[000:00:00;00] rosatom presents a program, science, science and us, a program about how science will change our lives in the next 10 years, i am vladimir antokhin, yakaterina shugaeva, in 10 years the world will return to wired communications, well, that is, we will return to these beautiful ones, beautiful, diverse, most importantly reliable and proven, time-tested, by the way, well, i invited optimists who believe that in 10 years they will really return to wired communications, this is roman shakhova, physicist, good evening, and konstantin shurunov, specialist in the field of information safety, good evening, my guests are traditionally skeptics alexander sergeevich dmitriev, radio physicist, good evening, and evgeniy mikhailovich abakumov, expert in the development of information infrastructure, good evening, at the end of the program our guests are optimists, they will make a forecast with what probability in 10

in 1877 , the world's first telephone line connected the office of an american businessman in boston. our expert professor kapustin will tell you about the history of wired communications. with his apartment, a year later the first telephone exchange was installed in the city of neuiven. in 1879, the invention was introduced in europe. after 2 years, the miracle devices started working in moscow. in 1903. an ivory telephone decorated with gold was installed in the kremlin. emperor nicholas ii. i specially came to moscow from st. petersburg to get acquainted with this miracle. by the beginning of 1917, there were 232,000 subscription numbers in russia. telephone communications have acquired strategic importance for the country. it was not in vain that

during the october revolution, lenin ordered for... mail, telegraph and telephone, automatic telephone exchanges that appeared in the ussr by the 1930s changed the appearance of the devices themselves, a disk for dialing a number appeared, the younger generation, i think, well, does not realize that in soviet times, home telephone, it was an attribute of prestige, there were ten families in line to install it... the presence of a telephone increased the status of the apartment, the ussr was able to solve the problem of providing telephones to the population, the ussr was able to solve it only towards the end of its existence, and then mobile communications came to russia, i want to continue it began, but i have a personal question for you, do you still have a landline telephone at home, and what

a good question, listen, in fact, your mother... of course still has a landline telephone, but you won’t believe it, i still remember the numbers and telephone numbers of my classmates , naturally, my home phone, i remember my parents’ work phone off by heart, these are all there 238, 26-30, and you, and i also have my mother’s, in my apartment there is not even an outlet for a landline telephone, and konstantin mikhailovich, and when did people ever have a need? transmit information at a distance, as they did before, well, not... the need to transmit information at a distance was always there, and as it was done before, as usual, with their feet, a man ran away and transmitted information when the greeks won the battle of marathon, a messenger ran 42 km from the marathon to athens, in connection with which we have the sport-marathon running, died, by the way, you know, the call died, and this continued, in fact, until modern times, yes, of course, there were signal fires that can tell

what - it’s just... like the enemy is approaching, there was pigeon mail in the middle ages, but it was used very little, indeed, pigeons were bred in medieval castles, but they were bred as a delicacy, and not as a means of communication, so yes, everything was usually like that, a messenger on legs or on horses, like in shakespeare is described, the commander is leading a battle, some cavalry appears from behind the hill, the commander says to the aide-de-camp, go jump, see if they are ours or not, if ours... my order, that is, that’s how it was, in fact, before modern times, when the navy already appeared, the use of flags began, as we said, now tactical signs, yes, flags of different colors, different positions, absolutely right, finally, on the basis of this, at the end of the 16th century, the shap brothers in france invent the telegraph, that is, a telegraph remote writing in greek, it is a system of towers, at a distance

of several kilometers from each other , there are levers on each tower, a certain position of the levers means a certain letter, and the message is thus transmitted from tower to tower, in fact, in the first half of the century there were a bunch of them... how is this different from signal fires, in principle, nothing at all, in that a signal fire can only convey a very simple message, like the enemy is advancing, but here any message is possible, and this is already a 1g tower, if only it would exist, but only until the middle of the century, when the american engineer morse actually invented the electric telegraph and the famous morse code, which existed, in fact, remember, films about the great patriotic war, mothers, each of which has its own handwriting, how it beats out the alphabet

morse code, that is, dots and dashes that turn into letters, absolutely right , yes, well, at the very end of this story, of course, in 1895, russian engineer alexander popov invents radio, which immediately begins to be used. russian navy, in moscow there is a communications institute, its own internal one, and from its exhibits it is quite obvious that yes, the russian navy is the place where popov’s invention began to be used very actively right away, from that moment on humanity starts to move towards wireless communication, okay, let's go back to wired communication, alexander sergeevich, that's when the era of wired communication began with morse code, electricity first appeared, after that... its applications began, and wired communication is one of the most significant use of electricity, formally, the founder, the first of the known options for constructing such a connection

is a connection using the schilling apparatus, 1832, russia, which means that in the thirty-third year similar work and equipment were created in germany, in the thirty-seventh year morse made his own apparatus for the first time, in the thirty-eighth year he invented the morse code, finally in the fortieth year he patented it, i must say that why the morse apparatus became the most, more popular than our shillings there, yes, because he used an electromechanical method of outputting information, but all the previous devices used a pointer, well, just like in the middle ages, there they turned the arrow up, one sign of the current went, it didn’t go, but good, but with morse it’s like, but with morse code, everything was recorded on a paper tape, long, short, short signals, that is, it always comes

, only intermittently, well, intermittently, yes, that’s the most important thing, fixation, fixation, it’s convenient, it’s durable, because you can output a whole tape and then decipher it, here’s what’s next, the further... more, even before the telephone appeared, which was mentioned here , an event took place that, so to speak, well , was revolutionary, which means that for many decades before that, this telegraph message developed, mainly on drier, finally, it means that by the mid-fifties, the 19th century, the first attempts to transmit through individual straits, seas and finally across the ocean began, so the first... cables appeared then the first first cable appeared in 1858 simon field, and even interestingly, he still lies there somewhere under the ocean, you know, the first one didn’t lie there for long, it outlasted it

, existed at all, literally so to speak, and after that it fell silent, but attempts continued, and that means that after 6 years it was already laid cable that existed there ten years this whole story is very colorfully described in stefan zweg’s novella, the first words from the ocean, then of course there are telephone devices, and then everything spreads all over the world, and then mobile communications came to russia, advertising on ntv. they fly on honest helicopters and relax on luxurious ones. that i’m very afraid of heights, they spend millions to see the elephant kangaroo , it’s so warm there, he strains his ears, runs towards the car, and it’s scary, looks me in the eye and

does it, for the first time on the screens, very personal video of the stars, enbert christobella aleksandrovna, so that she could grow up like this, plump, ugly with glasses, so that no one would offend her, why anna bolshova calls herself a bad mother, my heart breaks, i understand that he fell. i want to reassure you, this is not just your child , everyone is flying, what message did you send to stas piekha, his only son, you are a cool chubak, he gives so much that you simply cannot carry it away, whoever spoiled it. lion's urine, luckily, as they say, for roma zhukov, well, in general, everyone was in this , the stars aligned on sunday, right after the show avatar on ntv. balabol, new season, tomorrow at 20:00 on ntv. obviously a profitable qr from sberbank. receive cashback, participate in the drawing of 75 million bonuses, and when paying through partner banks, receive a guaranteed one. cashback, choose a profitable qr. sberbank.

sberbank has a special relationship with censioners. for us , a free sbercard, a favorable deposit rate, so that we can please ourselves more often. cashback bonuses in pharmacies to take care of yourself. discount on a loan to buy something you have long dreamed of. transfer your pension to sberbank, online or in the branch and receive special ones. favorable conditions, black friday on the horizon, whistle everyone for the ozone sale, buy, buy, quietly speaking, buy, are you ready for big discounts, yes, then everything is on sale, take everything you can carry, black friday on ozone, set today scova dishes for 1099, damur filler for 399, mixit gift set for 499, there is so much,

so much film... and even transfers without commission, all the pleasures of 30 days free, alice, turn on the timer for 5 minutes, she will hear your voice, even if around noisy, started the timer, alice, turn on the music, turn it on, she will also like what you like, louder, new yandex midi station, your favorite smart speaker with alice. we decided to get married, congratulations, and when the wedding, son, you still have to save for the wedding, save up , vtb has the best rate on the savings account, as much as 15%, it will be much faster, it’s easy to top up and withdraw, cool, it’s easier to do everything in ttbon, which means you can save directly now, i have opened a savings account with vtb, and together we will buy faster, and we will help and everything will work out vtb. rusal, especially dangerous. fairy tale central magic area the premiere of the series is already in

the okko subscription. hello, there is a gift waiting for you in the megaphone, buy an infinix with connection and get a second smartphone, a gift only in the megaphone. will you have more? add-ons, be in the know, add extra cashback points to everyone who is in yandexlus when paying with yandex pay, for pensioners in sberbank a free sbercard, favorable deposit rate, cashback bonuses in pharmacies, discount on a loan, transfer your pension to sberbank, online or in a branch , black friday is on the horizon, whistle everyone for the ozone sale, buy, buy, i'm still buying, are you ready for big discounts?

yes, then everything is on sale, take everything you can carry, black friday in amazon, today travalin boots for 2.999, olive oil for 429. xclub christmas tree for 599. it’s easy to imagine the ideal home. but it’s not always possible to build, so just imagine, everything else , from selecting a site to choosing a contractor , trust the section to build a house for a house click, you were the one who stole a dagger from your grandfather at the age of 7, this is for you, guys with the courtyard said fighter, you were never afraid of a fight, it’s with you, she, it’s you that friends can always rely on, it’s you who can’t

stay away. it's you, and here you are, among your own. great, there is a program on the air, science and we are a program about how science will change our lives in the next 10 years, in 10 years the world will return to wired communications, we will find out, because at the end of the program our guests, optimists and skeptics will make a forecast with what probability in 10 years the world will really return to wired communications, about the advantages wired communication is discussed by our expert, professor kapustin. wired communication means stability and reliability. wired communication provides high access speed. a wired network has significantly less loss when transmitting over long distances. the length of the wired connection is practically unlimited in distance. and today only one continent -

antarctica - is not yet connected by cable to the rest of the world. in large cities, it is difficult to lay underground cable, but the costs. because the risk of damage at great depths is negligible, accordingly, the service life increases significantly. if we compare wired communication and wi-fi , then wireless communication is highly dependent on the environment, depends on the thickness of the walls, it is poorly protected from hacking and has high power consumption, so wired communication will serve us for a long time. evgey mikhailovich, today we talked about signal lights, about flags, about morse code, what wires are, of course, wonderful, and about the telephone, what methods of transmitting information at a distance exist today, right in our century, of course, we must not forget about satellite communications , which today is provided through various

communication technologies, the most famous of which , the last one at the forefront is broadband communications, low-orbit, which is there... and mainly american specialists are trying to surround, encircle our the globe, well, russia is also not standing still here and is moving in this direction with leaps and bounds, here is another type of communication, it is connected with such a satellite constellation of various types, i just want an explanation, in fact, here is a satellite constellation , satellite communications, in fact, these are the same towers that stand on the ground, only placed at a higher place, well, you can probably say so, but there’s just a question here. signal and the medium through which it is transmitted, taking into account the fact that we have air here, there is still an atmosphere, and these are various methods, technologies for transmitting the signal as such, and for receiving it, because there must be some special terminal, for example, we are with you on a cell phone, satellite signal for now

we can accept only for a very special cell phone, all sorts of iridiums, everything that was connected with this, for the ordinary, for the ordinary person, today this technology is not available, neither in cost nor in terms of price, this is one of the elements of what low-orbital ones do groups, it is necessary to make sure that everyone has a broadband intervention and a terminal that allows for this communication, of course, today we are not talking about all sorts of different specific types of communication, for example, those spreading by sea, so i wanted to ask, yes, it’s somehow possible to transmit information in the water , well, these submarines and various other objects somehow float there, which respectively communicate with each other, so it’s definitely possible, and this is one of the elements of communication, which, what is it called? well, probably just deep-sea, this is also one, what principle does it have, a radio wave, no, this too, it ’s still a wave that simply propagates in the aquatic environment, but on stones you can in the mountains,

somewhere through the mountains, through the earth , why does the earth kapustin said that today we should lay a cable, or we could simply lay it along the earth’s crust because the medium is very uneven and accordingly everything went just right, so that the signal should travel as far as possible and transmit as much information as possible, hence we did not stop at electrical, for example, signal in electricity, but for some reason we use optics and are moving in this direction , of course, the issue of classification of communications is such an interesting story, we are now going through completely different areas, but for example, now they are talking about quantum communications, after all, quantum communication is also an element of an optical signal that propagates, or rather optical transport, yes, which propagates taking into account that very quantum, which, therefore, complements that very element of encryption, when, in order to make it even more secure, however less, they say quantum communication or quantum communication, so it already exists, in our country several line communications are now being built, we are even quantum, moscow st. petersburg, moscow sochi, well,

here - some companies are now very many such devices are being built on the territory of our country in order to provide... with russia a secure communication line, well , we’ll talk about the future later, i certainly don’t have quantum, not quantum communication, but roman alekseevich, well, katya, due to her age i didn’t find it, but a wired connection, but in childhood we used an excellent wired connection, just like that, don’t, you need to stand up, pull it out, now, and pull it, one, two, three, and if you don’t pull it, and if you don’t pull it , then it doesn't work, and don't pull it, i don't i hear, pull, well, tell me what? that the membranes here then should be like this tell me 1 2 3 audible yes audible well audible what technologies are used specifically for wired communications well, i would actually highlight only two global technologies: this is the actual fiber through which we transmit optical signals, and conditionally copper wires through which we transmit electrical

signals, which means that optical fiber is, by and large, it is a very thin glass tube, only this tube is not hollow, inside it is filled with glass, and the core of this tube is made of optically denser glass, and the shell is made of optically less dense glass, that is, they have different refractive indices, and thanks to this , the signal that propagates along the optical fiber does not go beyond the boundaries of the optical fiber itself, thanks to the so-called effect of total internal reflection, that is, it remains in this tube , yes, yes, and the signal itself, what nature is it, it is light, an electromagnetic wave, light travels through this tube, and if i i bend the tube, thanks to the effect of total internal reflection, the signal will also bend, but it’s normal, that is, photons fly there, photons fly there, and the thickness. this core in modern fibers is approximately 8-10 micrometers, that is, it is about 10 times thinner than a human

hair, and the speed was measured, in fact, well, because photons, naturally, have the speed of light, the highest speed of light, in an optical fiber it is also the largest in the world, it is at the speed of light and that’s what they say, the speed of light, they just differentiate the speed light in a vacuum and the speed of light in a substance in this case in quartz, it drops greatly in a tube, about one and a half times. but this is not strong, it’s still only one and a half times almost, that is, i actually receive data via optical fiber almost at the speed of light, not almost, exactly at the speed of light, it’s amazing, but the speed is calculated a little differently, generally speaking, it’s precisely fiber-optic communication today that is the highest-speed communication, and today you can use one optical fiber, one transmit, probably, more than one terabit per second of information, and well, despite such seemingly small sizes, which means the cores.

so, there is good glass, this is optical fiber, we figured it out, awesome connection, what else is the second, as it were, the second type of connection, which we conventionally call copper, these are copper wires, but in fact this is conditional, because in fact they use various alloys, copper , aluminum, well, we say copper, and well, when we install the internet, for example, in an apartment, as a rule we no longer we use fiber optics throughout the apartment, no matter how necessary it is, we... use the so-called twisted pair, that is , this is a well-known gray cable, inside of which there are eight wires, which are divided into groups of two wires, these wires wrap around one another, a twisted pair is formed, this is necessary in order to prevent, well, or reduce the influence of electromagnetic noise from other wires, with such a wire, at short distances, in principle, we can also transmit at a fairly high speed, this

up to 100 gigabits per second for about 1-2 mmman alekseevich, wait, does light also come through twisted pair and copper, or is there already electricity, yes, that is, it comes to my apartment, light comes through fiber optics, in the apartment it’s already running around in the form of electricity, converting it for me, who’s converting it for me? well, there’s a converter that, uh, now you know what’s in your apartment? lives transform no, you knew, well, of course you knew, but what, well, maybe he doesn’t live in an apartment, for example, on the roof of a house, together with karus, and then with me there is wi-fi, which transmits everything to me from this copper simply over the air, amazing , well, this connection very much depends on the distance, i mean the speed of information transfer in particular over twisted pair cable, which means at a distance of several tens of meters, the speed drops at least 10 times, uh-huh, at a distance, yes, at a distance of already a couple of hundred meters, we

can no longer transmit practically anything, in optical fiber, for example, thanks to very low losses, we can transmit over a distance before hundreds of kilometers without a single repeater or amplifier, well, and also, if we want to slightly improve , so to speak, the quality of the transmitted signal, sometimes we use so-called coaxial wires, it is a cylindrical wire containing a copper core, it is placed in an insulator , on top, they make a cylindrical conductor, usually in the form of a copper mesh, through such wires it is possible to transmit at a slightly higher speed and also electrical, by the way, quantum communication, why will it be transmitted through wires, we’ll talk about the future later, wait, it already exists, it’s already being pulled from st. petersburg to moscow, i’m just curious that they’re pulling wire and optical fiber, and optical fiber, quantum communication is also, well, light, in fact. okay, evgenia mikhailovich, which connection is more reliable: this is fiber optic, wired, wireless, maybe some

other kind, quantum? well, let's try the word reliability, to give some. paints, if we talk about the transmission of information over long distances, then of course, today it is optics, and roman alekseevich said about this, with point of view, there is no big alternative here, if we talk about, for example, stability in terms of information security, yes, then this is where quantum networks appeared, at first people moved towards various ciphers, and accordingly, when we talk, it doesn’t matter here whether wireless this connection or wired, it can still be encrypted and transmitted over some distances, but any code breaks, quantum computers appear, they can even faster decipher those codes that existed before, and that’s where it comes from the direction of quantum ae telecommunications and quantum encryption, and why is it like this, that is, it still goes according to the experience of the fiber, the same light still goes, just at the moment when i receive it, it is destroyed, and i don’t

i got it, but i realized that it was being destroyed somewhere along the way, the signal had been changed, well, they had already caught him anyway, volodya gave me there, i don’t know, some kind of code, you’re in the middle of the card, let’s say , yes, okay, i didn’t receive it, but while you were intercepting it, it collapsed, you already knew everything anyway, so it will be stable, no , it’s encrypted, for this cipher you also need to decipher, well, in principle , the reliability is so-so, in general, you can still cross it, but relatively , let's talk about wireless communications, has anyone studied the influence? wired communication on the human body and the surrounding nature, all these protests against 5g towers, they are justified, it is possible in these achievements, yes, of course, yeah, now how it will scare me here, how it will scare 5g, that’s it, imagine the big wave, here is a big wave, there is some small obstacle in its path, the wave

will hardly notice it, no, no, well, this is very rude. analogy, but with sound electromagnetic waves the situation is approximately the same: in order for a wave to be effectively scattered inside an object, the characteristic length of this object must be greater than the wavelength there, that is, the wavelength must be shorter than the length of the object, yeah, that’s understandable , yes? it’s just on an intuitive level, it’s more or less clear, but it’s just interesting, this is when i shout to you, what is this? and this too wave. well, if a large object notices the wave, that’s me when i shout, yes, yes, yes, that we have a wave shorter than the object, here is the object, here is the wavelength, let’s call it lambda, the wavelength is considered in the case of an electromagnetic wave - this is the speed light based on frequency, yes, how much una as here it is quantity, how much we have the speed of light

3/10, well, in short in centimeters, if 30 mi what is our frequency of 5g radiation from 30 to 100 ghz, that is, it is from three, well, i’ll draw like this from three to 10 by 10, grz, that is, fluctuations in give me a sec. that is, one for a second, yeah, well, i’ll write sec here, so that yes, we divide, 10 , it goes away, a second goes away, we also get an interval from 0.3 to one, take off, here is the

wavelength of 5g radiation, 5g radiation, yes , wavelength from 3 mm to what does this mean? attention, question: if we have in human behavior in the human psyche, some characteristic that is entirely determined by neurons with a tail length longer than a centimeter, so that an electromagnetic wave, this one, could influence them. the answer is yes, there is, it is a bundle of neurons that connects the left and the right hemisphere of our brain, that is, in our country one hemisphere is responsible mainly for rational thinking, the other for emotional thinking, for a woman this is this wave to my tourniquet, first i ’ll just say a few words about biology, basic things, that in women this tourniquet is the thickest , they say that women think in both hemispheres, in women it is easier for emotions to flow into reasoning, just a second, i have a thick brain, this is what female british scientists found out, yes, my

brain is thicker than yours, well, yes, women have easier emotions, how interesting, so yeah, the question is, can 5g radiation will influence this characteristic of our behavior, that is, penetrate a centimeter to mine, not just penetrate, but scatter inside these tails and somehow influence this characteristic, maybe because my tail is almost the size, and more than long . and what does it mean? the question, that is, the answer may, does not contradict the laws of physics, the question is: does it? and the answer is, we don’t know, no one

has done any research, because wait, this is 5g, but 4g, what kind of lambda is there, let’s do the math, okay, it won’t a centimeter, but let’s say, but on the contrary, it’s longer than a centimeter, how much, because 4g i’m already living, i’m already living, but no one looked, well, 4g there after all, it’s not so delayed by the atmosphere, so we’ve gotten used to it during evolution, we we get radiation with this wavelength from the sun, but we don’t get radiation with this wavelength, with a 5g wavelength, from the sun, that is, i would just like to emphasize that the question was, does 5g radiation have an effect, we don’t know the answer , does not contradict the law of physics, can influence, influences whether, it is unknown, everyone was divided into supporters: and opponents, the first call the second there ludites, the second the first and accomplices of satan, neither one nor the other position has any scientific justification, just in case, until no one finds out,

let’s move on to wired communication so that nothing was irradiated, just in case, let’s take a break during the advertising and make tin foil hats , come back to us, advertising on ntv, well, that ’s all we have here, we’ll close the case with a bang, but here... one thing, you ’re never without , i noticed long ago, mine, let's kill, please, i need the address, i understand, i'll do it, but i don't need it, i'll do it, i need it already done, you need a shot to start, but i can, balabol, new season, oops, what meeting? really funny, well done, tomorrow at 20:00 , well, you get it, i get it, i get it, on ntv, superstar new season, on

saturday at 20:20 on ntv, are you ready for big discounts, then everything is on sale, take everything , what you can take away, black friday on amazon, today discounts up to 60% on the winter collection of shoes from patrol and discounts up to 65% on wi-fi equipment. to pensioners at sberbank special relationship, a free sbercard for us, a favorable deposit rate to please yourself more often, cashback bonuses in pharmacies to take care of yourself , a loan discount to buy something you have long dreamed of, transfer your pension to sberbank, online or in a branch and receive special, favorable

conditions. you will get an additional bonus, be in the know, an additional bonus for everyone who is in yandexlus, additional cashback points when paying for yandex, the national lottery, new year traditions, they can dramatically change our lives, so dreamleon is your new new year's tradition, leonov's dreams, so that you have a chance to have the dream of your life pay off dreams lyon, dreams lyon, it's worth buying, new year's dreams are 365 or more prizes of a million and a super prize of 100 million is guaranteed, buy a ticket at the post office on inloto.ru. it is getting better and better, up to 14% per annum on deposits, the best interest rate in savings. make a deposit with a favorable rate literally with one button in the mobile application in collect with prime more profitable. black friday is on the horizon. tweet everyone. saying buy, are you ready for big ozone sale, buy, buy, quietly discounts , but then everything is on sale, take everything you can carry, black friday on ozone, today lego for 1399,

smartphone for 14,999, olive oil for 429, it’s impossible to imagine how you lived without she ’s glad to see you, it’s more pleasant to wake up with her even early in the morning. good morning. alice, turn on the timer for 5 minutes, she will hear your voice , even if the environment is noisy, set the timer, alice, turn on the music, turn on your music, sasha, she will also like it, louder, what she likes. you with everything around her is transformed. the new yandex station midi is your favorite smart speaker with alice. it's easy to imagine your ideal home. but it’s not always possible to build. so

just imagine. and everything else, from selecting a site to choosing a contractor, trust the section to build a house for a house click, we decided to get married, and when the wedding, son, we still have to save up for the wedding, save up, vtb has the best rate for a savings account of as much as 15%. it will turn out much faster, it’s easy to replenish and withdraw, it’s cool, it’s easier to do everything in ttbonon, which means you can save it right now. i opened savings account with vtb and i, together we’ll save up faster, and we’ll help, everything will work out vtb , black friday is a reason to notice, low prices on the yandex market, coffee machine up to long with a 42% discount for 48,990, it’s clear that this gorynoch, there are now three personalities in him, a psychotic pyromaniac, a woman and a child, i thought you were a dragon, but you are some kind of dritch, a magical part

of the series premiere. already in okka subscription. russia is a country of which we are proud. we are proud to bring light and warmth around the world. we look forward with pride, paving the way new paths in the oceans and overcoming gravity. we are proud of our successes, but we never rest on our laurels. discover the achievements of our country. come to the exhibition forum. russia, many adoption stories turn out to be very confusing, and the legality of the procedure itself often raises great doubts. for more than 30 years, ivan has been trying to find his biological parents. my parents were told that i had died and i was given to another family. who told you this? my parents told me this adoptive parents, that is, no data, no

names, no surnames, nothing. no, no, yes, as well as the long-awaited end to the twenty-year search for his missing son, he got married, had a daughter, i wrote a letter , after some time it came to me that such a person does not live here, there was a person whom i saw that yes, he is alive , i’m worried about how we’ll see each other, is he real or not, wait for me tomorrow at 17:55. on ntv. the program we are science is on air. science and we is a program about how science will change our lives in the next 10 years. after 10 years the world will return to wired communications, and it seems to me that this should be done, because it is more reliable and safer. well, i don’t know, but the professor thinks that it’s better without wires. it’s a kind of happiness when you don’t have a bunch of wires tangled under your table, which you constantly trip over, and which serve as

breeding grounds. whether it’s wi-fi, you have access to network resources from anywhere, well , within the coverage area, you don’t need to be at a desk in the office, you can communicate remotely, gather an unlimited number of participants for an online conference. labor productivity increases significantly, the distance to work decreases to zero. to connect, you do not need to pull cables, lay them underground or. weigh on poles, wireless connectivity can be easily expanded with additional equipment, and the lack of cabling costs makes all the preparatory work much cheaper. in short , you get used to good things quickly, so wireless communication is seriously here to stay. okay, evgeniy mikhailovich, respected there, but there are skeptics, now i’ll just ask you, because look, wireless communication is incomprehensible to its own. what does the wired

connection affect? ​​is it getting tangled up, how is it right underfoot, could there be any other connection at all? they talk about photonics as an element that we will try to signal, or we will try to reduce this electrical and optical transformation, bring it closer to each other, then maybe you and i will have it in the very apartment where you have a wi-fi router, it will be like such high-speed signal processing that it’s even difficult to imagine why it’s at home for us, a photonic converter, well, for example, transmitting photons to each other, well, by the way, but it’s not bad, so i want to agree here with evaniy mikhailovich that well, the path is not scientifically known, it’s unknown, but there is hope, why? look, here our presenter said that wireless communication is good for everyone, but there are disadvantages , only an expert, probably, if you say let’s say, let’s say, it means that he, what he said, he said that it’s wireless communication is energy-intensive in relation to wired, that is, because in wired

in communications, the signal moves in a very directional manner, so to speak, carefully passes along the wire; in wireless communications it spreads. in our case, this method is energetically more profitable, and so back in the sixties of the last century, ibm conducted research on how small a signal should be in order to either process information or transmit it, and it did this, landauer, he showed that, in principle, very little energy is needed in order to translate, well, some a hypothetical system from one state to another, and this means that , although there is a very small limit when processing information, and now all our computer systems are gradually, gradually moving towards this limit, but

the most important thing is that he made the assumption that subsequently, to one degree or another, it was proven that calculation, information transmission and information processing are three sides of the same coin, and this means that, generally speaking, in order to transmit information to us, a bit of information from one point space to another, we don’t know where the limit lies, but the limit of this energy is very small, and this gives us hope that in the end there will be means of communication that will approach this limit, well, but how in the future water communication may develop, in general it may somehow evolve, or we have already reached the ceiling with these photons, i just wanted to talk a little more about quantum communication and answer the question, which, well, yes,

as a rule, is about optical fiber, although actually there are experiments in quantum communication through the aquatic environment, there is satellite quantum communication, that is, in principle, all types of communication that we discussed today, they exist in a kind of quantum form, but before i talk about the quantum communication itself, i wanted to sort of a little such background on why we need quantum communication at all. this means that, in fact, the task is to neutralize the threats from a quantum computer, so we all use some kind of instant messengers, bank cards, send emails, and so on every day, in in this case, we are participants in a secret data transfer, what does this mean, well, when we pay for something in the terminal with a bank card, in fact... what happens is that our data, this is a bank card, pin code, number, and so on, is transferred to the bank, where the transaction is actually confirmed and then we see on the screen that the purchase has been made, but we cannot transmit this data in clear text, because then anyone can simply eavesdrop and find out

our data, between me standing near the atm and between a bank somewhere, connect to read and data, well, you don’t even need to connect , because now all these terminals, they work like a wireless connection, and therefore - they need to be transmitted in encrypted form, today they use the so-called asymmetric methods or asymmetric encryption, this means that in order to encrypt a message we use one cryptographic key, and in order to decrypt it we use another cryptographic key this whole system - is based on the difficulty of solving some mathematical problems, for example, well, one of the striking examples is, then, the problem of factorization of large numbers, what does this mean, we have some kind of means... two large prime numbers, well, let me remind you, a prime number is a number that is divisible by itself by one, it is very easy to multiply these numbers with each other, as a result we get one, even larger number, so this problem is solved very simply, and the inverse problem, if we want to understand which prime numbers

this is great, even with the help it is very difficult to make a modern supercomputer; in fact, this task is precisely the basis of asymmetric encryption methods, but it turns out. that there is an algorithm, in 1996, an article by peter shor was published that with the help of a quantum computer the factorization problem can be solved quickly, and thus the entire asymmetric encryption system, that is, all our messengers, on which the whole world is built, now all communication in english is under threat, therefore something needs to be done about it in order protect yourself from a quantum computer, but one of the approaches is to move from asymmetric encryption to asymmetric encryption, we have different keys for encryption and decryption, with symmetric encryption we use the same key, it turns out that this method of encryption is much more resistant to hacking. from the side of a quantum computer, but uh, the biggest problem here is

the distribution of keys, since every other participant in this communication must use the same key, they must first obtain it somewhere now i i want to give you something, yes, you must have a key and i too, we are meeting somewhere in a secret place, and you need to hand it over with your hands, yes, for example, using a flash drive, that is, i give you a flash drive, you now have these keys and we can... communicate with each other for some time, using symmetric encryption methods, as long as we have this key, and then, just in case, make a duplicate of the flash drive, otherwise they will lose it there i’ll forget all this, we need to meet again, well, first of all, it’s unsafe, it’s kind of costly from a financial point of view, and most importantly, it’s inconvenient, we kind of want to sit in the office and don’t want to go anywhere with you, in fact, that’s why this asymmetric encryption scheme was invented, because there’s no way to go anywhere need to.

it turns out that the problem of key distribution can be solved using quantum technologies, that is, you can now transfer, i can give you the key , but if someone overhears it, it will simply collapse, well, not quite like when i transfer, with the help of, using a quantum of light, your key cryptographic, in fact, no matter how far away, that is, if this photon comes from... to attackers, she, he will not be able to do this, no matter how it changes, your key will not coincide with mine, that is, you convey to me, if suddenly volodya will intercept him on the road, he will come to me differently than he is with you, i will not intercept anything, calm down , i want a flash drive, and this is not bad, by the way, and by the level of errors, in fact, we judge the presence of malicious intent in the channel, how many volodya, yes, they caught our key there, okay, when we enter it, we are already in... actually

in fact, in fact, in my main profession, i am currently engaged in the creation of such quantum key distribution systems , that is, we are not even talking about why you will transfer this to me, but the point is how you will transfer this photon to me, yes, that is, it really doesn’t matter whether it’s an optical fiber or a wireless connection , the main thing is the principle itself that you are transmitting a photon to me, and if someone intercepted it along the way, it has changed, well, yes, the whole world is moving to symmetric encryption, so he's new to you connection. and alexander sergeevich, okay, well, we can, in principle, abandon wired communications altogether, all these cables under water, we can do without them at all, but the person’s task was, no, well, that means, or it doesn’t matter to me, quanta - then you still have to get it somehow, anyway by wire in the end. where can we go without wires? and, that’s it, that’s it, that’s still it, let’s say that if we compare those volumes. information that is now transmitted via wired communications, including cable,

of course, compared to the rest, then for now wired communication predominates much, no, well, there are some alternatives, but they are not one hundred percent, but i would like to add that this also applies to quantum communication, the fact is that one of the main limitations of using quantum communication is the impossibility of transmitting over very long distances via fiber, because there are... and generally speaking, photons simply do not reach, but if in the classical case they are large - how much is this? well, this is 200-300 km, after 200 km i will no longer receive my photon, yes, and accordingly, well, one of the solutions is how this is the use of quantum satellite communications, when photons fly from space from a satellite, which means to the ground , there is a telescope there, it receives these photons, we thus generate a key, then this satellite flies further, for example, from russia there to china. a key is also generated there and we end up with shared keys and can transmit messages in this way

over several thousand km, but that is, quantum communication will just happen - how would wireless work out better, well, this is just one of the ways that actually exist additional protocols, so-called quantum key distribution with an untrusted central node, when we have not two participants, but three participants, one is in the center, two are on the sides, as it were. yes, and we can transmit photons to the central node, they can become entangled there , for example, and we will already measure the entangled quantum state, and thus, even if it may be in the hands of an attacker, he will still not receive knowledge about this key, and this way we can increase the distance at least twice and recently there was an article, i think this year, uh, in my opinion , chinese colleagues, they made key distributions using this method, it’s called the method of twin fields for 100 km, 1000 already. yes, but these are very low speeds, the speeds are literally

hundredths of a bit per second, in fact the future, well, how would we know that this problem exists, we already know approximately how it can be solved, these are the so-called quantum repeaters, here in i liked one of the books on quantum mechanics expression: why transmit a photon if it can be teleported, it turns out that you can build a kind of chain of these quantum teleports, well, yes, so you yes to me, so that you will not just transmit the photon to me, but we will install a quantum repeater between ourselves, and that is, you transmitted it there, and my repeater here simply repeated it, no, no, no, i will not transmit the photon to you at all, i will ...' he will teleport you, yes, that is, the state of o will be teleported to you my photon, yes, that is, you are just there tell me what it looks like, and my repeater here will depict it, i feel, i feel the matter smells of the nobel prize, advertising on ntv, we, alexander and dmitry koshnin, i calculated a model of a superhard material for

industry, and i calculated a model for a supersensitive gas analyzer, and this is grandfather . thanks to his ingenuity, we became interested in science. develop an interest in science from childhood. enter science majors. rf. the program is on air. science and we is a program about how science will change our lives in the next 10 years. dear skeptics, dear optimists. i have a question for you all: how likely, in your opinion, is the world to return to wired communications? konstantin mikhailovich, let's start with you. well, first of all, the world is nowhere. the wired one didn’t leave the wired connection, here you are - your phone call goes to the telephony phone already there, your phone call goes to the telephone exchange, from which it goes further via fiber optic, in the same wires, and will there be anything it’s open, well, i’ll give 30%, that is, 30%, that we will give up wires, and 70%

30%, that yes, that we will give up mobile phones, let's return to wires with a probability of 70%, 70%, thank you, here i can only say that you and i are unlikely to lose the advantages that wireless communications have given us, and this will only increase given the fact that the number of devices that is now are joining the world wide web, it is increasing, the internet of things is going to the masses, oh yes, even my dishwasher has already connected to the world wide web, although a wire can be stretched to the dishwasher, but probably wireless technologies will still exist there, so it would by i connected to wireless communication, the forecast is 70 to 30, so now it’s 70 of what, well, world, i ’m a skeptic, accordingly i need to say that we will not return to wired communication with a probability of 30%, that is, at least 30%, thank you very much, roman alekseevich, do you have

a forecast with what probability the world will return to wired communications in 10 years, well, konstantin mikhailovich, that’s right. he said, like a wired connection, it’s not going anywhere, so i think it’s not going anywhere, that’s a 100% probability, what about teleports, and the teleport will actually also be via wire, so i think that, uh, wired communication, it will develop even more, uh, it will occupy new niches, such as quantum communication, moreover, we have not yet mentioned, for example, communication between quantum computers, which once , that is, if we have a network of quantum computers, most likely too... that’s why, that is , it will occupy new niches, it will further develop and there will simply be a deeper synthesis between wired and wireless technologies, in general, wires were, are and will be 100 %, thank you very much, alexander sergeevich, i have what is your forecast for how likely it is that the world will return

to wired communications through action? the likelihood that there will be a wired connection. its