tv Mi i nauka NTV December 22, 2023 1:00am-1:56am MSK
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there is more military-industrial complex there, but in general it’s still 1.2, decide on the construction of new oil refineries, oil refineries, or the creation of some new conditions for existing ones, the problem of rising prices for gasoline and diesel, or is this such a simplified, again philistine view of things, well , whatever you say, we will still depend on external factors, of course we do, and the price of products is still given there, too.
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weak ruble, discounts there decreased, then prices rose, and this was felt by these independent consumers who did not they produce and therefore simply resell, so the manufacturer had to intervene in this process, now they have released a little gasoline and summer diesel fuel, but the apartment only has winter diesel fuel and so on, diesel is stuck at sixty, at least in the moscow region and doesn’t want to go anywhere further, well, you know that pricing is such a complex process, you have to understand what’s included in the price, yeah, but for us, modernizing factories, a page for new factories, is just building a factory from scratch, that’s very expensive yes, here is the modernization, new installations at the existing plant, yes, we concluded agreements, in the eighteenth year there was also the ministry of energy companies with eleven, in the twenty-sixth year it ends, but this is not enough, and in the twenty- first year we also concluded with... to
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modernize the plants even more, in general our refining is growing, we have high-quality gasoline, first of all this stabilizes the overall market, this is the reliability of our market, and it’s cheaper, well, at least there will be no incorrect jumps, these are prices that are not determined by any conditions, but what needs to be increased.
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type of installation, of course, the president of russia , putin said that it is impossible to replace everything with imports, but at least critical things need to be replaced, so we are working in electrical engineering , these are 500 kv switches , there are powerful transformers, and we are developing something, working on something with the country, there is some kind of time resource in order to do this quite calmly, dynamically, but we have all the equipment that we have, it also has serious resources.
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human in the sense, i hope, yes, well, not ours with you , although ours with you, i hope too, i have no memory of this at all, so i invited optimists who believe that in 10 years science will really explain how it works memory, this is marina koroleva, neurophysiologist, psychologist, good evening, and kirill kryazhnikov, artificial intelligence expert, hello, good evening, i have traditions visiting skeptics, this is valentin scriabin, a psychiatrist, good evening, and anna kostikova, a historian of philosophy. good evening, good evening, at the end of the program our optimist guests will make a forecast about the likelihood that in 10 years science will explain how memory works; our expert, professor kapustin, will talk about the history of the study of memory. interest in the study of human memory arose in ancient philosophy. well, for example,
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plato believed: memory is such a specific feature of the soul. he argued that in general memory is the main thing. outstanding doctor gallen, who lived in the 2nd century, he analyzed the functions of all human organs and realized that memory is a kind of animal fluid, this fluid is produced in the head, it is there in this same head that memory is localized, from that time until the 18th century the idea of memory, well , practically did not develop, even such a great thinker as descartes... he generally shared the views of galen, well, however, he believed that animal fluids flow into the brain for a reason, but from the pineal gland, then they turn on memory mechanisms , and the wider the channels, through which fluid flows, the more fluid flows into them, and the better your
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memory. it was only with the development of science in the 19th century that significant changes occurred in ideas about memory. many ideas proposed by the ancients. the greeks, of course , were rejected, they were replaced by the ideas of modern biological science, i have a question for you, come on, you often forget something, i thought now there would be some kind of trick question, well, no, the most common ones, in fact, okay, let's forget about this question, let's do something else, i already forgot that you asked, and by the way, i try to forget, so as not to remember anything bad, and anyway , look, in the evening i forgot how beautiful our world is, woke up in the morning, opened the window. stunned , how beautiful, as if you’re seeing it for the first time, okay, okay, good, i’ll think about it in my spare time, marina viktorovna, well, really, when a person needed to remember something, a person needed to remember something even then, when he was not
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a man, in the process of evolution, if such a thing as memory had not been formed, man would not have been able to survive, they would not have been able to even animals that are , as it were, the ancestors of humans from an evolutionary point of view, can survive, because it is so important to remember where the food is, where you found it, so i absolutely agree with you, this is where the danger is, how to avoid this, therefore, with the birth of a person already memory is being formed, he even already has a genetic memory in the form of unconditioned reflexes, anna anatolyevna, you know, our philosophers really like to think about what freedom is, what consciousness is, and what do they say about this? what is memory and where is it located? well, if you give me your word, you can force us to talk about philosophy, you can talk all evening, well, allow, that’s the right word, allow us to talk about philosophy, because we know today’s
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passion for the natural sciences, the study of the human brain, human abilities, but philosophy has been around for a long time. modern science has already tried to explain both the reasons for the origin and the state itself, what does it mean to remember? in this regard, gave different answers: firstly, we already find about different states of creation in the texts of the downgrade, in ancient indian texts, but let’s return to western european tradition geographically , because modern science emerged from it, here we have... two lines that are supported in different ways, if there is an opportunity, we will return to this later, to explain what memory is, aristotle has a special treatise, among small treatises on nature, on memory and recollections, and he distinguishes between memory
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with motivation, that is, with that what is connected here with sensations like this, well, spontaneous , let’s say, yes, it must be said that, of course, the aristotelian concept served as the basis for the most subtle distinctions, with access to historical memory, like the reker, for example, already in modern philosoli or with the exit ...
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us for us, avatar show, second semi-final, only the toughest nuts left, today i'm sure we'll come up with another avatar, on sunday at 20:20 on ntv, call me, at sunset. how did you get on the moscow stage in the first place? we met igor svenka, he said, well, we’re leaving today, come on later, i say, no, i’m going with you, dear, today we have heroes of russia, participants at the apartment, thank you very much, friends, we are proud of you.
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in the next 10 years, in 10 years, science will explain how memory works, but our memory is not computer memory, and our expert, professor kapustin, believes in this. development modern ideas about memory have been greatly facilitated by new technologies, and today almost all researchers agree that memory is localized in the cerebral cortex, however, the exact localization, but this even today represents a difficult... if not an impossible task. research into the biochemistry of memory was
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begun by hayden in the late fifties. according to his concept, memory performance is determined by the concentration of ribonucleic acid in the body. ribonucleic acid produces dna. deoxyribonucleic acid acid, which in turn determines the genotype of a person. well, for example, some kind. experiments was that the ribonucleic acid of a trained rat, when injected into the body of an untrained rat, the second one remembered something that it never knew anything about, but people are not so different from rats, that is, if you inject my acid or me yours, then you
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will remember everything that i did yesterday, and i will recognize everything that you did yesterday, not bad, i don’t mind, we’ll limit ourselves to injecting your... acid and kirill igorevich, but really what sciences today study memory and how they do it, there are some methods, tests, tools, yes, in general, memory is a multidimensional concept, and i propose to single out, probably, two such main directions, two, two two classes, which in science who study memory, in fact, one of the most remarkable concepts for me personally is reconsolidation. memory, which was taught by konstantin anokhin, is when we are talking about memorization not as a one-time process from working memory to permanent memory, but about a constant process of restructuring our thoughts, in fact, we constantly, what we know, and this is constantly being rewritten from different parts
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of the brain, well, the cortex, the cerebral cortex , that is, the old memory is also being rewritten all the time. this is exactly what is affecting you now, that is, this is a fact, as if a lot of research is going on in this part now, how to improve the process of memorization and access and provide access to some remote areas that we - often wanted i wish i could remember, but how great it is, that is, for example, if now you create a wonderful wonderful mood for me then... i i’ll remember that the whole past was also wonderful, why not, you should already be in a wonderful good mood now, especially now, i’m just wondering how it works, well , you also can’t help but remember about psychology, and here, probably, valentin yuryevich will tell you about this in more detail, here is cognitive science, well
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is it really like in a computer long-term, short-term, or maybe like muscle, and yes and no, in fact, all the time i want to somehow visualize these images to compare with something, an analogy with a computer, which suggests itself first of all, because the words are even the same computer memory, human memory, but in fact compared to computer memory, with which we are trying to compare our brain as a data store in a computer, where there are files, each of which has its own place. and partly kiril igorovich has already begun to talk about this, i propose to continue and maybe even write something, but no, if i imagine, you will now draw for me the kingdom of chaos, come on, let’s just clap one palm like this, well, what
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are we drawing from the arsenal house, let’s return to the first question, how does it all work, yes, how does it work? because i see , oenologists, yes, who study wine there, they somehow generally only talk about smells, they remember something thanks to smells, uh, at the beginning we always have an external signal, this is the basis, we are everything we remember from the school biology course, memory is not possible without an external signal there will be, there will not be our sensation, there will be no perception, there will be no episode, an external signal, a doctor’s handwriting, i apologize right away, quite a segraphy. and how it is encoded, no one knows, because this is also how we remember, how we remember, we will come to this now,
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because we are at the very beginning of the journey, the sensory signal just gives you the feeling that you saw this object and you saw it, then we have the first type of memory, we will talk at the same time about how it works and what they are, sensory memory, it usually lasts literally a few seconds , here you are driving, for example, in a transport or in a car, looking out the window, just like if you are a passenger, just aimlessly in front of you, and you see the landscape that floats in front of you, or i heard something , or heard something, for a few seconds, this stimulus no longer affects your sense organs, but the imprint of it remains in your brain for 1-2 seconds, this is the so -called sensory memory, it is short, many of these signals don't even reach of our consciousness, you are not aware of them , it’s just some kind of background noise ... you accept it and don’t focus on it, accordingly it is forgotten, forgetting is also important, we will already discuss this, yes, but let’s say, let’s say you
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paid attention to this attention, concentrated , for example, you were looking at something, and then you thought, this is interesting and i’ll return it, like this, this is all that was not included, and this is all that was included, yes, yeah, you concentrated your attention on this , paid attention to this, right? our short-term memory turns on, short-term memory, something gets in, even if you have an unremarkable ordinary day, which is similar to the previous day, absolutely routine, well, for example, you took out your autumn jacket, found some 100 ruble bill in your pocket, well maybe a thousand, nice, got dopamine, got pleasure and forgot, and no, no, why, this is a pleasant event, wait, wait, this is nice. this is good, we don’t throw such things around, 100 rubles don’t lie on the road, rubles don’t lie on the road, and during the day we periodically we can return to this, and i sit all day with the consciousness, oh how pleasant it was, no
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, what, what a day it was, that’s the routine stupidity, then no, after all, after all , something happened, yes, then yes, it is supported , it lasts longer than sensory memory, oh, but you can even chicken it out so that you can live like this for the joy of it, and that’s how it works, finding 100 rubles in your pocket every time, yeah , here we turn it on.
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we’ve already talked about reconsolidation, this is consolidation. this happens most often in a dream, that is, when you are sleeping, and it will shift here only in a dream, so it is important that between your hippocampus, yeah, and your cortex, neocortex, there will be such a dialogue in a dream, during which your cortex neocortex will work as a kind of antispam -a filter, uh-huh, which by default thinks that you most likely don’t need it, it’s something that comes in, it was relevant only today, it’s not a fact that you ’ll need it later, most of the short-term memory won’t get into the long-term memory, uh-huh . and many people use it know, many students use this, i personally used it, well, i think that most people who studied, only to forget it all after a week anyway, you are preparing for an exam, you have a day
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before the exam, you are sitting, studying a textbook , get ready, and you cram this entire textbook into your hippocampus, right to the maximum, you most likely won’t go to sleep, it’s not necessary, because consolidation will still leave you with a little of what you crammed into the hippocampus, and with this all-filled hippocampus you go to the exam. the main thing here is not to shake it , not to spill it all, and after the exam i forget everything, it’s just forgetting, you forgot it because you don’t need it, you don’t use it, but it hasn’t disappeared forever, where is your theory of chaos, let’s get everything mixed up, confused, confused , the picture is still very structured, it’s because i’m structured, but in my head it’s different, it seems to me that i should have some kind of, that’s why women always strive for chaos, i don’t understand, because it’s like that in fact, there, and you structure everything, in the end everything works wrong, so... by three options already for memory, well , the most banal sensory, short-term, long-term, but these are not all the options, what kind of muscle could be in this, please, there are three other options,
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the first: it is procedural, the so-called memory, we will now draw the same number, we will draw three points, i promise you, okay, procedural memory, procedural memory is what you remember and know how to do in the world of actions, but i learned everything on a bicycle, i can’t forget anymore, even if i want to, that is, like her procedural, immediately to long-term, immediately, well, it turns out that i can’t forget that when it comes to motor memory , slightly different mechanisms are involved. that it’s not even not just the neocortex, it’s also the neural networks in the peasant, it’s also the motor areas of the cortex, we’ll be with you now for a very long time, let’s say we have three points, and we’ve already passed the first one, the second one is semantic , semantic is your knowledge, but it’s not just a set of knowledge from the series that paris became the capital of france, it’s not from here, yes, yeah, these are two parallel stories in general, yes, semantic is your knowledge, what you you know, and not only from the point of view
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of rudiment. but also the fact that you know that this is a table, this is a board and so on, that is, this is the world of objects that surrounds you, which you can call words, yes, this is semantic memory, yeah, and the third, the third is episodic, episodic , these are those episodes of your life, here i remember, here i don’t remember, which you remember, and the trick is that if they are emotionally charged, as they already said in passing today, then you will remember them better, remember them better, so to the whole episodic , to semantic to procedural you need to add a touchscreen. thank you very much, in words, many students do this, and i too, valentin yurievich, was very close to failure, marina viktorovna, but can i have a little more optimism, about memorization, in fact, there are special mnemonic techniques that are based just here on the rules of how the brain works, and by using mnemonic techniques , you don’t have to be those
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mnemonists who act, yes... they even get paid for this, but you can teach any person to memorize huge volumes information, if he needs it , for example, i have experience working in the moscow longevity center, where there are pensioners, old women, old people, so i worked with them there for a year or two, so we worked with them on the development of memory and the brain in general , after that, every old lady could remember the number pi with an accuracy of 50 digits, the poor old lady now can’t find out , can’t do it herself... look marina viktorovna, but we have a mutual friend pavel, he says that he remembers himself from two years, that’s right clearly, but i’m just sporadically let's say, some episodes, well, somewhere around the age of five or six, and why does this even happen, there
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are no mnemonic rules yet at all. at what age does a person begin to clearly remember, this is different, a person begins to remember with emotional memory, yes, just from birth, he remembers his mother’s face, her smell, her voice, he remembers this from birth, and some, some... then the information that is already connected is who i am, what i did yesterday, this already happens later, when it’s probably already happening the formation of some elements of consciousness are different types. memory, that is, we can say that some kind of memory, especially such an emotional, figurative one, it exists with us from birth, without it we could not survive, here is some kind of memory, when i remember myself, what i did, this is formed later, that is, people who say that they remember themselves at one year old, they are not lying, they can really remember some images, of course, they can remember images, for example, i remember when i first took me to the sea, i don’t remember
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let's just say, leo tolstoy, yes, we know, the most striking example of, probably, one of the earliest memories, which is recorded, figuratively, reflected and presented literary, and here it is precisely that we can talk about it, this is one of the moments connected precisely with how this happens , in general... it’s so interesting, that is, it turns out that without language there would be no memory, well, that is , how important it is that we can tell, i have a counterexample on this matter, that and without language, memory is possible, look
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, meet me, this is karlusha, i know, this is karlusha, oh, he’s laughing, okay, say something, don’t you want it yet, well, good corlusha, take a closer look, here he has... even suggests the opportunity to somehow react, that is, to connect actions , connect an object with some kind of imprint, imprint, there are many theories associated with
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this, but this does not mean that this memory is purely human, even if the raven tells us something, something , and more. and some skepticism about what we are discussing, this is a story about the fact that the sensations that we develop, which you discussed, are emotional, literally sensitive, different channels for receiving external information, and these are only messengers, as platinum writes about this, and he contrasts sensation with memory. that is , sensations do not give us real information with which we would work, memory is an internal sensation, and many write about the sixth internal sense, which complements, well
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, our five known senses, yes, but this is an absolutely self-sufficient internal procedure, and the most interesting thing is , what today's practical consequences are these mnematic ones. procedures, they presuppose just this concept of explanation, because if it is internal, then we can train it through effort, will, exercise and then memorize large texts if we practice, and if we don’t practice, then we will remain, well, here we are like plato, those prisoners in a cave who react to some...
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in my opinion it’s important, here we are, for example, adults sitting with you on a gadget, scrolling through social networks, sending each other messages there some memes, we laugh at this, in general we enjoy this process, time passes unnoticed, and we got our dopamine, everything seems to be fine, but when we went to bed in our long-term memory, practically nothing from this was transferred to us, so maybe it’s good, why do i need all this nonsense from social networks, and why did you waste time on it? you didn’t waste time just to get dopamine. there is happiness, so happiness is happiness in balance, happiness is in balance, voluntary control is important here, which is not there child, you can understand that it’s enough to sit already, because you haven’t learned anything from this, and your personality and your thinking are determined primarily by your
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how they film, the bullet was meant for me, the director got hurt by accident , knock on your head, oh my god, a good cop, a bad cop, he acted a lot himself, helmet , armored armor, two guns, i’ll bring it now, stand there , there is no such director, mere trifles remain, understand who the killer is, the reckless driver, the new one season, sunbathing, get up, kharif, tomorrow at 20:00 on ntv. the program is on air. science and we is a program about how science will change our lives in the next 10 years. in 10 years , science will explain how our memory works. i propose that the riddle of revealing memory, remembering and forgetting, now be revealed. let's go, can you help me? well, come on, bring, uh, this flipchart? yes, i don’t know what it ’s called, i forgot. our guest today is a beauty and a smart girl, go through the gnr, so, yeah,
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that's it, volodya, go, so, this is a gn, beautiful, smart girl, this is volodya, these are our wonderful guests, optimists and skeptics. so, gne is a person who knows how to remember well, i don’t know, trained memory, yes, trained, yes, wait, maybe you have it so innate, innate or trained, i can write a lot, well, i can do a lot, come on
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i’ll write a lot, as long as i have enough paper, the main thing is an even number, in my opinion , okay, i’m just writing, bastard, i don’t know, any , well, well, one more line, yes, come on, come on, yes, i’ll, xo, i’ll soon run out of space, i hope i’m writing clearly, so, gne, turn around, you can literally just a minute, you can, i think everything is ready, so wait, oh, hold on!
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everything must have come together, yes it did, i you know what i forgot, i forgot to draw it like this for you. and so you, can i just quickly ask, do you encode them, do you encode them in some pictures or yes, i already have it in my head in advance, well, as 100 images are written down, so i see every number, i see every number, it’s in my head, yes this is an image, then this is a mouse itself, and who is this? well, my system is like this, it’s varied, but as the most understandable one, it starts with seven... with the letter s, respectively, with s, yes, i imagine that
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this is a sausage, wow, it doesn’t look like it at all , this is a highway, 67 is a highway, 67, that is, you translate into letters, remember in letters, so you tell me, it’s easier to remember the numbers, in words, that is, yes, what is the idea, that i have, well, for example, at 77 you can come up with a sausage, you can come up with a system, there, well, at 90? i have ninety here, it’s just that my brother was born in ninety, so how would i introduce myself, i imagine with my brother, that is, i have a different satisfied system, let’s say 32 32 teeth, i imagine a tooth. by the way, today we talked about short-term memory.
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repetitions, if i have this system of repetitions, not temporary memory, i need a certain system i do, but my information is erased if , for example, i remember the same numbers, but these will be historical dates that would be good to remember, so they will stay in my memory for a long time, because i understand that i have to repeat it , you repeat this to yourself, this will be enough, but for some dates it will be quite easy, for some dates i feel it when i remember it, that is, i have a vivid image, i know that i will remember it in a year, if the image it turned out well, not so bright. i didn't really connect it, i i understand that i had to repeat it, that is, there is some responsibility for my memorization and some understanding of what i need to do to make my memory stronger, a responsible approach to memory, and you will remember me, interestingly, simply, or you will forget for tomorrow, remember, not a number, but thank you very much
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, you can also give away the microphone, come back to us quickly, we still need to move on to numbers in the end. feature of the content of memory, that is, we can fragment some content and accordingly, talk about different methods of encoding and such free retrieval of information, decoding, you know, not everyone decodes like this, then the exercise we talked about. application of techniques , here we were shown the technique of letter code numbers, as far as i understand, with the help of which these numbers are easy to remember, and this can be taught to any person, even a child or an elderly person, it’s interesting whether it’s just necessary or not, that’s what is the essence of our life, because according to berkson the main thing
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just when we have a complete image, it constitutes that worldview, which is so important for the formation of personality, about which you... spoke of precisely what is not fragmented, not analyzed, does not serve as orientation, cannot be in any way... in a sense, it is arbitrarily forgotten, here what is really more important is to remember or forget, sometimes it is more important to forget, and moreover, there is a concept that i especially sent here for you as an absolutely skeptical one, also from the philosophy of life, this is the understanding of the memory of unitsha, he believes in the genealogy of morality that memory is like... precisely the weakness of those people who cannot commit an act, actions immediately and are forced to remember - this is a delayed action, that is, a memory that, in essence, comes down to resentment, listen
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, you know, this nisha philosophy is german, but in russian it’s the other way around, remember how it is with us - there’s no memory of kinship, ivan, no memory of kinship, with us it’s very much the opposite. form such devices when they manage to grow on an electronic chip brain cells from there, for example , forcing stem cells, well, teach them to interact with these cells through electrodes that are connected to this chip, some research institutes or startups have already
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i think, i think psychiatry will not object, although i don’t know whether you still have memory, does it hinder or help humanity, from the point of view of psychiatry it happens, of course, what interferes, let us remember post-traumatic stress disorder, for example, when after a severe stressful situation a person repeatedly returns to it, but for humanity as a whole, for humanity as a whole, of course, i agree with my colleagues , it certainly helps, well, if the psychiatrist agrees with us , this is already good, an advertisement for...
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turning on the mask show on december 31 at 20:24 on ntv, happy new year mask, don’t miss it, central television, the first information show about the events and people of the week, a possible future president of a divided america, a colorado court dug up in the laws amendment from the time of the civil war and actually announced the candidate and the leaders, but what will happen if trump decides to go to the end, is america threatened with a new split into warring states and a new civil war. one in a million, what is the real chance an ordinary person to win the lottery and how to make sure that the one in a million chance occurs in nine out of ten cases, a real proven method to deceive fate.
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in your opinion, science will still explain how memory works. marina viktorovna, let's start with you. on the one hand, of course, we will advance, and in 10 years we will know and understand much more. moreover, we will use much more of this knowledge in our lives, but to say to the end, everything, i fully understood, comprehended by memory, this will probably never happen, you are like kant, the process of cognition is endless, well, at least the probability is that after all , the probability is then that what percentage will understand how to work.
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give an unambiguous answer, therefore 10%. this means it will take much more time, but to simulate some of the simplest parts of the human brain and study them in detail using cybernetics, i think this is the prospect of the next 10 years and this will allow progress in the study of the work of the human brain, i i think up to 60 percent, from 20 to 60 in 10 years
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, a good leap for cybernetics, this history will be non-linear, that is, further it will be... more difficult to study, that is, but in general 60%, thank you very much, also academician pavlov, we should still mention it in the program on memory, i think academician pavlov dreamed that someday humanity would be able to look inside the skull and see with our own eyes how everything works there, when we looked and looked, we understood nothing, nothing got it, we're back again to the kingdom of chaos, in general, we realized that we see this fireworks of electrical activity. we see a whole neural network, we see memory as partly a derivative of the work of these millions of neurons, but we are getting closer to the point where we directly understand how it works, and also taking into account the love of scientists in general and doctors, in particular, to specifically attribute some area, some... then the functions, this favorite has always been throughout the study of the brain, this area is responsible for this, this is responsible for this, the temptation has always been to find,
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this is where we store memories of this, and what can we do with them, let ’s... delete the kamp, let’s see what happens, but the point is that it didn’t give us anything, that is, we can’t say, in which, which neural network encodes the beats, beethoven's code of joy, and which, in which university, your home address or phone number is recorded, so i don’t expect serious breakthroughs in the next 10 years in this regard, in order to get closer to a complete understanding of how memory works, well and there might at least be some interest there, but i can’t give zero, like a psychiatrist, there is no such thing as a zero probability. great 20%, thank you very much, volodya, with a probability of 42.5% science will explain how memory works, well, in general , it won’t explain, of course, in 10 years, the next 10 years, it might be good, but the most important thing is to remember
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we must learn to forget the good, the bad, the bad, we were told today that we can learn to forget, yeah. remember good poems, for example, yes, this is the fly that landed on the jam, that’s the whole poem, and the fact that yesterday, borscht, in fact, there was no borscht, it’s time to forget about this a long time ago, that’s why you reminded about it now, it was a program, science and we are a program about how science will change our lives, including yours, in the next 10 years, but remember only the good things and see you in a week , bye...
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