during the hacked invasion. this defeat, of course, was even more crushing than the defeat in a single battle. in kalka, most of the russian lands became dependent on the mongols. twenty-year-old prince alexander was not at a loss. by and large, he didn’t have much of a choice; of two evils, he chose the lesser, more tolerant horde, he chose conventionally. there were hopes that the mongols would become christians. the hopes are not unfounded, although not a historical fact in christianity, but was very strongly represented among the mongols; back in the 13th century , the russian church founded the sarai diocese. on the other hand, after the adoption of islam, the mongolian, or rather ardyn khans

, for the most part pursued a pragmatic policy towards russia and the russian church , following the course of the previous ones, khanov, an uzbek himself who converted to islam, accepted metropolitan peter, treated him with respect and confirmed all rights russian church, which it possessed in the 11th century, so of course, alienation somewhat... grew, but it cannot be said that fundamental changes have occurred in relations, what was tense, downright bad, then remained so, what was, if there was, there was trusting positive, well, like the same failures of the church, for example, it remained, with such the eastern vector of the direction of foreign policy, all that remained was to protect russia from being converted to catholicism by the west, this was achieved. first, the prince defeated the swedes on the neva

in 1240, and then the hevtonians on the ice of lake chutskoye in 1242, stopping the great onslaught. to the east. along the way, he saved the exit russia to the baltic sea and prevented its economic blockade. sword to the west, peace to the east. this was alexander's philosophy. alexander's sword was the only way to dialogue with the collective west. not with the west, with whom it was possible to conclude agreements, trade there, and so on. namely, with the collective west, ruled by the popes. the fact is that, uh, this dialogue could not take place because the conditions for the admission, so to speak, of russia into western europe, were the complete destruction in russia of state power, faith, culture and language, all the ruling class, that is, princes, boyars, warriors, were supposed to disappear, and those peasants and townspeople who

remained alive would turn into the works of the teftonian order and the catholic... to whom the pope assigned in advance power over all of russia. we all know perfectly well how this really happened from the german nakhostan. there are no slavs left, who populated the entire coast of the baltic sea, all of eastern prussia, there is not even a slavic name left on these lands. this is what would have happened to russia if alexander nevsky did not draw his sword, nor did alexander nevsky since the mongol empire. options, the fact is that the mongols were so superior in a military sense to russia, and not only russia, indeed all of europe, that they could only obey, but obey at the level of a vassal, that is, a vassal is a person, respected, who obeys and

serves to the mongols, well, he serves there, as agreed, and the mongol empire rose up to defend him. preserving not only russian statehood, but also faith, because it was the mozgol khans who wrote out the first labels, russian metropolitans, which clearly stated the complete preservation of the orthodox church. nevsky was playing a complex multi-level game; quarreling with everyone around and starting to build a blind defense was pointlessly and deadly. instead, alexander understood to the mongols that the choice was theirs, so the mongol khans, as if they themselves had appointed him, the prince accepted their rule. this choice , although almost without alternative, was extremely difficult. nevsky went to the horde four times for a princely label and permission to rule. shortcuts

- these are letters of the mongol khan to either spiritual or secular rulers, and for their possession, that is, the prince or metropolitan... in their prayers, in russia they did not know something like that at all, and when boty summoned alexander nevsky and his brother andrei, they had it all in words , like in 1947, in fact, all the russian princes came to father suddenly, instead of just talking, they received long... in the uyghur language, these were actually the very labels that in the mongol empire were accepted, neither in russia nor in the horde they were yet they knew that from then on these labels went to the princes and the russian metropolitan. 1247, nevsky's first trip happened after

the mongols poisoned his father, yaroslavach. alexander visited the horde and the capital. mongol empire karakarum. as a result of difficult negotiations, he was recognized first as the grand duke of kiev, and then of vladimir. during the second trip , the infamous strike of the nevryueva rati took place, the punitive campaign of the mongols in 1252 against nevsky’s younger brothers, andrei and yaroslav, who rebelled against the mongols, hoping for help west. and this was at the moment when alexander was in the hands of the mongols. alexander's brothers agreed in advance with nevsky's main rival, prince daniil of galitsky, that next year he would receive the crown from the pope of rome, from whom the orthodox metropolitan fled to alexander. the relationship with my brother was difficult, since the brother was the first, the younger brother, we note, the first, after

the death of his father, went to the barn for the label. as a result, after alexander was called to the sarai and also went there. in general there were, there was a very difficult situation when he was right in the horde capital receives a message from the pope with a proposal to accept catholicism and enter into an alliance against the mongols. well, in general , it is clear that he could not conduct such negotiations there and in general the situation was almost provocative. as a result, the issue was resolved in the mongolian capital, in karakarum, where their father was poisoned at one time, and alexander receives nothing at that time, not much more than the devastated kiev, but as an older brother, the ancient capital, and andey receives vladimir. after some time, andeyi begins to start talking to his father-in-law daniil galician, who received the crown from the pope, unclear, we actually don’t know what andey wanted, apparently, he did not want to send troops to the horde, to fight in the horde

wars, alexander, in turn, went to the horde and apparently dissuaded him from taking russia 's troops, because there were no russian troops in the next war, and alexander himself, by the way, never fought alongside the khans, either by interpreting alexander's trip differently, or? perhaps, not unreasonably, he decided that alexander somehow wanted to replay the situation with the division of the principalities. andrey, filmed with vladimir and fled to the north of russia, without paying the due tribute and without accepting the census takers who first arrived in russia. alexander was able to explain everything to batu khan and his son sartak. the mongols have gone. only to vladimir and perislavl zalevsky, where the rebel brothers settled, they fled, abandoning their seed to the people. andrey goes straight to the swedes: alexander’s enemies. it took alexander a lot of effort

to return the fugitives and put them back on the thrones. in general , he tried to forgive traitors until his opponents seduced his son. and in 1255 in novgorod, where at that time at the moment the reigning son of nevsky, vasily , rebelled against the mongol census. the mongols adopted the registration system. and households among the chinese, who have kept records of the population of property since ancient times. during the first raid on russia in 1237, the mongols demanded a tenth of everything, including people. but how to calculate this 10%? for this purpose, in 1245 the mongols first conducted a census of the population of russia. this was done by changizkhan's grandson khanberke. mongolian officers introduced economic accounting for taxation denmark were being counted. alexander had to persuade the people to bear the patient yoke and allow the mongols to rewrite themselves to impose tribute. this

, of course, was an absolute curiosity for russia; no similar census, so detailed, with such obvious goals, had ever been carried out before, as far as we know, and besides, of course, the census was carried out by foreigners. the mongols themselves borrowed this model from china, like many other features of their government, the situation with the ardyn census, it was necessary to convince the novgorsk boyars, to share the hardships of the horde denmark with the rest of russia, and to prevent, in fact, a new invasion, the head of which by this time had already been appointed in karakarum. the uprising in novgorod was supported by the son, everything could have ended badly, but alexander intervened, sent the obstinate son to pskov and arrived in novgorod with mongol officials to

restore order. he ordered his son’s advisers, who encouraged the young prince to resist the census, to be severely punished, and this was also part of his work, titanic and tough diplomatic work to establish peace with the golden horde, irreconcilable, insidious and powerful. his son vasily did not appear under the number, that is, from the top of the census, sometimes they say he suppressed the uprising , but this is generally an exaggeration, at first there was this conflict with his son, the novgorod prince, who fled to pskov, and alexander really dealt harshly with those who put them together, but these were his son’s friends, it was actually his son’s entourage, after 2 years, alexander himself came to novgorod with the dani collectors, and a riot really happened. and already then, when the boyars were convinced, but now we can already say that the black people of novgorod, pumped up with anger over this issue for 2 years

, decided that it was all at their expense, well, in a certain sense, of course, for them it was harder than for the boyars, in rest of the country, alexander, as far as we know, did not suppress anything, he simply told the boyars that you calm the city, and i am moving out of it, the prince and the ambassadors are leaving, which means there may be an invasion, so the boys decided, in general, not without reason, in a few days , the riot has calmed down, in this at the same time, the galitian-volyn principality pursued an active foreign policy. europe, its main neighbors and competitors were the polish kingdom, the hungarian kingdom of the cumans, and from the middle of the 21st century, the golden horde and the grand duchy of lithuania. to protect against them, the golic-volyn principality repeatedly signed agreements with catholic rome, the holy roman empire and the teutonic order, while political and economic cultural ties with other

russian lands weakened. novgorod and... the principality competed in the development border territories in the east , there were also trade contradictions, but both lands were interested in each other: novgorod bought suzdol grain, and zalesskaya rus, novgorod handicrafts and goods brought to novgorod from western europe. an absolutely independent policy was pursued not only by the gallic-volyn vladimir-suzdyl rus, but also by, say, the principality, almost all the principalities that had independent access to the neighbors of russia, entered into dynastic marriages independently of each other, and even they used their family ties outside of russia in their civil strife, that also happened. the era of their prosperity, above the dawn, of course, before the mongolian , well, mainly at the turn of the 19th-13th centuries, here we have

monumental figures of a large nest, and roman galician in galich, of course, their policies were absolutely independent from each other and even competitive, sometimes downright competitive. in 1262, civil strife began between the mongols. at the signal of the bells, the russian people rebelled, immediately in all the cities subject to alexander. mongolian the officials were killed instantly. they were sent from korokaru. capital of the mongol empire, and for it the mongols just fought among themselves, and the khan of the golden horde had no time for russia. he fought for power with his relatives. ordinary townspeople could not know this, but alexander knew very well, and it was as if a spontaneous popular uprising had suddenly won, only the prince had to go to arda and explain what had happened. for the fifth time, it was nevsky on this trip who dissuaded khan birke from new punitive campaigns and from recruiting russians

warriors for those within the horde. risking his life, knowing that he might not return alive from a trip to arda, he went there over and over again in order to avert the threat of a repeat of batu’s invasion. if it was somehow possible to negotiate something with the mongols, then the catholic west he did not offer any alliances, only ultimatums, a change of faith in exchange for help in the fight against the horde army. the prince refused. the essence of the proposal boiled down to the following: alexander should accept catholicism, while it was invented, we know, simply that it was invented according to the western european source, the fact that his father jacob converted to catholicism before his death, alexander, of course, well, if he didn’t know for sure, his father died on the way from the horde, then he guessed that this was a fiction. so, the fact of the concept of catholicism was invented by his father and alexander was offered to also accept

catholicism, to accept the royal crown from the pope, which later, not understanding catholicism, in general, trying to introduce the horde and the papacy, daniil of galsky did, in exchange for a crusade against russia so that in russia the christ-bearers would fight the mongols. well, alexander, there was, in addition to being a believer, he was also an experienced politician at that time, and he understood that he was being offered to turn russia into a battlefield, and with the inevitable conflict within russia, from him... even a significant part of his relatives, if accepted catholicism, of course, would have turned away, and even taken the opportunity to turn away, because, well, rivalry in the princely families, it has not gone away, it has simply taken on new forms, that is, internecine war, which he avoided with all his might throughout his life life, plus the destruction of russia by two, in general, equally hostile forces, at that time the pope officially considered himself god’s protege on earth and recognized

limited subjectivity... only the servants of catholic bishops, monarchs, imperial cities and knightly orders. the pope sought to ensure that the west collectively fought against all non-humans who disobeyed the pope. everyone, russians, muslims and orthodox and pagans, absolutely everyone who did not submit to the pope, were considered second- class people who should be exterminated, with them no treaties could be honored. trading cities, which benefited from trading with russia, had to, by order of the pope, impose an embargo on the supply of important goods to russia. had to violate any treaties with the russians as soon as the pope ordered, or as soon as they felt even the slightest weakness of the russians, this was a completely purposeful

policy to exterminate and subjugate all those who disobeyed the pope, it was not only about the russian people, but in this case we are interested in russians, that is why diplomacy sword in relation to the west and was at a certain... moment the only true one: the possessions of the united order of the sword bearers and teftonians covered most of the southern and eastern coasts of the baltic sea. the enemies understood that the mongols had dealt a terrible destructive blow to russia, so the time for the attack was ideal. the crusaders entered into an agreement with the swedish feudal lords, who were supposed to support them from the north. but alexander nevsky upset these plans, first defeating the shvedov on the neva. 1240, and then the order knights on the ice of lake chutskoye in 1242. these were unprecedented victories. attempts at expansion were stopped, and victories had geopolitical scope. novgorod

retained access to the baltic sea, and 3 years after the battle of the ice, alexander also defeated the lithuanian troops that invaded russia. having received a call. to fight with the swedes, the young prince entered the church of hagia sophia , fell on his knees in front of the altar, began to pray, lord judge those who offended me, protect from those who fight me, take a weapon and a shield to help me. having finished the prayer, he stood up, bowed to the archbishop. archbishop spyridon blessed him and released him. the prince, leaving the church, began to encourage his squad, saying: god is not in power, but in truth. while continuing to contain the swedes, nevsky established good relations with norway. a treaty of peace and alliance was concluded with the norwegians in 1254. russian ambassadors specially went to them to renew friendly ties established

by yaroslav the wise. then alexander made peace several times with the catholic bishops of german-occupied yuryev, in in 1261 he entered into an agreement with the warlike pagans. peace and alliance with the old enemy, the prince of lithuania, became the second and last diplomatic agreement between nevsky and the western state. two renowned generals teamed up to put an end to the crusaders in levonia. alexander nevsky did not think at all in the crusader paradigm that some better peoples should dominate, and some worse ones should submit. he remembered very well how in his youth the germans from lubik and other trading cities associated with novgorod the hungry year came to novgorod, brought grain and

flour, saved the townspeople from starvation, and he understood perfectly well that if western trading cities violate treaties with russia, it is on the orders of the pope, and not because they themselves want it. 1240, the famous battle of the neva, after which alexander went down in history as alexander nevsky. sources report that in 1240, news suddenly came to novgorod that a swedish detachment had landed at the mouth of the izhora river, where it flows into the neva. now we know that it was a detachment of the swedish jarl ulva fassia, warned and... by the elders of pelguse, alexander nevsky hastily gathered his squad, some novgorodians whom he was able to agitate, the garrison of old ladoga went with them to the swedish

camp, alexander nevsky attacked the swedes not unexpectedly, but 6 hours after dawn when the swedes had breakfast, they went out into the field and lined up, alexander defeated them. in a fair battle in honor of this victory in the novgorod chronicle of the younger edition , alexander nevsky is named nevsky. after winning the battle, alexander made a deal with the swedes truce. here the subtlety of the state peace treaty was not concluded. the swedish king did not officially fight with novgorod, and the defeated crusader army simply fled upon returning home. having cleared the lands of novgorod from the crusaders in 12, prince alexander immediately released some of the captured germans, he hoped that, realizing the inequality of forces, the crusaders would make peace, leaving pskov and izborsk they had captured. this did not happen, then alexander himself reconquered

the pskov lands again paused, waiting for peaceful envoys, but the crusaders and the head of in this region, the bishop of yuryev, sacredly fulfilled the pope’s ban on making peace with the russians, and therefore alexander, in the spring of 1242, went to yuryev, and just as yaroslav in 1234 lured the knights to battle, only after the defeat in the battle on the ice, they sent bow to ask for peace. after the battle of the ice, alexander concluded another peace, returning all russian lands to the hostages taken by the crusaders. there was another danger during the reign of alexander nevsky, it came from the roman throne. the fact is that in 1246, the pope sent his emissaries to confuse

prince daniel of galicia into catholicism, and sent alexander nevsky a fraudulent letter with a story that supposedly his father, who died in the red army, converted to catholicism before his death. rome wanted to achieve recognition by the russian princes of the union, that is, actual subordination to the pope. for a time they hoped that russia was so devastated by the tatars that without western help, which the pope generously promised, the russian princes would not be able to cope with either the mouth or the restoration of their lands. in fact, the acceptance of power the pope meant that russia had to give up hope of preserving its statehood and sovereignty. the pope sent messages to the russian prince throughout 1248. alexander did not

respond to his blatant lies and tailing. the prince needed a respite between the crusader invasions. and only when two of the most cunning cardinals of the pope arrived to him with a proposal to change their faith, he firmly answered that he and russia would not change their faith. it is difficult to imagine and overestimate the scale of personality of a politician who managed to correspond with the roman empire, travel to east to the middle of mongolia, in order to calm the appetites of the predatory golden horde over and over again. but alexander nevsky was just like that. in 1254 , the accursed criminals of the truth began a war against themselves - he writes chronicles about the german crusaders. defeated by the son of alexander, they themselves begged for mercy, leaving again without conquests. and in 1256, alexander managed to prevent a joint crusade of the germans, danes and swedes. before they had time to invade, the russian lands and conquerors fled, driven by the mere news of the approach

the army of the grand duke, but the swedish military detachments and catholic missionaries were in no hurry to leave the finnish lands. alexander had to go with his army on skis to the arctic circle, so that the finns who rebelled with his arrival would clear the land of conquerors, in an evil way, as was described. so, with one precise blow, a decisive raid, alexander nevsky gave the world to the whole. generation of residents of novgorod and karelia, at this time, far in the north-west of scandinavia, the kingdom of norway was trying to settle its internal feuds and resist constant pressure from the swedes. for novgorod and the russian princes, the norwegians could be not only trading partners, but also allies against those who crossed other people's borders. peace treaty between prince alexander and the king. norway,

was concluded in 1254. for novgorod and the russian princes, the norwegians could be not only trading partners, but also military allies. and from the other direction, the enemies of russia were the pagan tribes of the lithuanians. alexander himself and his sons fought with them many times, but when lithuania was devastated tatars and crusaders, alexander agreed to peace. the terms of the peace treaty were the same as alexander always put forward. dovk renounced power over the captured russian lands and alexander extended a helping hand to his former enemy. that same year, russian and lithuanian troops defeated the crusaders. one of the main diplomatic ceremonies before establishing relations was the sending of gifts to potential allies. one of the most interesting phenomena in the political life of muscovite russia was the sending of so-called ambassadorial gifts

or a wake. in fact, everyone sent commemorations to each other, the turkic states, all the neighbors of russia, for example, the grand duchy of lithuania and the polish-lithuanian commonwealth, western european states, and sweden, with which russia had separate relations with veliky novgorod. funerals or ambassadorial gifts were very diverse, as a rule, precious metals were valued, they were cast from them, various vessels and objects were made, there, some hills, castles in western... europe were made, for example, from silver, some in byzantium birds of paradise mechanical, uh, that moved and chirped, hunting birds were very much valued , russian ambassadors very often brought to the east, and gyrfalcons, red gyrfalcons, which were valued

extremely highly, but the east also did not remain in debt. in russian chronicles, for example, it is described as the shah of iran. sent an embassy to moscow with gifts, among them live lion salvicia, which were shown on the moscow streets. it was necessary to withdraw strictly at the same price at which the sent gifts were valued. for this purpose, say, the courts of the brandenburg electorate were weighed and from russian products of the same weight of silver were made, which were sent to prussia, in exactly the same way, this kind of exchange existed between absolutely all countries, except perhaps england, which generally stood out from the embassy ceremony, and

european and, as i would even say so, i didn’t understand the eurasian style of diplomatic relations. one of the most important achievements. this is the spread of orthodoxy as an additional tool of diplomacy and influence. during the reign of alexander , the conversion of peoples to orthodoxy was completed pomorye and northwestern russian lands, right up to the barin sea. it was he who introduced the golden rule of russian colonization: the advancement of the state to the east goes along with orthodoxy, but taking into account local traditions. by the way, in 1261 a diocese was opened under the golden horde. russian orthodox church. another, certainly most important, success of nevsky was the pacification of the russian princes. this is exactly the case when relations within the country can be safely called diplomacy, because russia was then in a state of severe civil strife. it was alexander who

allowed the princes to form separate small states from their principalities. in addition, alexander nevsky was a merciful ruler. all disagreements. and this, in fact, became the key to victory over the mongol-tatars, the first step that dmitry donskoy took with his allies on the kulyakov field in 1380. the battle of kulyakovo was the first truly major victory of russia over arda. grand duke of moscow vladimir dmitry donskoy with the many squads he assembled, at least. symbolically sent help, northern, northeastern russian lands, against the actual ruler of arda, and arda is defeated, of course, this was a huge political, psychological effect for russia, and although there were other invasions later, then they again paid tribute to arda, the memory of

the battle of kulyakovo was very important, no wonder it became the theme of a number of epic literary works, 100 years after the kulyakov war... the liberation from the golden horde was finally formalized by ivan ii. the mongolian game lasted more than 200 years, naturally it is very different periods for russian principalities. the first time was, of course, a time of dissolution, weakening of the russian lands, including from regular ardyn punitive expeditions, many of which were quite comparable in scale to the boty invasion, the second half of the 13th, the first half of the 14th century, but on the other hand, it was in this garnil was born the unity of north-eastern northern russia, unity that became russia, and when the mongolian game collapsed, then, in fact, it was the sovereign of all russia, the ruler of the united russian

state, ivan the great. in fact, these were all the fruits of nevsky’s work, because without a real, but informal , political unification, it would have been impossible to defeat the horde, and the prerequisites for such a unification at nevsky were minimal, but due to his personal authority, alexander managed to connect different principalities with each other. over the years of diplomatic negotiations. alexander nevsky developed the principles that determined the advanced ideas of diplomacy of that time. summing up the diplomatic activities of alexander nevsky, we can highlight two main tasks of his time that he successfully completed. first, he established cultural and economic ties with europe in the west and the horde in the east. before this, any contacts at the interstate level were severely limited. nevsky entered into an economic mutually beneficial agreement with the hanzai, an association of sev. second: the prince was the first to begin diplomatic trade relations with the countries of the east, including china,

well, through the golden horde, but it was thanks to his talent as a diplomat that he convinced mongols not to interfere with the development of trade. in principle, alexander nevsky, the most successful of the rulers of russia in general, at least the second half of the 13th century, the period of his great reign in the calmest for the vladimir land and, most importantly, one of the most divisive reigns of the vladimir princes in general, it is known that he was an extremely successful commander, who has not lost a single battle , it is also known that he personally never took part in civil strife, never waged civil strife, well, that’s the only time he had a conflict with his son, but it was resolved the enemy surrendered peacefully, that is, in general, of course, how... he was very successful , by the force of the sword he convinced the western neighbors not to disturb the borders of russia, later, well, with

the swedes, with the germans there was such a story that they probed the borders of the novgorod region, but having learned that it was not even true, having learned that alexander was present in novgorod or was heading to novgorod, they immediately left, on the other hand, he built relations with arda, so that, again , during the 11 years of his rule, the northeastern ... russia did not suffer from the mongol invasions, although he had to sometimes it’s very hard, even alexander’s death is symbolic, he spends a whole year in arda, conducts very difficult negotiations there, trying to protect russian cities from the ardyn place, there have recently been uprisings in these cities, and surprisingly, he succeeds, he dies on the way back , completely, having fulfilled his princely duty this time exclusively through diplomacy, protecting the faithful... of the land

from imminent ruin. ivan ii. the great and his grandson ivan ii the terrible. grand duke and tsar of moscow. the figures are extremely complex, contradictory, and intelligent. treacherous, cruel and merciful, typical european rulers of modern times, but these were precisely the ones who built a new state in the collapsed middle ages. in the second half of the 15th century , the russian state was born from scattered russian principalities. it is very important to understand that russia has been living as an independent independent

state since the second half of the 15th century, since the time of ivan iii. its colossal territory and its military capabilities attracted the attention of foreign diplomats. naturally, it was from this time that europe begins to establish contacts with russia. ivan ii, nicknamed the great, motivated any action by case law and higher moral goals. behind his actions there was always an overwhelming military force, but the grand duke did not fight, he punished violators of ancient rights. ivan ii, nicknamed the formidable, strictly followed his grandfather, presenting himself as a zealot of ancient truth and the voice of god on earth, as if the western king and the pope were rolled into one. mid-century, grand duchy of moscow. the prince pays tribute to the great horde, but this is not so bad, the state is shaken by

internal discord and turmoil, and from the outside, and every now and then someone will put a spoke in the wheel. in 1445, prince vasily the dark, father of ivan ii, suffered defeat from the kazan army near suzdal. he himself is captured, from where he is ransomed for an impressive amount of money. prince vasily is having difficulty regaining his throne: ryazan, tver, novgorod seem to be his russian principalities, but relations with them are not easy. russia is still in a state of fragmentation. from the west, south, east, to the lands of the moscow prince the neighbors, lithuania, the great horde, the kazan khanate, are looking at them at all. in world history you cannot find a sovereign who left a monument as clearly visible from space as grand duke ivan vasilyevich left; it is a star of roads, from moscow to the very outskirts.

no matter which end of the country we drive from the capital, under the wheels, under layers of asphalt and concrete, a significant distance... 500 years ago, the star of moscow rose in the second half of the 15th century under ivan ii and his wife, sofia poleolok. ivan ii. a brilliant politician, in fact the creator of russia, and he was the grandmaster of diplomatic games. his diplomatic feat is that he acquired a precious ally, namely the crimean one. then minglegery ruled in the crimea, and minglegery helped ivan ii in difficult times, when young russia faced a large horde. ivan ii earned the nickname of the collector of russian lands. he left to his heir vasily ii a territory several times larger than that which he had received from his father.

in addition to the moscow, vladimir, and vologda lands, this included novgorod. tverskoye principality, yaroslavl, rostov, ryazan, vyatka land, chernigov, bryansk, kutivel, kursk, despite the fact that pskov, ryazan and volokolamsk retained a certain independence, it can be said that it was ivan ii who made decisive efforts to overcome feudal fragmentation. when ivan ii ascended the moscow throne, there was a small belokmen fortress in moscow, as one might think, and the horde court, a symbol of the horde’s power over the grand duchy of moscow, the severance of the fasal relations between russia and the horde, like to imagine pictures. ivan ii breaks the khan's basma, a sign given to the ambassadors, tramples it with sophia's boots, and the faithful

syllables destroy the khan's envoys. after this , akhmat rushes to russia, but meets the army of the grand duke on the ugra and retreats. this legend is doubtful; a man like ivan could not trample basma and openly declare war on khan. there is a chronicle story according to which the kardyn ambassadors went out to bow and drink kumiss, ivan was forbidden by his domineering wife, sophia poleologok, the niece of the last byzantine emperor constantine, who married ivan on november 12, 1472. the marriage with sophia poliolok was an extremely important political step for russia under ivan ii. having acquired through this matrimonial combination the political heritage of constantinople, it claimed its rights to the fact that it would replace constantinople on the political map of the world, that it would become the center of

the orthodox world, its core, and moscow, accordingly . we must remember not only that sophia polialok is the niece of the last emperor of constantinople, but also that she is a granddaughter, that is, in general a direct heir to another emperor, and marriage with her actually gave all descendants of ivan ii the right to the throne of constantinople. she was orthodox, she raised his status, but she was not so much a political figure as... she was a living figure, or something, who raised the status of moscow very highly in the political arena, no one in western europe really knew, well, except germans, perhaps, what is ivan ii, what is the grand duchy of moscow, then sophia polyalok appeared, who was known as the heir a greek princess, she , oddly enough, gave moscow an extraordinary political

splendor; she most of all sought to bring her son to her, and he indeed would later become the heir of ivan ii and ascend to the moscow throne under the name vasily ii. the mother did her best, but this is probably the main political project in which she really took an active part. the sources preserved these words. my father and i, sofia reprimanded her wife, wanted a better fatherland. than to give tribute, i she refused her hand to rich, strong princes and kings, and now you want to make me and my children tributaries, you don’t have enough troops, you can understand her. the nieces of the byzantine emperor endure the dominance of the wild steppe inhabitants. what humiliation? finding himself between the ambassadors of akhmat and his wife, ivan ii. pretended to be sick. and sofia ordered

the kremlin courtyard to be taken away from the ardy residents. ivan ii himself. i was not ready for a direct clash with the tatar khan. the surrounding principality submitted to ivan ii. brought it harshly. well, where not the will of the grand duke was enough; it helped to show will. entourage, or his wife, the iron lady of moscow, sofia. the fear of the horde was still strong in russia , but by that time the golden horde itself no longer existed; after the defeat of tamerlane at the end of the 19th century, it was never able to recover and gradually broke up into several independent states, the large nanogai horde, as well as the uzbek and kazakh , kazan and crimean khanates. in the year the horde arrived, he invaded the principality, burned the town, but did not dare to cross the aku. he sent to the moscow embassy frightened the prince and

outraged the princess. sophia poleologok naively believed that the grand duchy of moscow was a great power. in fact, these were separate possessions, scattered across the vast expanses of northeastern russia, periodically at war and intriguing against each other. it was not for nothing that ivan ii refused to make people angry. akhmata, his power in the year of expulsion of the khan’s ambassadors from the kremlin stood on the sand, and could not have stood against the ardyns alone. it was necessary to combine forces, but there was no particular desire for ivan didn’t notice something about the unification of other russian principalities, so what was left? all that was left was to pick it up. mister veliky novgorod, the center of eastern european trade politics. in the era of feudal fragmentation , the capital of the independent novgorod republic. novgorod is the center of trade routes, closely connected with the powerful hansa, a trade union

of free european cities. ivan understood: to subjugate such a force would strengthen oneself many times over, and without strengthening muscovy there was no point even thinking about freeing itself from the low honor mark of the danny card. there was a powerful anti-moscow coalition in the city , led by an authority figure. the active widow of the novgorod mayor, martha boretskaya, they see a way out in an alliance with the head of the grand duchy of lithuania, catholic casimir. an alliance with lithuania was concluded, novgorod retained its own state structure, and casimir, in the event of war, promised to help in the fight against moscow. novgorodians did not want to be either from moscow or from lithuania, most of them were quite happy with their own independence, but ivan ii there were other plans. in novgorod's flirtations with lithuania, he saw an attempt to convert to the king of poland and grand duke of lithuania casimir iii and even to fall into catholicism. captured documents on diplomatic

relations were used by ivan ii and his office for specific political purposes. for example, when moscow annexed veliky novgorod and the vyatka republic, they were involved. treaties between novgorod, vyatka and tver with foreign states, and let’s say veliky novgorod corresponded with the polish king casimir. this correspondence was taken during the battle on the shilon river in the novgorod convoy. this made it possible to say that it turns out that the novgorodians violated the previous agreement, according to which they could not have foreign political ties. with other countries, bypassing the grand duke of moscow, therefore, they forged a conspiracy against moscow, they acted in the same way

regarding tver and one vyatka, due to its remoteness, was annexed by ivan ii just like that, without any diplomatic documents. contract servicemen receive regional support measures, combat veteran status. exemption from land tax, compensation for housing and communal services, vouchers to a sanatorium, vacation twice a year, and other benefits from the state, everything is fair here, serve under a contract, avatar show - new season, tomorrow at 20:20 on ntv, this is alpha pay, the freedom to pay. because it’s convenient for you, pay as conveniently as possible with alfay any smartphone that

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forces. in the battle on the shillon river, the novgorod militia suffered a crushing defeat. an indemnity was imposed on novgorod. 6 years later, in 1477 , the grand duke’s army again set out on a new campaign against the obstinate novgorodians, the city surrendered without a fight. martha the mayor was tonsured and sent to a monastery, where she died. liberties and democracy were ended, the veche order was abolished, the veche the bell, along with the city archive... was brought to moscow. novgorod never received help from the lithuanians. in 1485 , the tver principality was also annexed. the reason for the campaign of moscow troops was the attempt of the local prince mikhail borisovich to conclude a dynastic marriage and an alliance treaty with lithuania. the roar of the grand ducal guns quickly destroyed the plans of mikhail borisovich, but the story did not end there. soon mikhail tverskoy made another attempt to get closer to the grand duchy. lithuanian and this attempt

cost him the throne. hearing the menacing step of the moscow army, mikhail borisovich, taking the treasury, fled to lithuania. the son of ivan ii was installed as governor in tver. ivan is young. the imminent invasion of akhmat with a large horde is not the only threat, there are no less threats nearby, the strongest opponent of muscovite russia, the grand duke of lithuania, king casimir ii of poland, yagilonchik. the politician is as cunning as ivan ii himself. faithful friend of khan akhmat. in moscow we urgently need to look for a counterweight to akhmat and kazimir. and there is such a one, khan of the crimean arda, mengligerey. moscow the diplomatic archive began to form under ivan ii with documents on relations between moscow and the crimean khan. why? the fact is that moscow and the crimean khan had the same enemies, a large horde, where khan akhmat constantly

encroached on russia, on the possession of the crimean khan, and the lithuanian grand duke casimir, who again fought with moscow with the crimean khan and these relations turned out to be extremely fruitful. the liberation of russia from the ardyn yoke, the famous stand on the ugra, was marked not only by the stand on the ugra, but by the fact that the great did not come to the ugra prince of lithuania, and he did not come because mengli gerey, the crimean khan, in agreement with moscow, attacked the lithuanian possessions. and these are durable. moscow's relations with crimea continued until the end of the 15th century. in mutual documents sent from moscow to crimea and from crimea to moscow, the grand duke of moscow and the crimean khan call each other

brother. this was standard treatment between sovereigns in those days. this means that they recognize each other as equals. these contacts between moscow and crimea began. the beginning of the official history of russian diplomacy, well that is, already from documents, and not just from chronicles, so, for example, the first documents in the diplomatic archive, which dyak vasily momyrev began to collect at the end of the 16th century, were precisely the materials for the crimean khan menglegerey. as a result of diplomatic activity, various types of embassy documentation, letters of faith or credentials, dangerous letters, and response letters gradually accumulated. embassy reports, article lists that formed the basis of the so-called diplomatic documentation, they allow us to understand what happened during the reign of ivan ii, what contacts were established and what diplomatic methods and techniques

were used to achieve foreign policy goals. goal number one was the liberation of russia from the ardyn yoke. yes, the king did everything to prepare. russia, but when akhmat’s ardyn troops appeared on the horizon , ivan fell into a panic and sent his wife sofia along with the treasury to beloozero with orders. kolikhan will take moscow, go further to the sea. the chronicler writes: rich money lovers, pot-bellied traitors, begged ivan. not stand up for battle, great sovereign, better run. the enraged people were at the same time indignant. you are the sovereign, the prince over us in such a way that while it is quiet and calm, you are robbing us in vain. and when trouble comes, you want to run away, khan himself angered and did not pay him tribute, and now you are handing us all over to the tatars. as a result, ivan the third locked himself in the red village and sent troops to his eldest son with orders to come to him immediately. the young prince, having undertaken to defend the border,

replied: i will die here, but i will not go to my father. on the eve of akhmat's arrival, they rebelled against him both siblings, andrey, big uk. gathered troops against ivan ii and moved towards novgorod. not finding support from the novgorodians, the brothers turned to king casimir for help. he didn't help. he himself had a hard time from the raids of krymchak mingligere, wanting to calm the situation before the imminent invasion of the tatars, the grand duke made serious concessions to the krasny, as a result they brought their troops to repel the ardyn invasion. akhmat was no less afraid of his campaign than ivan the third. he walked cautiously, waiting for casimir's help, but from his capital, the barn akhmat still left for good measure. having learned about this, the army of governor vasily nazdrevatov and khan nurdaul-gerey, who served in russia, the brother of kromchak mengligerey, hurried in boats

down the volga to the barn. soon, only ashes remained from the capital of akhmat. khan akhmat himself was met by the russian army at the crossing of the ugra and, after a four-day battle, was driven back with great force. the ugra is covered with ice, the grand duke understands that the tatars can cross the river at any minute and orders kremenets and borovsk to retreat, russia saved even more fear of akhmat who stood... after the russians left until november 11. akhmat rushed to plunder the lands of his ally casimir, and then returned to the large horde. a few weeks later he was stabbed to death by the tyumen khan, who informed moscow about this and received a generous payment for this. the lithuanians neglected their allied duty and did not come to the aid of the large horde, because the alliance concluded between the principality of moscow and the crimean khanate worked. in 1482, minglegerey requested. made a devastating raid on the southern territories of the lithuanian principality.

the krymchaks plundered the st. sophia cathedral in kiev; from the spoils, khan sent church utensils, a patira and a paten to moscow. the yoke has fallen, it is time to solve other accumulated foreign policy problems. for example, relations with our western neighbors, with lithuania, have always been explosive. the next crisis erupted in 1500, when a number of princes with their estates expressed a desire to come under the hand of moscow. the war lasted 3 years, and as a result, the moscow principality grew into chernigov, novgorod-seversky, starodum, bryansk, dorogobuzh, mtsensk, and the grand duchy of lithuania decreased by about a third. it is worth adding that the krymchaks again contributed to these victories of russian weapons. relations between russia and the crimean khanate deteriorated after the appearance of extensive common borders. and i understand, thank you, we are leaving, in the new season there is even more

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the kazan throne ; khan was either loyal to moscow or less loyal. or even completely hostile. in 1487, voivode ivan ii. prince kholmsky took kazan; note, it was not ivan the terrible who took it first, but the governor kholmsky under ivan ii. moscow chose to place genghisids, who were more or less submissive to the will of moscow, as proteges in kazan. for 20 years, thus, russia was spared from attacks from the east. subsequently, this is what happened: ivan ii died. mengligeri are no more saw the point in an alliance with moscow, since the main common enemy, the great horde, disappeared from the political map, it was necessary to divide its inheritance, starting from the sixties

of the 15th century, muscovites made forays into the urals, op, ugra, in 1462 perm was conquered and baptized, and already in 1481 the permians , together with the stuzhans, fought off the invasion of vagulich, mansi. by 1500, the pechora basin and the upper vychekda came under the hand of the grand duke. residents, as expected, were subject to tribute, in this case, fur. fur is an important aspect of international politicians, european nobility love good fur, russia really needs to interact with europe, there is culture, technology and russian. has something to offer in return, from moscow to the west he goes to the embassy. well, in addition to establishing foreign policy ties, one of the goals of the embassies was to attract foreign specialists to moscow. so, for example, in 1475, the russian ambassador, semyon tolbuzin , negotiated with the italian architect,

aristotle fearavante, on the complete reconstruction of the ruined moscow kremlin. autumn 1505 the year ivan ii the great dies and sophia paleolok, the heiress of the byzantine emperors , uses byzantine traditional methods of intrigue to ensure that her eldest son from ivan vasily ii ascends the throne. as the true son of ivan the great, vasily ii continued the work of collecting russian lands and centralizing power. he was the first to fall under the heavy hand of the young moscow prince. the veche bell, as in the case of novgorod, was sent to moscow in order to avoid further fermentation of minds; 300 of the most noble families were also resettled in the capital. pskov republic ceased to exist. it was ryazan’s turn, vasily heard rumors about a possible alliance of the ryazan prince with the crimean khan, but

the goal was still the same, to get out from under the influence of moscow. following ryazan, the principality of starodub lost its remnants of independence, and in 1523, novgorod-seversky, too, but the attempt to nominate one’s candidacy for the lithuanian throne was still unsuccessful. vasily ii actually had no chance of taking the lithuanian throne; it is a kind of historical myth that he could seriously lay claim to it. but as for his foreign policy, which developed in relation to lithuania, it was just successful, that is. the first war of vasily ii with the grand duchy of lithuania, it ended in a draw, on the one hand, russia lost a couple of cities conquered by his father ivan ii, it acquired a powerful subject of vasily ii, prince glinsky, who brought his family, velmosh, retinue, many excellent fighters,

besides, the most precious thing that he brought to vasily was his connections among the russians, you know, on the territory of lithuania. all this came in handy later. but the second war 1512-1522. this is the greatest success of vasily ii, since as a result of this war he was able to recapture smolensk, until that moment, smolensk was under the rule of lithuania, well, in the kazan khaanate, meanwhile, everything was the same, and the weather vane of local politics was spinning either in moscow or anti-moscow side. crimea wanted to actually control kazan through tavlennikov. moscow also wanted to rule kazan through tavolnikov, and some of the kazants were for moscow, some for crimea.

after vasily ii, the throne was occupied by ivan ii. grozny, one of the most controversial and demonized figures of russian history. in 1547, ivan ii was crowned king in the assumption cathedral. sovereign, tsar and grand duke of all russia. despite his young years, ivan ii is actively immersed in government activities, publishes a new code of law, introducing a single unit for levying taxes , limiting the rights of peasants and serfs, changes the army recruitment system, convenes the zemsky sobor, and carries out local government reforms. in addition, ivan the terrible organizes a system of orders, which also includes the ambassadorial one. in the 1460s moscow principality in 100.520 - these are two different powers, the territory grew explosively, it was impossible

to imagine in the sixties what the country would become in 50-60 years, the annexation of tver, novgorod, vyatka, northern lands, a quarter of a hundred russian-lithuanian cities, and other acquisitions, this is a real territorial... coup, it was impossible to rule vast russia, since they ruled a relatively small moscow principality, it was necessary to introduce a complex system of central government, so it was introduced, with with the help of orders, orders were of two kinds, but the first were permanent, like modern ministries, the second, some kind of projects were needed. some task, several officials are appointed, and they are given an order to carry out activities on this project, the order brings it to completion,

the ambassadorial order - this was, of course, an order of the first type, this is an order that, in fact, was an influx of the ministry of foreign affairs , it was permanent, and moreover, it was an order that was constantly interfered with sovereigns, since diplomacy is the game of monarchs. and there was a precious archive that has survived to this day, which very well shows relations with europe and the east , there were learned diacs, the most educated people of their era, and from time to time, the embassy diac was headed by judges, aristocrats, also people who were extremely experienced in diplomatic activities, the embassy order worked in such a way that i apologize, it was steamy, it was one of the most active institutions in all of russia during the 16-17 centuries. it was with the establishment of the ambassadorial

order in 1549 that the official beginning of the diplomatic service of russia took place. the order was carried out by foreign policy, current diplomacy. employees of the order regularly prepared information reports on the situation in the world for the tsar. relationship. with the crimean khanate have changed significantly since the time of ivan ii, there is no longer a trace left of the allied obligations. now behind the crimea there is a serious power, the ottoman empire, but the power of the ottomans at that time was such that all of europe lived with an eye to the east. during during the campaign in 1552, the krymchaks suffered a crushing defeat on the shivoron river in the vicinity of tula. after the battle, the russian troops under the command of prince kurbsky are left with the khan's convoy. khan, devlet gerey, flees to crimea for 3 years and forgets about the campaigns against russia. ivan the terrible, repelling the raid and unleashing

himself. hands in the southern direction shift the focus to the east, and there is the kazan khanate. in the first half of the 16th century alone , the kazan people carried out about forty raids of varying degrees of devastation. ivan vasilyevich went to kazan three times, each the next trip turned out to be more successful than the previous one. the first expedition in the winter of 1547 brought nothing, since the heavy siege artillery was mediocrely sunk under the ice of the volga. the second campaign also did not lead to the capture of the city, but on the way back. the russian army built the sviyazhsk fortress, which served as the base for the last third campaign. kazan finally fell and a year later the siberian khan ediger asked the russian tsar to take all the siberian land under his own name and stand up for all sides, protect them and place his tribute on them. having finished with kazan, ivan the terrible turned his gaze south to a small state, the astrakhan khanate. this

khanate controlled. in 1556, the astrakhan lands joined the russian kingdom of kazan and astrakhan, there were approximately 4 years between them, this was the greatest military-political success of russia in the 16th century, one must understand that this is a territorial transformation. was lost, it was consolidated, but we must also remember that the resistance lasted even after 1552, the final consolidation of the kazan khanate and its lands occurred under fyodor ivanovich in the mid-eighties of the 16th century. in honor of the capture of kazan , ivan the terrible orders the construction of the pokrovsky cathedral on red square, known as st. basil's cathedral

, and having conquered astrakhon, russia reaches the foothills of the caucasus, everything is ready for a new confrontation with the crimean khan. if you surrender lands to the crimean khan, if you yield to him, then he, like a carrying wolf, will return again. it was necessary to find a military force, put it in the field, and still fight back. this was done. necessary understand that crimea is not only the crimean peninsula, but the entire northern tavria, the northern azov region, part. the northern caucasus, as well as the land from dneprobuksky, liman, almost to the danube, that is, this is a power that, in its territories, is several times larger than the concept of the crimean peninsula, it was a very powerful power, so the fight against it was so difficult. in 155, the crimean army set off on a campaign against the pyatigorsk princes, who were under the patronage of moscow. to meet him,

first the russian army is sent under under the command of governor sheremetyev, who was ordered to drive away the stadahan troops, the fate of the campaign was decided in a battle near a village with the characteristic name of fate. sheremetev was awarded the following mention in the turkish chronicle: someone godless, infidel, who , due to his boar courage, dog madness, called sheremet, with his devilish brothers, doused the heads of the faithful with iron rain on fiery brooms of lead. in 1559, governor daniil adashev carried out a brilliant military operation. with an army of eight thousand he is in small boats went down the dnieper, captured two turkish ships and landed in the crimea. this was the first time russian troops appeared in these territories. khan never expected an attack from here. then the russian army left crimea freely. near ochakov, adashev released

the captured turks, ordering them to tell them that in 1569 the turks were preparing a military campaign against russia. the scale is truly imperial; the fleet, army, crimean khanate, nagai horde are involved. turkish engineers go along with the army and the fleet and their task is build the volk-don canal no more and no less. the global goal of the ottomans is to raise an uprising in the astrakhan and kazan khanates and remove moscow from the world map. this project is being prepared by the great vizier mihmed pasha sokalu. and it just so happened that the grandiose plans of this man were destroyed by a modest employee of the russian embassy order, semyon maltsev. in the west , the falcon was opposed by the christian kingdoms. in the east was the mighty military force of iran, but there was

a weak point in the north, the great volzh. way, at one astrakhan customs it was charged day of duties for 1000 gold. having cut the artery of international trade, the turks weakened iran and hurt western europe, but first they had to take it. astrakhan in 1563, the plan was ready, but it would be thwarted by the russian diplomat semyon maltsev. it was with his assistance that the russian envoys in crimea soldered the agent of the crimean khan and persuaded him to convince the khan to cancel the campaign against russia. after the death of khan, his heirs in 1569 nevertheless went to astrakhon again on the scene. diplomat maltsev. maltsev gained access to secret diplomatic correspondence on the issue of a new campaign against rus'. he copied the documents and returned the originals to their place, and sent the copies by messenger to moscow. now moscow knew everything to repel

the invasion. during khan's next attack, maltsev fought like a simple warrior. he was captured seriously wounded, taken to turkish azov, thrown into an underground prison, and then sold as a slave to the crimea. but even while in captivity, maltsev found an opportunity to sow doubt and discord in the enemy camp, to quarrel between enemies and to raise a rebellion against the turks from within. so, having quarreled among all the conquerors, they were essentially defeated by one russian diplomat, then they did not realize it yet, but there was very little time left before their final defeat. the course of history could no longer be stopped. the residents of astrakhan did not rebel, they repelled all the assaults, a light border regiment. the silver prince was exterminated by the janissaries and the workers who built the volga-don canal went to astrahod. the turkish fleet tried to escape along the don to azov. the crimean horde fled from astrakan across the steppes, abandoning the turks. the pitiful remnants of the turkish army fleet gathered in

azov, but the cossacks blew up warehouses there. it was impossible to winter in azov. the turks boarded ships and went to sea. an autumn storm sank most of the goletas. 700 yenechar from the fifteen thousand army reached istanbul. and they told the sultans: it is better to execute us all here than to send us against the russians. the turks swore off war with russia for 100 years. after the annexation of the kazan, astrakhan, siberian khanates, advancement to the baltic and caucasus, russia turns into a serious continental power, with interests that are now obliged be considered in europe, in asia. i killed criminals, bandits. enemies of our country on november 6 on ntv, where did you work, during the war? fearless retiree? you should get out of here, old man, you shouldn’t have said that, there’s some guy from valynny, he’s bringing down all our people, teaching

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in trade opportunities in russia. possibility number one, resin, bread, hemp, wood, to some extent fur. and, russia in england was also interested trade opportunities, well, first of all , the delivery of certain types of weapons and certain technical specialists who were needed then. in addition, the british were looking for a passage to persia through russia. hoping for help in eliminating the technological gap, ivan the terrible decided to take unprecedented measures, english merchants received the right to duty-free trade in russia, the opportunity to freely establish trading yards and enterprises, hire russian workers, organize transit trips, store goods in any convenient places, but the most curious moment in the history of relations between russia and england is ivan’s attempt to marry an englishman. queen elizabeth. here is the dialogue

between russia and england in the second half of the sixteenth, in the first half of the sixteenth century, it was sometimes extremely beneficial to the two countries, and sometimes complicated by conflict situations. the british believe that they have made the russian state happy with their trade. ivany said: “and without you, the moscow state was not meager.” from time to time he looked for ways to solve some political problems in england, when he feared a conspiracy in england, he asked whether he could find political asylum in england and, in addition, looked for the possibility of a dynastic marriage, a marriage with elizabeth ii herself or with her relative, hastings. the british were skeptical about the possibilities of such a marriage, rejected it, naturally, ivan the terrible reacted by reducing the trade benefits of the british, in addition, he reproached the queen of england for speaking to her mainly about trade matters, and not about political ones, as he told her

that people rule the country bypassing her and not that people, and trading men, but for people, it was an aristocracy, that is, they could be noticed, trading men, of course, less than people, and called her a vulgar girl, an ordinary girl, that is, as if not a real queen, since she cares about trade affairs, placing them higher than political affairs, that is, more. the british, albeit not always on fair terms, still wanted to trade with russia, while other participants in the european market often demanded that russian trade flow exclusively through them. and they would receive this is your percentage. the livonian order claimed this more actively than others, but sweden and the hansa were not far behind it. the livonian war included a number of wars. and for russian historiography, of course, this

phenomenon is associated with russia’s struggle for territories associated with the baltic. for europe. these are different wars, in general, they began with the crisis of the livonian order, he turned into a sick man of europe, he could no longer calmly manage those territories that were in his power before, it was necessary to divide this livonian pie, russia was the first to start this armed struggle, and it must be said that this step was forced, we did not so much strive to take the baltic ports, we... during the war we already felt all the charm of the baltic trade, when not around the scandinavian peninsula , specialists from western europe rushed directly to us, and first of all we needed good lands on which to plant our nobility, in the second half of the 15th century,

there was a land famine within russia, of course, made itself known, new territories were needed, in this struggle for several years, russia was the leading force , the order of lyon was actually buried, the confrontation simultaneously with the polish-lithuanian commonwealth of sweden , two great powers, became terrible and difficult, despite the fact that in the south - the crimean khan attacked russia; he long ago ceased to be an ally of russia and became its enemy. it was this introduction of struggle on several fronts under ivan ii that led to failure. first of all, russia's precious allies in western europe were dutch. relations with them have been established since the 19th century. the dutch conducted extensive trade, financial transactions in russia had warehouses here, and they competed with the british and provided services to russia in the diplomatic arena. they were people who even

spoke better about russia than any of its other counterparties in europe. in addition, another precious ally of russia is the danish crown, negotiations were constantly carried out with it under ivan ii, under the first romanovs in the 16th century, denmark has traditionally been an ally of russia in the baltic, and allies not only in the diplomatic sphere, but in the military, we have fought wars in the baltic many times in alliance with denmark. russia had it in the livonian war. not many allies, denmark remained on the side of the russians for almost 20 years, but in the end it joined the anti-russian coalition, some of the territories were lost, russian territories, all the lands that were taken in battle in

the baltic states were lost, but i want to draw your attention attention, this is not the final act of the war, the war... continued it successfully and he large-scale hostilities with sweden recaptured the lost russian lands in the northwestern part of russia, in fact, this round of russian access to the baltic ended with the tyavzin peace agreement of 1595, and under this agreement russia regained its lands. previously lost. the livonian war became for russia the first, alas, not the last war with a united europe. it was simply unrealistic to resist such a powerful coalition. accession to the throne of ivan ii. and the death of his grandson ivan the terrible is separated by 120 years. and during this time, rus'

has traveled an incredible path, fighting for the survival of the principality to become one of the largest states in europe. it was then that the foundations of the state were established. device and russia established itself as a link between the civilizations of east and west and as the heir of byzantium. it is along this bridge that the polish interventionists enter the moscow kremlin. was a sad result of the troubled times, as at the beginning of the 18th century russia could have been on the verge of complete extinction, but unfortunately, all the conditions, both internal and external, for this then they formed. boris godunov was on the throne at that moment. brother-in-law. fyodor

ioanovich, the last tsararikov. fyodor was modest, peace-loving, extremely pious, had a frail physique, was often ill and was not distinguished by a discerning mind and was drawn to state affairs. therefore, manomakh’s hat fell on godunov’s head. in 1591 in uglich, he died tragically. the heir of ivan the terrible, tsarevich dmitry, and the eldest son of ivan the terrible, fyodor ioanovich, reigned for a short time and died in 1598. boris godunov, who seized the throne, honestly tried to cope with consequences of the great ruin of the country under ivan the terrible, but he could not. godunov used every possible means to get out of the crisis; a distinctive feature of his reign was an attempt to bring the people closer together. he resumed friendly relations with the english government and carried on personal correspondence with queen elizabeth. he invited

doctors and craftsmen from abroad. merchants, industrialists, military men, scientists, people went to moscow, they received positions, good salaries and lands. in an effort to strengthen relations with western countries, godunov decided use perhaps the most reliable means. he planned to arrange a profitable diplomatic marriage for his daughter, princess xenia. one of the foreign princes. godunov wanted this prince to convert to orthodoxy and then become the legitimate king in russia. then he did not yet know how tragically this idea would end. the first contender for xenia's hand was prince gustav of sweden, the son of the swedish king. gustav arrived in moscow in 1598, but to everyone’s surprise he did not want to give up his former love, taking his mistress to moscow. the swedish prince led a riotous life, and the main one, refused. convert to orthodoxy. as a result, boris godunov broke off the engagement. next came a more important contender, the austrian erzger maximilian.

but this time the negotiations broke down. godunov presented a demand to his future husband-daughter. he had to move to russia. boris godunov loved his daughter so much that he wanted to live with her even after the wedding. the parties were never able to agree on the deal and resolve diplomatic problems. the next groom, danish prince john, practically became a husband xenia, he arrived in moscow and agreed to become a russian appanage prince. ksenia was allowed to see the groom only through the door bars. the groom was strictly forbidden to look at the bride. the girl liked the prince, but the blooming nineteen-year-old boy suddenly fell ill and died without ever seeing his bride. the grief of the royal family knew no bounds, however, attempts at matchmaking did not stop, but by the will of fate, in the midst of troubled times, the beautiful princess ksenia, whose... hand the european youths claimed, was left alone, and boris godunov was never able to carry out his plan.

he failed to cope with the ruin of the country. when in 1601, already in the 17th century, famine struck russia and lasted for 3 whole years. godunov made enormous efforts to somehow cope with it, he organized public works, he tried to organize. nothing worked, the peasants, already ruined under ivan the terrible, fled from central russia, in all directions, wherever they hoped to feed themselves, the small landed nobles, having lost their working hands, found themselves simply naked and barefoot, the boyars and monasteries who had reserves of grain refused to share them with their peasants. moreover, the owners drove kholopov out onto the street; these were lifelong

servants, whom the owners simply had to feed as members of their family. the time of troubles began with the uprising of the serfdom of cotton. the slaves marched on moscow as soon as they were defeated near moscow. the state was falling apart, still bursting at the seams, the hunger did not subside. and general civil. war became inevitable. tsar boris never received the favor of the people. famine, crop failure, the russian people tied the plague of problems together. people decided that if god marks gdunov’s reign with cataclysms, then he is not a real king. those in need flocked to moscow, and government money was mostly stolen by officials. plus, rumors spread that tsarevich dimitri, who died back in 1591, especially the boyars considered boris gudunov an absolutely

illegitimate tsar, because not only did he climb to the pinnacle of power from the common nobility, the boyars did not consider him an equal , even themselves, not that they wanted to obey him. godunov, naturally, in response, applied repressions against the boyars, however, he executed them, and secretly killed a few, mostly sent exile, but the boyars simply slept and saw how to throw godunov off the throne, and the impoverished nobility, under godunov, also supported in this fight? hello family, this is shaba! on the day of national unity, i go to the end, and the chances of believing from the wounded heart,

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fight successfully, although behind the crimean khanate, for example, stood the suzerain, ottoman turkey, whose power undoubtedly surpassed russia until the middle of the 16th century. but we must understand that the polish-lithuanian commonwealth is much more important to the state. than russia, even taking into account the annexation of siberian lands in the 16th-18th centuries, in terms of population, amount of wealth, relatively speaking, in terms of financial capabilities of russia, the polish-lithuanian commonwealth was inferior for a very long time until the second half of the 16th century. concerning. one should not think that sweden is modern sweden, sweden from the 16th-17th centuries, especially in the 16th century, is a superpower, they themselves call this period

surmakt, a great power, great power. sweden belonged to finland, sweden belonged to northern germany, sweden as a result moscow accounted for a significant part of military failures. the baltic states, karelia, northern novgorod region, right up to lake ladazh, imagine such a northern giant state, it was very difficult to fight it. the end of the 16th century, after the death of ivan the terrible, the country was devastated, oppressed by the livonian war, which lasted a quarter of a century. the north-west, novgorod and moscow and the moscow region were hit the hardest, and these are the most developed areas. as a result of great devastation. ivan the terrible in these parts barely 15% of the previous arable land was cultivated , there were simply no peasants, but despite this , godunov conquered all the baltic lands lost in the levon war, conquered

the siberian khanate and fought off the crimean khan. he also conceived the most large-scale projects. a striking evidence that boris godunov was open to dialogue with europe is that he sent russian people to europe to obtain the necessary knowledge, to study, the trouble is that someone died there, someone did not want to return , this project that started brilliantly, subsequently ended sadly, but perhaps it would have ended differently if the reign of boris godunov had lasted longer, he ruled for only 7 years, and after him russia opened up. troubles, at this moment it was impossible to carry out any meaningful policy of such a complex level, after the famine epidemic under gadunov, the lands were virtually depopulated, the power of the state

rested on the local army, consisting of nobles and boyar children, the source of their income was the estates on which the peasants worked as soon as the people fled from the nobles estates, the economic foundation of the state began to collapse, and so serfdom arose, the peasants had to be left on the land somehow, the conspiracy of the elites largely decided the fate of gdunoov before the appearance of the false dmitry ii and almost nullified the russian state. none of the boyar families could lay claim to the kingdom, but everyone wanted to be closer to the throne. it was at this moment in 1603 that the impostor false dmitry ii appeared. having secured the support of the poles, he gathered troops of 6,000 people and moved towards russia. went over to his side, violating the oath given to tsar boris godunov. don and little russian cossacks, servicemen, governors of southern russian cities, belgorod, yelets, livny , after the sudden death of boris godunov,

hundreds of nobles from ryazan, tula, and northern cities joined the army of dmitry ii, believing in its authenticity. according to the main version, the name given to tsarevich dmitry was grishkav, a runaway monk of a wonderful monastery located in the moscow kremlin. his identity... was established by an official investigation initiated by boris godunov, who sent letters throughout the country denouncing the impostor. nothing helped. the people did not believe tsar boris, but they believed that the rightful heir... the sudden death of godunov, about which there was a lot of speculation, the troops of the impostor lie dmitry i created an extremely difficult situation in the country. the oath of allegiance to the new tsar, fedor, the son of borisano, was no longer of interest to anyone. most of the population.

dmitry, calling him the rightful king. in my opinion, there are three key points. firstly, compared to fyodor godunov, dmitry already had the right of birthright. for to a simple russian man, he looked like a real natural rurikovich, unlike fedor, the son of the elected tsar boris. and this is actually a very important point, since the time of troubles raised the question of the rights of the tsar. because according to the interpretation of the scribes, who is the king? this is a man who... is anointed, chosen by god, and boris and his son did not fit in at this moment. secondly, the direction of boris godunov, as is well known, coincided with the famine of the early 16th century. and in the sentiments of ordinary people this was clearly associated with god’s punishment for wrong choice of king. and in general , against this background, the false dmitry looked like a deliverer from a wrong choice and the return of the real rurikovich dynasty. and the third point - it’s the last, but probably also very important, is that fedor simply did not have enough supporters. the young king did not have one. people loyal to him who were ready to help him in

difficult moments to preserve the throne of the young monarch. the young tsar fedor had no experience in commanding troops and was forced to rely on the basmanov family, who has already inflicted the first serious military defeats on the false dmitry. however, the measures taken did not produce the desired results. some elders of the boyar duma introduced a double game from the very beginning. soon the tsarist troops led by the basmanovs changed their oaths. having joined the miter troops of the lie of dmitry and captured those who remained faithful to their king. approaching moscow, lies dmitry sent a letter in which he called himself the tsar of moscow and fyodor a traitor. on june 1, 1605, people loyal to lidmitry raised an uprising among the residents of moscow, prompting the seizure of the kremlin by supporters of the impostor, where, with the non-intervention of the boyar duma, fedr, his

sister ksenia and mother were taken into custody. wife of boris godunov. false dmitry announced that his main condition for entering moscow was the liquidation of the royal godunov family. the slanderous criminals did not delay long in fulfilling the impostor’s conditions, and on june 10 , 1605, in the chambers that served as prison cells, sixteen-year-old fedor and his mother were strangled. fyodor’s sister ksenia did not expect a better fate. she was given to the concubine of lies dmitry. and then sent to a monastery. thus ended the shortest reign in russian history. tsar fedor stayed on the throne for only 7 weeks. fyodor borisovich became the only moscow tsar over whom the crowning ceremony was not even performed . thus, the gates of moscow were open to the lies of dmitry ii. and dmitry ii appeared to the people of lies. triumphantly. already. on june 20

, 1605, he solemnly entered moscow and took the royal throne. the polish king sigismund ii recognized the impostor as the heir to the russian throne. in response, to strengthen the connection with poles, false dmitry decided to marry the daughter of the famous polish noble marinemnishik and promised the poles to convert russia to catholicism, give smolensk and the seversk land. in the meantime, the false dmitry i sat on the throne and began to rule. foreigners were promised russian lands. he didn’t give it, he didn’t accept catholicism, he legally installed patriarchs in moscow, he forgave all his enemies. for a whole year, everyone could not get enough of the young tsar dmitry, but there was another side to the coin. despite the famine and widespread crisis in the country, the entry of numerous the polish retinue to moscow was accompanied by celebrations, drunken revelry and generous gifts of dmitry's lies, and the wedding was celebrated with especially splendor. the path for the couple was laid with cloth, and brocade was also sent on top. first

the patriarch came out, followed by the bishop of novgorod. the two of them carried the royal crown into the assumption cathedral. then the false dmitry himself came out. in front of him were carried the sceptres orb, as well as a large drawn sword. having come to power, dmitry the lie had to fulfill the many promises that he made to the polish gentry, russian nobles, boyars and common people. of course, like any impostor, dmitry promised a lot of things, but he had to fulfill it. quite difficult in times of troubles, and he really tried to carry out certain reforms, for example, he tried to create a general set of laws based on the code of law of ivan the terrible, increased the number of members of the boyar duma, this... apparently there was some attempt to find a compromise with the local elites, distributed generous gifts to the common people, paid the salary that had not been paid before to russian archers and various other service people, despite

these innovations were also things that both ordinary people and boyars and nobles did not like, of course, the presence of a large number of polish soldiers in moscow, which the boyars, nobles and common people did not like, in general, the manner of conferring with the polish in the first place.. those close to dmitry, immediately dmitry did not take breaks for naps in his entertainment, as he was not a russian , and so every day, the wedding feast lasted almost a week, the sumptuous meal ruined false dmitry, returning exile directly to the celebration, vasily shuisky too drew attention to the strange behavior of the monarch, false dmitry ate meat on fasting days, as if he were not orthodox, and even did not wash his hands before meals, while the poles irritated moscow with their fun, robbed churches, shoisky and his comrades were preparing a conspiracy. it was during the wedding celebrations that the boyars hastily overthrew and killed the new ruler, and the main instigator vasily shuisky was shouted out as the new sovereign by a crowd of muscovites on the cathedral

square. he was crowned king on june 1 , 1606, a year after the triumph of the lying dmitry ii. according to legend, the corpse of false dmitry was burned , the tsar gun was loaded with ashes, and the only shot in history was fired towards poland, where the impostor came from; whether this is true or not is not known for certain. luzhe dmitry ii, with him several thousand foreign guests of the capital, fell victims to the political cunning of vasily shuisky, and his sophistication in international intrigue. first, right on the dark night, they rang the bells and announced to the people that the villains, the poles, want to kill the legitimate tsar dmitry, the people rushed to kill the poles, at the height of this massacre, the boyars captured the most noble poles in order to take a ransom for them in exchange.

when in the morning the people learned that the false dmitry had been killed, shuisky declared gratitude to the people for the fact that all the moscow people... helped exterminate the impostor, who had seized the moscow throne by deceit, wanted to betray orthodoxy and give russia away to death. shuisky attributed to the false dmitry intrigues by his sons, letters, and sent letters about this throughout the country, and without the approval of the moscow patriarch, he removed the old patriarch and did not install a new one he was in a hurry, he didn’t need moral authority , vasily shuisky had one problem, the people ... didn’t appreciate him, it was easy to deceive many muscovites for a short time, but not the whole country for a long time. the people did not believe either in the legitimacy of the boyar tsar or in the death of tsar dmitry. but why wasn’t shuisky afraid

that the polish king sidismund would take revenge? and it’s very simple, the fact is that those same polish mognates and gentry who were killed in moscow were enemies of the polish king. izmunda, they raised a rosh against him, then there is a legitimate uprising of the szlachta, and with the support of dmitry, they were going to overthrow sigismund from the throne. it turns out that by organizing this mass murder, vasily shuisky did not risk anything at all, he miscalculated only in one thing, it was possible to deceive the muscovites for a short time. but not the whole country for a long time, literally, at first the people were stunned by the murder of dmitry, and then, after thinking, they answered shuisky, since shuisky did not expect, people said, we understand that vasily seized power

illegally, so we do not believe that puddle dmitry died. alarm, everyone to the airfields, who provoked the most powerful crisis of the two superpowers? it did n’t matter at all who was to blame, america or the soviet union, was there a chance to avoid a catastrophe? it became clear that the scale of the disaster could be global, and how one person saved all of humanity. there is a possibility that the third world war will be started by chance, and the decision will be made by sweaty lieutenant colonels, 1983, a new documentary film... sheet, it turns out, nuclear weapons, a weapon not of murder, but

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new season, good morning, from november 7 at 20:00 on ntv. and shuisky belonged to the suzdol branch of this family, it did not happen; dozens of towns in the districts did not recognize vasily shuisky as the true sovereign. very soon the moscow government lost control over the province and a civil war began in the country. that's when another one appeared mystical character, false dmitry ii. it was a second-level impostor, a copy of a copy. even in portraits of the century, dmitry was depicted. one on one like false dmitry, who supposedly escaped death, it would seem, well, how can one believe in this a second time, one way or another, but many believed that instead of dmitry ii’s lie , a double was killed, and now the surviving king returned to take revenge, it sounds absurd, but the identity of the second impostor was not at all

important, the main thing was that it was a response to shuisky’s seizure of power. people were so furious that they literally said so: you deceived us and sat on the throne, and we will tell you that he is already alive, our legitimate tsar dmitry ivanovich, a former slave, ivan bolotnikov declared himself a governor, the saved tsar dmitry and raised the people to revolt long before the false himself dmitry ii showed up at all. a whole year after the murder of lie dmitry, no new impostor. and there has already been an uprising in favor of dmitry’s lies. ivan asavich bolotnikov led a colossal movement, not only of serfs, peasants and cossacks, but also of noble princes. and the boyars, who participated in his army marched to moscow under the banner of false dmitry, but false dmitry

was not there. with great difficulty, vasily shuisky managed to suppress the bolotnikov uprising. and then the second trickster, dmitry, appeared. at that time , the formal head of the state, vasily shuisky, finally lost power and authority, in fact managing only part of the russian territories. this is what the next liedmitry took advantage of. he put together a decent gang. it included poles, lithuanians, don, zaporozhye, volga cossacks, tatars, and there were many moscow boyars and governors. in 1608, shuisky's forces were defeated. moscow found itself in a state of siege. moscow and tushino, where the camp of dmitry’s lies was located, hence the nickname of the impostors, the tushino thief. indeed, few of the gang of the second lie of dmitry wanted prosperity for the country; they were all united by hatred of shuisky and the desire for profit. chaos, anarchy and, as a consequence , the appearance of new impostors came. counties and cities

passed from hand to hand, each of the kings installed his own governors in their places, who did not disdain. on top of everything else, vasily shuisky he also called the swedes to russia, the swedes agreed, but how could he not come if they were giving kimsk the power for nothing, with these swedes , the famous commander mikhail skopinshuisky, liberated moscow from the tushinsky thief, drove out , so to speak, the impostor and was immediately poisoned by the boyars, because why did the boyars need a famous commander in moscow, such a contender for the throne, and the swedes were not at a loss either, some went over to the side of the poles, while others captured novgorod from russia. in these circumstances, the fate of the country was decided by battle, not wanting to lose capital influence, realizing that neither they will no longer cling to one stable ruler; they took advantage of the infighting and

did not kill shuisky. the provisional boyar government, the seven-boyars, assembled. polish prince vladislav, they naively believed that a narrow-minded, controlled teenager would act as a guarantor of military support from the west, and all power at that time would be formed in their hands. the alternative was the accession of dmitry to moscow, which threatened not just great bloodshed, but complete state bloodshed. and after another 10 days an embassy was sent for vladislav, all that remained was to wait until the chosen one will arrive in moscow. vladislav ii was invited to become russian tsar in the second half of 1610. at this moment

, there was a boyar government in moscow, and the legitimate tsar vasily shuisky was given over to his worst enemies. to the poles, it was a betrayal, it was treason and the policy of the boyar government at that moment, it deepened along the pro-polish vector. ceded the crown to vladislav ii and even swore allegiance to him. there was talk of even swearing allegiance to his father segismund ii. vladislav refused to convert to orthodoxy and the poles refused to withdraw their troops from smolensk. although it would seem that the initial negotiations were that they would fulfill these points. this didn't happen. why didn't the people overthrow vladislav ii? but there was no one to overthrow; he didn’t get to moscow. in moscow, some of the boyars were ready to serve him faithfully, they even issued a coin, imagine a moscow silver penny, on one side there is st. george

the victorious, on the other side there is the inscription tsar, vladislav zhigimuntovich, diplomatically everything was arranged beautifully, it was assumed that the moscow land would become equal poland without attempts to instill catholicism. the polish prince will accept orthodoxy, the poles will retreat from us. was indignant, but was in no hurry to rebel. in the end, the ancient novgorodians called for rurik from across the sea, and nothing, everything turned out well, the poles all the time called for princes, then french, then hungarian, then swedish, then german, and everything was fine too, and look at the liberties . among the polish gentry, with such called kings , in russia, boris godunov, as soon as he climbed to the throne, immediately began to look for

for his only daughter, kseniy will invite the zaborsky groom, either the danish korolevich to moscow, or the swedish one, or invite the austrian ertz-duke, the same godunov did not support the election of our fyodor ianovich. to the throne of the polish-lithuanian commonwealth, where we were invited, and the same godunov fought for the interests of king sigismund, the father of vladislav, who was called to moscow, fought for his interests with the swedes, all this was as it was, the only thing that the boyars did not teach, why everyone failed gutunov’s undertakings are related to

western europe, none of the korolevich vladislav, polish-swedish, will agree to accept orthodoxy, it is unknown, because the denial of russian culture in the west was total, there was an agreement that the new ruler, the duma, had the majority of the main state powers, the main thing was to gain power in moscow at any cost. and then the destruction of russian churches by the poles began; according to eyewitnesses, vestments, decorations and decorations made of precious stones and pearls were removed from moscow churches. the moscow state found itself in complete decline, effectively ending your existence. the participation of the russian boyar government in state affairs was reduced. to a minimum, the poles took smolensk in a fierce battle with the inaction of the moscow boyars; one of the conditions of the concluded peace was

the extradition of shoisky to the poles. on october 29, 1611, through the streets of warsaw in an open carriage, like a circus bear, the captive former russian ruler shuisky was transported, who had to publicly bow before the polish king sigismund ii and openly admit himself defeated by the polish-lithuanian commonwealth. arrested. were thrown into the dungeon participants in the embassy of the seven boyars to sigismund, led by filoret romanov, the father of the future tsar michael. it was a polish triumph. having arrested the members of the grand embassy , ​​sigismundius wanted the complete surrender of russia on his own terms, and moscow continued to wait for the arrival of vladislav. at that time, vladislav was only 15 years old, that is, he was not yet an adult. therefore, sigismund demanded that he be recognized as regent of the moscow kingdom for the time being.

even the seven-boyars, not to mention the patriarch, could not agree to such humiliation moscow hermogenes, who distributed a message throughout russia demanding that we arm ourselves against the poles. the situation has become completely confusing. the negotiations were disrupted, the poles settled in moscow, who formally made decisions on behalf of sigismund, without control. in december 1610, she placed hermogenes under arrest, apparently so as not to interfere with the negotiations, but the patriarch continued to send his message to all corners of the country. under these conditions, in 1611 in nizhny novgorod, the idea was born to gather an army to stop the unrest liberate moscow. under the leadership of the governor prokoppius lepunovo, the first militia was created. volunteers came from all over the country, but lipunov failed to achieve his goal. the cossacks and nobles never found

common ground. the militia came to moscow and fell apart. then the second wave of popular mobilization began, under the leadership of kuzma menin, the zemsky headman. nizhny novgorod residents raised money to gather military detachments, and letters were sent throughout the country calling for people to join their cause. prince dmitry pozharsky, courtier who served on command positions in the army at that time, he was healing wounds received in battles with the poles. a delegation of nizhny novgorod residents came to him with a request to take command of the militia and lead it to moscow. together, minin and pozharsky organized the second militia. the militia army continued to form during the campaign against moscow. such a large-scale undertaking could not succeed without political preparation. therefore, the people of nizhny novgorod organized their own zemsky sobor, a government, later called the council of the whole land. civil authorities of nizhny

novgorod from the very beginning. they put the matter on state terms, they imposed a huge tax on all citizens of nizhny novgorod, all guests staying , with these proposals they sent letters to the zemstvo authorities, to all other cities that they could reach, this state- organized collection of money gave the second militia real funds for armament , ammunition, salaries and so on. of course, not all rich people were eager to give away their hard-earned money, but you won’t believe how brightly patriotic feelings flared up in rich people, when they saw muskets with smoking bullets pointed directly at their foreheads, the fact is that the civil authorities of nizhny novgorod and other cities had their own

armed guards. streltsov. well, it’s fire protection, police protection, armed with arquebuses, sabers and, so to speak, reeds, it was these archers who collected the approved state tax, but what about voluntary donations? remember when the old women removed the silver frames from the icons, when the poor brought their last coppers, yes, such... collections took place, they collected 1,600 rubles with kopecks, compared to more than two thousand state taxes collected in nizhny novgorod alone. the detachments gathered in nizhny novgorod set out from the city at the end of february 1612, but they did not move to moscow, but to suzdyl, yaroslavl, hoping

to receive support and reinforcements there. the support turned out to be quite significant. many cities sent their representatives to yaroslavl, where the light of the council of the whole earth appeared. almost all the peoples of central russia and the volga region, plus even people came from siberia. nobody asked them what your faith was or what your nationality was. the cat was very simple. are you ready to sacrifice your property and life for the salvation of our common state, if you are ready, you’re doing well, you’re a member of our militia, almost immediately the new government of the second militia began to deal with administrative matters, putting the documentation in order, reviving trade between cities and putting the army in proper order ,

at the same time the council of the whole earth...' steps on diplomatic field. the pozharsky minins tried to regulate relations with sweden, which operated in northwestern russia and occupied several key cities of the country, as well as with the holy roman empire, hoping to enlist german support against poland. despite the fact that some of the initiatives did not lead to results, the council nevertheless managed to achieve benevolent neutrality on the part of these states during the decisive battle with the polish troops; by the way, minin turned out to be the greatest diplomat; most of the cities were russian went over to the side of the second militia voluntarily, those who... did not go over voluntarily were forced by the silohs. and when this army marched on moscow, already in yaroslavl, on april 17, 1612, a new state, great russia, was created. deputies,

military and representatives of the civil administration, said: the moscow state has finally fallen, it is betrayed and sold by its boyars. therefore, we are creating a new state. as a union of all 75 counties of russia. in april 1612 in yaroslavl, which became the base for the second militia, the number of troops increased at the expense of other cities. under the leadership of minin pozharsky there were already 8,000 warriors. the plan turned out to be successful; in the summer of 1612, the prince and citizen established control over the cities of the northern volga region, after which they sent a second militia. to moscow. approaching the walls of the capital, in august 1612, the second polling met with the remnants of the first. about 2,500 cossacks under the leadership of prince dmitry trubetskoy held the siege of the polish-lithuanian garrison blocked

within the walls of the kremlin and china city. at the same time the time came the news of the advance from poland of a twelve-thousand-strong detachment under the command of the lithuanian hetman jan khotkevich, to the aid of the moscow garrison pole. to finally be freed. it was vital to protect moscow from the invaders: to block khotkevich’s army, even though the enemy had a numerical superiority, the militia leaders began preparing for the decisive battle. we can say that the zemstvo national liberation movement, the first zemstvo militia, the second zemstvo militia, they were aimed largely at in order to prevent the inovists from coming to power in moscow, to prevent the catholic tsar vladislav zhegemonovich from coming to power in moscow... the people opposed this. the battle of moscow in early september 1612 became one of the significant episodes of the time of troubles.

the bloody battle with the detachment of jan khatkevich lasted about 14 hours. under the onslaught of the main forces of the second militia, khotkevich’s army wavered and fled. as a result of the battle, the polish. lithuanian troops were defeated, which led to the subsequent final defeat of the interventionists. in november in 1612, the poles were finally expelled from the ship, all because minin and pozharsky managed to unite completely different social groups, create a militia, and , after the liberation of moscow, call for reconciliation of

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boyar family, exiled by boris godunov shortly after his accession to the throne. at this time, a detachment of poles is looking for the heir to the russian throne in order to kill him, not knowing exactly where mikhail is hiding, they ask the village elder ivan susanin for directions. he, understanding the intentions of the murder squad and knowing where ramanov was, led the poles in the opposite direction, to the swamp. suspecting deception, the poles... tortured susanin, but he refused to give up the location of the heir to the throne, for which was killed after torture. all we know is that either at the end of the twelfth, or at the beginning of 1613, the vrestyan-kastrom province took the poles into the forest; in general, they disappeared there. we actually don't know more. and in general, it must be said that the very image of ivan susanin was forgotten for a very long time after that time, despite such honors from the first romanovs. veneration of ivan susani began only under catherine ii, when in

1767 catherine made a fateful trip for the image of susain, in general, to kostroma, where the local bishop spoke about this feat, from that moment the formation of the image of ivan susanin began, in general, gradually, and the work was completed, in general, already in the patriotic year, where this image began to be glorified as a national hero, and of course nikolai ii, who, in general , elevated the veneration of susain into state ideology in 1851, a monument to ivan susaenin was erected in kostroma. immediately after the expulsion of the polish garrison, the people's militia convened the zemsky sobor. sixteen-year-old mikhail fedorovich was elected tsar romanova from the glorious boyar family. but the zemsky sobor itself was not dissolved; it met continuously for 9 years and managed to restore the country without allowing vladislav ii, who was still laying claim to the throne, to enter moscow.

still laid claim to the crown, he approached moscow with large troops, he was repulsed, later he again, as a russian tsar, can you imagine, in the thirties of the 18th century... again waged a war against russia, which means the russian tsar was from poland , russian tsar in moscow, both lay claim to this title, mikhail fedorovich did not recognize, only in as a result of this war, he renounced the title of russian tsar. mikhail fedorovich romanov completed the intervention by concluding a truce with poland. the price of the turmoil turned out to be considerable. in addition to the large number of victims, russia was cut off from the baltic for a century. for a long time it lost smolensk and a number of other southwestern lands. a ruler who has come to power. after the troubles, he understood better than others the importance of foreign policy relations, which is why russia sent its ambassadors to holland, austria, denmark, and england happily received reciprocal diplomatic missions. the troubles ended and russia finally found a tsar, and

the tsar is not just the head of state, he is god’s anointed one, the romanov dynasty reigned in russia for three centuries, that is. muscovite russia into a vast empire, making it one of

the largest influential states in the world. the unity of citizens and the strength of the state in russia celebrate the day of national unity. middle eastern confrontation. israel's methods of warfare in the gaza strip have again aroused public anger, as well as the journey to the other side of the screen, unforgettable. metropolitan schoolchildren who are interested in cinema and media production. this is the program today in the studio of dmitry zavoestin. in russia today they celebrate the day of national unity, a relatively young holiday, it was established in 2005, but it is dedicated to the events of the distant past, the liberation of moscow from polish