russia's geopolitical position required not only a window to europe, but also a window to the east, but in the east russia would face the same western powers in the struggle for influence in the region. russian merchant afanasy nikitin.

procession in 1468, he did not think about india then, he hoped to profitably sell goods in the markets of the north caucasus. having equipped two ships, nikitin set off down the pskov. his ships arrived in nizhny novgorod, where they joined the caravan of the ambassador of the shervan state, it was located on the territory of modern azerbaijan, in order to be under its protection on the way down the volga, which was controlled by the horde. nikitin and his two ships, kazan and sarai, managed to pass safely, but already downstream on the volga, near astrakhan, his ships were attacked. arriving in astrakhan, nikitin fell out of favor with the local tatars. as a result of the attack, his trade caravan was plundered, and the way up the volga was blocked. returning to tver without goods, without money, threatened a debt pit and shame. nikitin decided to take a risk and went on. on two

on ships, afanasy and his crew continued their journey along the caspian sea to the south, to derbent, but during a storm, the smaller vessel was wrecked, and its crew was captured by the kaitak troops, one of the caucasian feudal states. upon arrival in derbent, afanasy turned to the ambassador of the shirvanshah, hasanbek , with a request to help free the captives of kaitag. hasanbek helped, all the captives were freed. afanasy nikitin also asked hasanbek for money to return.

went further and passed persia, and passed the entire muslim part of india in a few years, studied the persian gulf and so on and returned back through the black sea. why is his journey called beyond the sea? because he crossed to the aspiy, was in the indian ocean, then crossed the black sea. the majority of the population of india at that time. adhered to the hindu faith, islam was professed by only a quarter of the population, but it was this minority that was the ruling class. during his entire previous journey through muslim territories, nikitin did not express any concerns in connection with the fact that that he was orthodox. in junnar, the situation worsened sharply. one of the local khans took an arabian stallion from the merchant niketin and set a condition: i will return the stallion and give you a thousand gold pieces as well. just convert to our faith, to muhammadan islam. if you don’t convert,

i will take the stallion and not give you a thousand gold pieces. nikitin again resorts to diplomatic negotiations, he turns to the local treasurer and asks him to resolve the situation. the treasurer approved the request, and the stallion was returned to nikitin without converting to islam. having waited out the rainy season, afanasy nikitin continued went to bidar. there he finally sold his horse. the merchant calls bidar the capital of muslim india, but despite this, he met a hindu there. there nikitin confessed to the hindu that he was not a muslim, revealed his faith to them, said that i was not a muslim, a christian, and my name was afanasy. in other words, nikitin had previously hidden the fact that he was a christian. in the 15th century , russia had no relations at all with india, which for a medieval european was a legendary rich country. therefore , nikitin's expedition was actually the first and trade and diplomatic mission at the same time. if we superimpose

afanasy nikitin's route on the route of modern transport highways, which are now being built jointly by the russian federation and other countries, then it will coincide with an accuracy of literally up to ten kilometers, this is exactly the route through azerbaijan, persia to the persian gulf, in the place where afanasy nikitin boarded the ship to go to india, in this place a port is being built, which should be the end of the railway from russia and then the route through... india, this is exactly the transport highway that interests us now in india. in his diary, walking beyond three seas, nikitin describes the customs and culture of india. his travel notes are one of the few historical sources that tell about the organization

of society in india at that time. in india, afanasy nikitin studied literally everything. and the economy, and customs, and military affairs, and ... the sultan's court was everywhere, including galkonta with its diamond spears, indicated what goods were produced there, how much they could be bought for, and concluded that for large-scale trade india is unattractive, despite all this abundance of gold, precious stones and so on and so forth, in order to -

nevertheless, his observations, his notes on the journey turned out to be an invaluable work for the study of other peoples and other countries. welcome to the miracle show, this is a place where children will teach you to smile sincerely, find a hobby for yourself, believe in your success. you sculpt, draw, what else do you do? i cook. let's go sausages! what color is the skin of a polar bear? so? answer: black! hey! oh you borushka parnya, why do you love ivan? i am

the host of this show, and who are you? i came from the city of omsk, i am an actor, an improviser, night, street. lantern, pharmacy, miracle with arseniy popov, today at 20:15 on ntv. you are super, new season, tomorrow at 20:20 on ntv. all this for one ruble. how is that? i just pay everywhere with an ozon-bank card, and then buy on ozon-tovary for 1 ruble. pay for azonbank cards, purchases anywhere, participate in the prize drawing for 10 million rubles. back, this is painfully familiar to me, and for back and joint pain, declofinac gel, akos, somehow not enough, it's not about quantity, it's about concentration. the gel contains the maximum concentration of the active substance, penetrates well into the cerebrospinal fluid of pain and inflammation. diclofenac gel acas behind a healthy

back, like behind a stone wall. and when will you get your own home? they've already approved it, so simple that you don't need to persuade, renovation, moving , and the main mortgage from sberbank on domclick, domclick, don't wait, live. what did they tell you when you decided to open a business? bionic prostheses, it's very difficult, but you didn't listen, because you do everything wrong, go on, open a free one at alfabank account for business and get a premium business card with 10% cashback on everything. alfa-bank is the best bank for business. giving 30 gbt every month when transferring a number is normal, so we give with bermobile, pash, look at the magic, apply for a debit card with 35% cashback on everything important,

gazprombank, it is so pure that it is invisible, but gives incredible power. gas is an ultra-pure base of rolf ultra motor oil, synthesized from gas. using two innovative technologies gtl and pao provides maximum performance engine. rolf ultra - new erro motor oils. alfa investments - this is for money. open a free account for investments in alfabank and get a gift. not just profitable, alpha is profitable. it is not the first time antonina rents out her cozy apartment on avito real estate, so she knows how everything will spin. avito real estate. rent it out where she is looking. vtb brings us rubles. cashback up to 25%. and plus one category of cashback for transferring vtb from other banks. everything will work out rostiks offers to drop in for a visit, this has not happened yet

was, we have delicious prices, chefburger for only 139 rubles, chef roll for 149 and other hits at incredibly low prices, have time to catch discounts in restaurants, repairs, moving, and the main mortgage from sberbank on domclick, domclick, don't wait, live, at your place, take ambbraxolenival, brongeksin, we trust reneval. we choose reneval. there are many children's cards, the most profitable is one. free children's card of alfabank, with it children receive up to 7. rubles. cashback for purchases and money in games. not childishly profitable. alfa is profitable. afloticus joniор. with the junior card. the child is not will be left without money, and parents will be calm about his financial maturation. apply for a junior card from tank, then together with junior. t-bbank - there is only one. mobile

communication for free - that's normal. hello, that's why we do it this way. sbermobile. it's all for 1 ruble. how is that? i just pay everywhere with an ozozonbank card. and then i buy goods on azon for 1 ruble. with an azonbank card, you have access to millions of goods for 1 ruble. make purchases anywhere, even when things get tough, life goes on, everyone has their own mission, ours is to help, we are where people need us care, so that it is not so scary, so that hope and love live in the heart, so that life goes on, it is so important to help someone in trouble, join the good deed on the website pomoćvbede.rf. russia has long been interested

in the eastern countries lying beyond the vast steppes to the south of the ural mountains. bukhara, samarkand, kakant, khiva were often visited by russian merchants. traders from the central asian states were regular guests at russian fairs. trade between russia and central asia is as old as russia itself. it was the central asian merchants who concentrated in their trade along the great silk road, and moreover, the production of chinese silk itself, including in china itself. communication with merchants from central asia was fundamentally important for the economic development of russia. the first organized attempt to conquer the lands of central asia was made by peter ii. in 1716, peter ordered troops to be sent to khiva under the command of prince alexander bikovich cherkassky. the task seemed simple, regular armies.

the khan of khiva sent bikovich's head as a gift to the khan of bukhara. the conquest of central asia was

postponed for as long as one and a half centuries. but during this time, russia had studied all the nuances of the central asian monarchies quite well, because trade and economic relations did not cease and were conducted very actively. the largest was the bukhara emirate, in which three million people lived. the kakan khan had one and a half million subjects, and the khiva khan - half a million. century, their trade ties with russia intensified, mutual benefit became more and more obvious: in 1739 , the first russian merchants were sent from orenburg to tashkent, who went from orenburg to central asia in in 1739-40, for 5 months there and back, it would not have differed in any way from other caravans that went constantly, if not for the military guards who were entrusted with the reconnaissance mission, which is why, it

would seem, russia needed military intelligence in central asia. trade with central asia was extremely profitable. in siberia, even non-rich people wore central asian and chinese fabrics. in orenburg, all the provision of the state apparatus was paid for by the duty on central asian trade. but russian industry no longer needed just not simply the central asian sidzi. they needed raw cotton. raw silk in order to.

from the beginning of the 19th century until 1866 , four russian missions were sent to bukhara. the bukhara peace, in turn, sent three embassies to st. petersburg. thus, both sides, st. petersburg and bukhara , were interested in expanding and supporting embassy and trade relations. silk was produced in bukhara, roskhlopok in central asia, and profitable opportunities for merchants were opening up in the east. a huge sales market, serious investments were required, organization of expeditions, maps, scientific description of the region, for these purposes the russian geographical society was founded, one of the oldest geographical societies in the world. the russian geographical society was founded in 1845, and it is worth noting that

this is the fourth society after the parisian, berlin and london. there are two points here: firstly, it arose on this, after this inertia of the russian round-the-world voyages of kruzenshtern, belenhausen, well, at the transition from the 18th to the 19th century, and secondly, the 19th century, just after the napoleonic wars begins this big game, this confrontation between the russian and british empires in asia, what was the essence of this geographical society, firstly, it was necessary... to survey their own country, this was the era of nicholas i, and it is worth noting that nicholas i also wanted to abolish serfdom only by more gradual methods, and it was necessary to know the ethnography, the history of their country, and also so that these researchers, as intelligence, could learn about other regions

of asia that great britain was encroaching on, more worth noting that central asia. these internal regions of today's western china were the last terraincognito for europeans, so russia removed these last white spots on the map. as for the founders, it is worth noting great people like litke, this famous navigator, polar explorer, like kruzenshtern, like ferdinand wrangel, who discovered this wrangel island, who was even the chief. tibet and central asia. member of the imperial russian geographical society, petrovich semenov spends a huge amount of money on the publication of a map of asia, thanks to the authority of the russian geographical society, expeditions of russian researchers were organized, who turned out

to be one of the first europeans to set out on a series of major... scientific discoveries in the east. in 1856, semenov, on behalf of the russian geographical society, began an expedition to explore the tian shan mountain system. over the course of two years, he visited altai, tarbogatai, semirechensk and zailiysky (alatau). lake isykul. he was the first european traveler to penetrate into tian shan and was the first to describe the mountain group of khantengri. semenov created a diagram of the tian shan ranges. for which later the prefix tian shan was added to his surname. tian shan was a good scout in this regard, it was this campaign of his that played a decisive role in the annexation of turkestan to russia, why? we know that central asia, historically, if we do not speak in today's political situation, there are

two whole, kazakhstan, this turkestan. the kazakh ste was such a natural geographical buffer. and what did tianshansky? he broke through this bypass route through semirechye. semirechye is the east of kazakhstan and modern kyrgyzstan, where the soil is fertile, you can feed it. it was during his travels that tianshansky established relations with the kyrgyz tribes, so in this regard , yanshansky's campaign had such a diplomatic campaign with this soft power, which attracted many kyrgyz tribes of central asia to the side of the russians and also opened the door to the annexation of turkistan, but not in the western part where the aral and caspian seas are sea, and to the east by such a roundabout route through the seven mountains then down. expeditions of the outstanding

geographer and traveler nikolai prozhivalsky to central asia. but prozhivalsky devoted 11 years of his life to studying the far eastern corners of the russian empire. in 1870, an experienced geographer, an officer of the general staff prozhivalsky, undertook the first trip to central asia.

scientific expedition, and under this wing of the scientific expedition, he essentially received very, very valuable data and, like tiyanshansky , established relations with local peoples, learned what tribes and ethnic groups can be relied on in politics, so that today we can safely consider prozhivalsky as such a progenitor of military intelligence , his detachment of these cossacks and these assistants , the heir was also scientists as supposedly researchers, but in fact so ... an operational unit that operates at 360 °. during his travels, he established his own, established relations with the mongols, with this sinzian,

today called the uyghut autonomous okrug, even explored tibet, so these are the last explored areas in the depths asia is finally included on the maps, and even more so, if central asia, these modern central asian republics are annexed to russia, then this... regions of the then dying qing empire such as xinjiang, mongolia, were then included in the russian sphere of influence, this is all due to przhevalsky. in may 1876, the second military cartographic expedition of przhevalsky begins. kuldzha, tien shan, lop nor, himalayas. an important result of this journey was the precise determination of the northern border of the tibetan plateau. the third expedition - these are the hami oasis, the nanshan ranges, the tibetan plateau, the tanla range, and lhasa. it was during this journey that the famous

prozhivalsky horse was discovered as a species. during his fourth expedition, prozhivalsky explored the sources of the huang he and marked new ranges on the map: the columbus, moscow, and russian ranges. the thirst for adventure did not leave prozhivalsky, and after the fourth journey he began a new journey to lykhasa, but on november 1 , 1800 , the russian academy of sciences awarded the scientist a medal with the inscription "to the first scientists from all over the world welcomed the discovery of researcher of the nature of central asia. don't miss the central television first information show about the events and people of the week. revival. after death is no longer a fantasy, but a reality, i had seven cardiac arrests, scientists from new york university erase the generally accepted boundaries between life and death with their discovery and claim that death

- but how soon will this scientific sensation become a common medical practice what do people who have returned from the other world tell about, who spent several years beyond the last line hours, i made a choice to return to this world for the sake of my son, it will be your central television, today at 19:00 on ntv. tverskaya new season from monday at 20:00 on ntv. one purchase, two cashbacks. choose partners by benefit on the sberbank.ru website and get double cashback bonuses. when paying with a misber card in a golden apple, emvideo, lenta, scooter, megamarket and other partners. more profitable with a sberim subscription. it is so clean that it is invisible, but gives incredible power. gas. ultra-clean

motor base. from gas using two innovative gtl and pao technologies, provides maximum engine performance. rolf ultra - a new era of motor oils. exclusively vk video show natal chart. if you are interested in the third marriage is interested. this family, it can even save all of humanity. i am sarah connor. watch all the videos here in the vk video app. one of my friends is trying to be a good dad. not ready, you forgot who i am, dad, our internet is over, and the minutes too, dad will now connect you to mega himself share minutes and gigabytes, combine up to three numbers get free bonus gigabytes every month, well, who is number one here, megaphone, back, this is painfully familiar to me, and against back and joint pain, gel declofinac akas, somehow not enough, it's not about quantity, about

concentration, the gel contains the maximum... concentration of the active substance, penetrates well the heart of pain and inflammation. gel declofinac akas behind a healthy back, as behind a stone wall. rostix presents. mexican menu. new burger with gobokomole-style sauce, favorite chicken and spicy cheddar cheese. try it mexican menu in rostik. you can do it with a credit card. and even more. buy, buy, buy all year round. tverskaya new season from monday at 20:00 on ntv. get an s7t bank card and get cashback in miles for daily purchases. miles can be spent on air tickets, s7 airlines services. get a card in the tank app or on the website , take part in a closed sale of airline tickets with discounts of up to 50%. find out more at

seven.ru 3 = 1. i believe, so on common 30, communication accessory included at the price of a smartphone. belline is the safest operator. let's go? let's go, to the feed. and this, and this. they typed, so they typed, courier, courier. eighth, eighth. cashback, cashback, scooter, scooter, your order, your order, cashback, cashback, choose partners on the site get two cashbacks on sberbank cards, national dream birthday lyon, who gives gifts to whom, we to you, no, we to you, buy tickets, spin the wheel of dreams and get guaranteed surprises and a super prize from 200 million, resolved issues with a difficult transaction, helped with the sale of secondary housing, here with the purchase of a new building.

order a call back at samolet plus.ru. apply for an esventebank card, get cashback in miles, participate in a closed sale of airline tickets with discounts of up to 50%. find out more at seven.ru. it seems they have already grown up. your first smartphones with children's sim cards. when children have grown up to their first sim card, connect them to a beeline children's sim card with protection from spam and fraudsters. beline is the safest operator. one purchase, two cashbacks. choose partners by benefit on the sberbank.ru website and get double cashback in bonuses when paying for kartmir in the golden apple, emvideo, lenta, samokat, megamarket and other partners, more profitable with a subscription with berprim. results of the week, new season, tomorrow at 19:00 on ntv. on air ntv. international vocal show. you are super, and this is the eighth season. they just gave a new life to this

song. their composition in such a performance, sounded terrifying. belarus is waiting for a new discovery, the show you are super, not only about music, but also about real life, i have been waiting for this moment for so many years, you are super, the eighth season, our denberl orzhik participated in the adult competition this year new wave. won the audience award there . premiere, tomorrow at 20:20 on ntv.

another world-famous russian scientist traveler in the 20th century was nikolai miklukha-maclay. he explored indonesia, and was also the first in the world to study the people's lives in detail. on miklukha-maclay's birthday, july 17 , the professional holiday of the ethnographer is celebrated, a monument was even erected to him in new guinea, this is the first monument to a russian on indonesian soil. in september 1871, meklukha-maclay on the corvette vityaz reached his destination, a huge islands north of australia, new guinea. there he settled and began to study the papuans as equal and interesting people, and they... began to call maclay the man from the moon. he showed unconditional trust in the papuans. this worked almost always and everywhere. and he traveled for 12 years in total. until 1883, he returned to new guinea to

the maclay coast. that's what he called the place he first arrived at. he visited indonesia, the philippines, melanesia. based on his natural tact in understanding psychology, maclay invented a method of research that is called " ethnographer's politeness. a scientist must behave delicately, earn the trust of the people he studies, and in no case interfere in their lives, even with good intentions, and not try to impose his understanding of civilization on them. if we look at the map , this is papua nova guinea, this is indonesia - this is a bridge between asia and australia. if we study the migrations of these peoples, the polynesians, this is where the polynesians began to settle on these islands. ocean, which means that this is papuraa new guinea, this is such a geographical hub, where this explosion of these papuans across the pacific ocean began, all his research in this region he took loans from the dutch governor in modern

indonesia, it was then, when he had already become famous, that he was received in st. petersburg, this alexander ii for an audience, he even wanted many russian farmers, these... former serfs who were freed, even scientists, to settle in new guinea for agriculture and at the same time be used as an integrating link of these tribes and that they were under the protection of the russian empire. he also wrote to europe to create many funds to help these indigenous peoples, this is how russia was somehow the guardian of these peoples, so here is one of the good initiatives - what we today call soft power through these funds or ngos. only in favor of russia, that was his such a good idea. in the last years of his life , miklouho maclay tried to protect the papuans from colonization. the scientist asked the tsar to take the maclay coast under russian protectorate, but this

plan was not destined to come true. as a result new guinea was divided between the germans and the british. and among the explorers of the east , there is perhaps no more mysterious and even mythologized figure than the artist nicholas roerich. roerich's expedition to central asia began in december 1923, when the roerich family came to india, to bambay. from there they immediately set off to visit various cultural centers. by the end of december, they were already on the southern slopes of the himalayas in sekim, where they began a research expedition through chinese turkistan, altai, mongolia and tibet. it was a journey through unexplored areas where there were still a...

unknown teachers of the mahatmas. one

said that here was the land where buddha's foot had stepped, on the grave of mahatma lenin. and another one stated in plain text that these unknown mahatmas were proposing to enter into an alliance with the bolsheviks to expel the british from india and especially from tibet, where the british had effectively established an occupation power. and were oppressing the local clergy. checherin, the minister of foreign affairs , took this, these messages extremely seriously, reported them to molotov, called roerich is half-buddhist, half-communist, because, of course, soviet russia desperately needed allies, if not to recapture india, then at least in tibet, and roerich, in fact, needed only one thing from the soviet government: permission to travel to altai, what

do we know from yevonnyaki? of course, this permission was given to him with great pleasure. the great game or the war of shadows? such were the loud names given to the geopolitical rivalry between the russian and british empires for dominance in central asia in xxi, beginning of xx centuries. this fear is a contradiction, so to speak. so fear on the part of great britain began to mature in the late 18th, early 19th centuries, when the russian empire began to advance in the caucasus , then slowly but surely move towards the borders of the pearl of the british empire, india itself, a special fear, yes, britain for its colonies was laid by the famous failed campaign made by paul i, on the eve of his death, his assassination in march 1801, it was not successful, but it made such a political impression on britain that the british the establishment remembered this for many decades of the 19th century and turned it into

a kind of scare tactic for conducting its own policy. it must be said that the russian empire in the 19th century did not make any big plans to annex india, although in the right situation it took advantage of this fear of the british, threatening to seize india at some inconvenient moment for britain. russian travelers of the 19th century obtained the most important information about the new territories, this was valuable data not only for studying nature and geography, but also for... where should russia end, where is the natural border, the future of the great russian empire, well, in general, it turned out that it should pass along the ridges, not along the rivers, not along the lakes, not along some wooded localities. it was along the ridge, in fact,

our geographers and ethnographers were engaged in the discovery of various mountain ranges, who explored the territories and helped the russian command to better understand what was actually happening on these unknown, very interesting, original lands. the british appeared in india at the beginning of the 16th century, when the east india company was founded, which in the middle of the 16th century transformed itself from a trading enterprise into an instrument of british policy. in the 16th century, all of india effectively became a british colony. russia also sent expeditions to central asia, during which it began to move in the indian direction. every step the russians took towards india was perceived by britain as a challenge. it was then that the chess game of the struggle for influence in central asia began. the confrontation itself, the great game, is believed to have begun with the battle of aslanduz in 1812. during the russo-persian war. why? because then for the first time on the persian side

british instructors were fighting, who instructed the persian weak, not very combat-ready army for better management against and war against the russian empire. from this moment the big game begins to develop and grow, reaching its peaks, smoothing out a little. in 1801 georgia voluntarily joins the russian empire. in addition to britain , persia also laid claim to hegemony in transcaucasia, which began... armenia and azerbaijan. such a result could not satisfy the british. then diplomats and intelligence officers enter the arena instead of soldiers and guns. in the european part of russia in ttorets napoleon is fighting a domestic war, and

in the meantime the british are officially making friends with russia against napoleon in india, such an eastern company, which was a state within a state, begins, on behalf of london, to prepare spies to penetrate into central asia. another point here is, of course, afghanistan and iran. why is this state needed? iran, on the one hand, on the one hand, it has a cultural influence on central asia, many of these khiva, bukhara, kokand, were in the orbit of iran in the 15th century. on the other hand, from iran through baluchistan you can very easily penetrate into india, even bypassing the afghan mountains, so there was this fight for iran, england needed iran as a little bit of a pawn to provoke russia, but the english did not need a strong iran on the borders of india.

regarding the british service, there was a spy named potinjek, who set the iranians and afghans against russia and this is exactly took place during the years of the patriotic war against napoleon, you see, this british policy, supposedly be friends here, and while you are busy with napoleon, we will undermine you here, but in this regard , russian military intelligence worked more than excellently. the british understood that the russians would soon penetrate afghanistan, the northern gates of india. in afghanistan itself , both the world and dost mohammed and his relative shahshuja were fighting for power. by 1830, the entire territory.

also the situation takes a rather interesting turn, a missions russian officer, ivan or ian viktorovich vitkevich, a man of polish origin, who was supposed to achieve an alliance between the rulers of afghanistan, dostmuhammed in kabul, kahindil khan in kandahar, so that they would conclude an alliance with the shah of persia, directed against herat and... this alliance was supposed to be guaranteed by st. petersburg, since the siege of herat by the persians was unsuccessful, as a result of british pressure they were forced to retreat, russia also recalled vitkevich under pressure from britain. karol vasilievich nasalroda, who headed the russian foreign

ministry during this period, decided to refuse to support the alliance of afghan. rulers of the iranian shah, and since he did not want to aggravate relations with great britain and since it was obvious that at that time the shah had already abandoned the idea of ​​taking herat. in december 1838, great britain moved to active actions in the afghan direction. the british invaded afghanistan and put their protege, shah shuja, on the kabul throne. the occupation lasted for 3 years. but in as a result, in the forties of the xix century, the british expansion ended with the uprising of the native population and the removal of the english protege. the english still actively try to penetrate into central asia. many english goods appeared in the markets of kakanda, khiva, bukhara. at this time, russia also begins

more active actions. in 1853, a detachment under the command of the military governor of orenburg vasily perovsky undertook the khiva campaign, which ended with the victory of russia, the annexation of vast territories in semirechye and along the banks of the syr darya. the kakan khanate and the allied bukhara emirate were weakened and turned into a russian protectorate, but then the crimean war began, and russia transferred most of its troops to the front of the new war. and it is interesting that the americans also closely followed... the events that were taking place and often supported russia's activities, firstly, because russia in this case was opposing england, such a traditional... antagonist of the united states, on the one hand, on the other on the other hand, it is interesting that some

ideological analogies between the united states and the russian empire appeared on the pages of the american press, for example, the civilizing mission of the russian empire in central asia was noted and compared with the civilizing mission that the united states carried out in relation to indian tribes, and this unity of countries in relation to... expansion was also emphasized, that the united states is an expansionist country that always strives forward, that constantly pushes back its frontier, and the russian empire, which also turned out to be prone to expansion and is realizing this historical destiny of its own, advancing into the vastness of central asia. what were these artists like before they went on stage in the show "you're super"? i'm afraid of water, depth, i don't remember the voices of my mom and dad. i could walk the streets alone. 4 years old, yes. and what did they become after winning the music competition? diana ankudinova and give me this

cube. how did orzhak become igor krutoy's adopted son? a man is growing up who copes with his adversity. and nastya semaganov on the project "you are super", found a job and best friends. my adopted mother is listed as my favorite in my phone. why did anna chevtaeva cut off all ties with her relatives? i don't see the point in talking about a family in which i was not. and did anastasia nagornova forgive her mother for her lonely childhood? every time, even when we quarrel with my mother, i always say thank you very much that i was born. secrets of the winners of the show "you are super". to ask your child, no matter what the situation, we do not understand this. today at 13:00 on ntv. you are super, new season. tomorrow at 20:20 on ntv. what can negatively affect the liver? constant stress, unhealthy diet, ecology. this can lead to inflammation and destruction of liver cells. two components

of phosphoglyph help not only to restore liver cells, but also fight the cause of their destruction, inflammation. phosphoglyph. now in an economical package of 96 capsules. aflaticous junior. with the junior card, the child will not be left without money, and parents will be calm about his financial growing up. apply for the juni card. offers to drop in for a visit, this has never happened before, we have delicious prices, chefburger for only 139 rubles, have time to catch your favorite hits at incredibly low prices in rostik, formula ada dak motor oil takayama protects the engine, instantly adapting to any mode of its operation. takayama - adaptive engine protection, fight in the knee, fight in the back, there may be tapeworms in the neck. plus one

category of cashback for transferring vtb from other banks. vtb - everything will work out. and in the store, with delivery. favorite promotions magnitkosmetik, wet food for adult cats and kittens mirator 1999. in magnit cosmetic stores and magnit apps. exclusive, vk video - a big show. the stars are trying to contain. laughter, you'll laugh, you'll fly out, yes, it's funny, everything is funny, watch all the videos here in the vk video app, you have a porridge, take ambbraxolenival, brumegsin, we trust renival, we choose renival, rosstix invites you to visit, this has never happened before, we have delicious prices, a chefburger for only 139 rubles, a chef roll for 149 and other hits. at incredibly low prices, have time to catch discounts in rostix restaurants, repairs, moving, and the main mortgage from sberbank on domklik,

domklik, don't wait, live. with age , changes in vision can change familiar things. toufon is designed to nourish, restore and preserve the youth of the eyes. it is recommended to use daily for 3 months, three courses per year. tuufon is now in a new package designed specifically for course use. maslofultra, created using innovative gta and pao technologies, provides maximum engine performance. rolf ultra is a new era of motor oils. order free delivery from stores. in the magnit mobile app you will find food, cosmetics and household chemicals. we give a 30% discount on a selection of popular products. pampers diapers from 979 rubles. with the promo code magnit 30. with a credit card you can. and even more. apply for a credit card in vtb, vtb, everything will work out, for headaches there is ascafenп at an affordable price and askafen ultra with

an enhanced composition to combat headaches and migraines. askafen, when your head hurts. rostiks presents a mexican menu. a new burger with gvokomole-style sauce, favorite chicken and spicy cheese cheddar. try the mexican menu grostiks. to make money on my savings, i open a deposit in t-banks with a yield of 19%. i can top it up from any bank. by phone number. with a commission, and if you need money from the deposit, you can withdraw it from any atm, and what was possible like that? open a deposit in t-bank with a yield of 19% per annum, and easily top it up from any bank by phone number without a commission. t-bank, it is the only one. in the sixties of the 19th century

, only the turkmen remained unconquered in central asia tribes inhabiting the oases. the unsuccessful end of the crimean war for the russian empire leads to a reorientation of russia's policy towards asia. the sixties and eighties of the 19th century are characterized by russia's active advancement in central asia, the subjugation of local lands. the russian empire came close to solving the problem of annexing turkmen lands, after the capture of the state territorial administration in 1881 , especially after the annexation of merv in 1884 , this issue was successfully resolved. in 1885

, there was an aggravation of anglo-russian relations, which almost resulted in an open armed. conflict, which went down in history as the afghan crisis, this conflict was the culmination of a great game. the russian army under the command of general komarov approached afghanistan closely and moved towards the village of penje. since afghanistan was under the protectorate of the british empire, a special russian-english commission worked to establish a clear border between russia and afghanistan. britain demanded that russia return to afghanistan what it had captured. russia refused, in response to this britain demanded that the afghan the emir to repel the russian advance, thus arousing an international crisis. afghan troops were concentrated on the western bank of the kushka river, russian troops on the eastern. in fact , the british were at the head of the afghan army. on march 18 , 1885, komarov ordered his units

to go on the offensive, but not to open fire first. as a result, the afghans opened fire, wounding the horse of one of the cossacks, after which the russian troops were ordered to open fire on the afghan cavalry, which fled in disarray. the afghan troops soon retreated. losses of komarov's troops consisted of nine people killed and 45 wounded. russian troops captured the afghan camp, all eight of their guns, and two banners became trophies, which were displayed near general komarov's tent. komarov recaptured the disputed territory. the afghan world did not want to start a war against russia any further. this defeat dealt a heavy blow to the prestige of the british in afghanistan. as a result, the british agreed to formalize the london protocol, which established the russian afghan border. russia retained the territory recaptured by komarov, on which in 1890 the fortress of kushka was founded. subsequently

, kushka became the southernmost settlement of both... the russian empire and the soviet union. russia was supported here by germany, austria-hungary. why? because they had their own interests. germany wanted to penetrate the middle east. if germany austria-hungary is such a central europe, then they wanted to break through to the outside world through the balkans and turkey, the ottoman empire, since their access to the world ocean was limited. german and austrian diplomacy, well, supported russian. interests in central asia in the far east, only to push russia away from its interesting spheres in the balkans, which is why the austrians and germans so ardently supported russia in this regard regarding russian interests in asia. at the end of the 19th century , the pamirs became the arena for the next round of the big game, where in 1891 the russian

reconnaissance detachment of colonel ionov went and drove out. from there the british, the following year - detachments of chinese and afghans. by 1894 , ionov, having built roads in the impassable mountains and set up checkpoints, clearly fenced off the russian peace from foreign attacks. later , the pamir outpost will be founded, which will secure the last territorial acquisition in the big game for the russian empire. pomir is a very important region, mountainous, which on the one hand opens access to this, as it is called, kashmir, already closer to india, but on the other hand, from pomir, from these mountains you can have a good view and access to the fergana valley in central asia. so whoever holds these mountains, he has this overview over these surrounding valleys, if you look on the map of afghanistan, you will see a strip that stretches to the northeast, where afghanistan comes to

the border with china, this is the territory that was given to afghanistan, as afghanistan - as a buffer between the british and russian empires, this strip became such a demarcation, a buffer between british india and... russian agents tried to secure the region for themselves, but english spies got ahead of them. in 1903, london sent several expeditions to tibet and was able to enlist the support of the dalai lama. the british took tibet kashgar under its control. during the russo-japanese war, petersburg was forced to switch its attention to the far east. until the beginning of the 20th century, the russian empire did not want to enter into an agreement with great britain on any division of iran into spheres of influence.

the fact is that petersburg's policy was to acquire influence over the whole of persia . there were even projects for penetration, right up to the persian gulf and the construction of a railway. right up to the persian gulf, however, unsuccessful for the russian empire the outcome of the russo-japanese war forced st. petersburg to rethink some of its approaches to this issue, it became clear that russia could not act with the same effort in europe, the far east, the middle east, an understanding of the need to negotiate with the main geopolitical competitor in the region arose. great britain. the composition of the diplomatic department also changed. people with a different way of thinking came to replace ardent imperialists. in russia, such a person was the new head of the ministry of foreign affairs, alexander petrovich izvolsky, in britain edward gray. it was

these two men who understood the need to conclude an agreement. and in 1907, london and st. petersburg signed a convention on the division of spheres of influence in asia. in reality, this convention was several documents concerning tibet, afghanistan and persia. according to the concluded agreement, tibet was recognized as part of the qing empire. afghanistan was considered a sphere of influence of great britain, while persia was divided into three spheres of influence. the russian sphere of influence included the northern, the most developed regions of the country in terms of industry, trade, and in terms of urban development. the parties agreed that each of them would not seek new concessions or any kind of economic or trade dominance.