this is a continuation of the war in a state of truce. we will not guess further, but let us remember how it all happened, not even the last time, not the time before, but the very first time, when the little russians began a liberation war on the left bank, bohdan khmelnitsky led it. and a series of victories, defeats and negotiations began, which lasted, lasted, lasted, and which seemed to have no end... so, the famous military political figure of the polish-lithuanian commonwealth by that time, bohdan zinovy ​​​​mikhailovich khmelnitsky in early february 1648 with a detachment of cossacks arrived in zaporozhye. having gathered the zaporozhye cossacks around him on tamakovka island, khmelnitsky decided to go to the sich. here it is necessary to understand that the sich was then formally subordinate to the polish crown, like, for example, the danish. the cossacks were subordinate to moscow, but the sich

was subordinated much more seriously, it was entered into the so-called register, that is, they were all, strictly speaking, receiving a salary from the polish king, while the don cossacks did not allow themselves to be considered and had a much higher share of autonomy from the state, certainly in the lands of the don cossacks the moscow the sovereign's troops were not stationed, the troops of the polish king were stationed at the sich. at that time , there was a garrison of the crown polish army there, khmelnitsky's detachment defeated the polish garrison, the restaurant cossacks of the garrison joined khmelnitsky's detachment, motivating their transition with the following words: to fight with cossacks against cossacks, it's still all the same in the ovkom orati, i translate, to fight with cossacks against cossacks, it's the same as plowing the land with a wolf, to fight alone against the king and the gentry, even with such fighters as the zaporozhian... it would be short-sighted and

bohdan khmelnytsky decided to attract the crimean khan islam iii girya to his side. the khan gave an evasive answer, without formally declaring war on poland, but ordered the perekop murza, an aristocratic title, such as: tugai bey, to march together with khmelnytsky. on april 18 of the same 1648, khmelnytsky returned to the sich and presented the results of his trip to the crimea. the colonels and the cossack elders at the sich accepted him with enthusiasm and the cossacks elected bohdan hetman of the zaporozhian army, having waited for the 400-strong detachment of the perekop murza at the end of april. an eight-thousand-strong cossack-tatar army left the sich. khmelnitsky defeated the poles in the battle at yellow waters, then defeated the poles at korsun. then the entire polish crown army of peacetime perished. more than 20 thousand people were confused by the cossack uprising. immediately after these victories,

the main forces of the crimean tatars , led by khan islam giri, arrived in ukraine. since there was no one left to fight with, although the khan was supposed to help khmelnitsky at korsun, but he did not have time. then, in connection with this, a a joint parade in the white church. this is such a populated area. and the horde with huge booty, with many thousands of yasyr, that is , prisoners, returned to the crimea. khmenitsky in the white church issued a universal in which he declared his loyalty to king vladislav, surprisingly, at the same time declared his readiness to continue to fight for cossack rights and liberties and for the orthodox faith, inspired by his victories , thousands, and then tens of thousands of little russians flocked to him, so the number of bohdan khmiannitsky's army reached 50,000 people, khmelinsky territorial regiments were created with centers in the following cities: on the left bank the prilutsky regiment, the mirgorod regiment, the nezhinsky regiment, the bartsensky regiment, the ichnyansky regiment, on the right bank the kievsky regiment, the umansky regiment,

the vinnitsky regiment, that is, initially khmelnitsky laid claim, naturally, to the left bank and to a huge part of the right bank. from the white church he sent out universals in all directions, where he wrote that it was necessary to get rid of foreign enslavers who, quote, are acquiring troops, anyway, with all their forces, who came to ukraine, ours little russian, conqueror of us with fire and sword. end of quote. the word ukraine, as you can notice here, no longer sounds like... the outskirts of poland or the outskirts of russia, but as the self-designation of the territory , little russian ukraine, that is, the land of the little russians. khmelnitsky called himself hetman of the glorious zaporozhian army, all on both sides of the dnieper, the real little russian ukraine. on behalf of the inhabitants living in these vast spaces, he once again wrote to the king about why they had rebelled. the spilled christian blood is the work of some polish magnates, following their tyrannical inclinations. with that and

the invention for the destruction of the russian people, that is, the population of little russian ukraine khmelnitsky himself called the russian people, this is the first thing we need to remember, the second thing we need to remember is that little russian ukraine was not at all that small part of the land that would later become part of russia during the unification of ukraine with russia. this territory was the vast expanses of the left bank and the right bank, which were inhabited by ancient russian tribes in those centuries when there was rus with its capital in kiev, no one has forgotten those times, neither the poles have forgotten those times, nor the russian people of ukraine, the little russians have forgotten those times. the poles wrote about bohdan and khmelnitsky in those months.

sides, among other things, he wrote to our sovereign, alexei mikhailovich, although in a garish, but quite specifically the following: we wanted for ourselves an autocratic sovereign in our land, such as your royal nobleman, an orthodox christian tsar. end of quote: we wanted the same for ourselves, but there was no other like him, there was only one. meanwhile bohdan, khmelnitsky continued to intrigue with the crimean khan too. understanding all this, the russian tsar gave the order. intelligence to study the mood in little russian ukraine, do these people on the left bank and the right bank really want to join russia? it must be understood that back then in the 14th century we had peace treaties with poland, our entry into its territory was an annexation according to those norms, and poland, having

allies in the west, could count, for example, on help from france. meanwhile, in the 17th century, ukraine was already being drawn to russian volunteers. to help bohdan khmelnytsky and his cossacks, that is , the militia of those times, vyazim voivode prozarovsky wrote to the tsar that they were already participating in the uprising in ukraine, i quote: your sovereign people. at first, the russian tsar alexei mikhailovich decided to help the rebellious territories economically, well, like we did in 2014 in donbass, it was the ukrainians of the 16th century who were allowed to freely travel to the territory of russia and buy the main things duty-free.

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by the end of the summer of 1648, the polish army of 40,000 people was concentrating in volyn near the chulgansky stone. the army had a huge convoy - 100,000 carts and by the way, there were 5,000 women of easy virtue with the army at that time. well, that's how the poles went to war with the small-haired cossacks. khmelnitsky's army had a quantitative transfer to ... ours, as they say, was 70,000 people, a little later the tatar cavalry arrived, the armies met near the village of pelyavtsy,

near starokonstantinov, now this is the village of pylyava, khmelnytsky region. the battle took place on a small plain near the ikva river with 21 to september 23, 1648. the pelyava defeat, and the poles suffered a defeat - one of the saddest, most tragic and terrible pages in the military history of the polish-lithuanian commonwealth. khmelnitsky. defeated the poles, then occupied the old konstantinov, and then another city in the ternopil region of ukraine, finally besieged lvov, and although lvov was in the center of the so-called russian voivodeship of the polish -lithuanian commonwealth, that is, the poles themselves called lvov a russian city, it became clear that not all of little russian ukraine, so to speak, was united in its impulse to rebel against polish king. in the shortest possible time, the residents of lvov were able to collect huge funds for defense. the city 900 thousand zlotys a large amount of jewelry they handed over everything themselves i repeat the townspeople at the same time in galicia

began numerous uprisings of the russian people of ukraine-little russian against the gentry. the marching vyzhans of khmelnitsky, makhnenko and garkusha liberated pinsk, gomel, and other cities. by the way, evaluate the surnames, from makhnenko to makhno it's a stone's throw, and the surname garkusha is unusually widespread among us to this day. for example, i am friends with the wonderful musician oleg garkusha from the auction group. he is also an artist, a poet, and most likely a descendant of that liberator garkusha. however, we have digressed, although we have not digressed at all, i insist that that war that happened 350 years ago had nothing... its outcome with our days was quite symptomatic. khmelnitsky wrote a letter to the lviv authorities, and listen to what, we quote: i come to you as a liberator of the russian people, i come to the capital city of the red-russian land, to free you from lyazian bondage, and they are there sit behind the stone walls of lvov, and

do not really want to get rid of captivity, take it, they say it is better in money. khmelnitsky agreed to 220 thousand zlotys in money. and goods that were delivered to the cossack camp on october 21 of the same year, he lifted the siege. on october 26, 48, his army headed towards zamosc, leaving lvov alone, and zamosc is already a polish city, that is, despite the fact that all these lands were under the rule of the polish-lithuanian commonwealth, i repeat, the cossacks knew very well that all the previous cities they had taken or, in the case of lvov, not taken were russians, and zamość was already a polish city, but they planted it in order to... so that the poles would make concessions, negotiate. the poles paid 20 thousand zlotys, writing quote, on the condition that upon receiving the money, khmelnitsky would return to ukraine. in december 1648, khmelnitsky triumphantly entered kiev. kiev rejoiced, kiev adored bohdan and kiev hated the gentry. the jerusalem patriarch

paisius gave bohdan the title of the most serene prince. the people of kiev fired all their cannons into the air. and beat the valet. in kiev, patriarch paistius and khmelnitsky held long negotiations. khmelnitsky persuaded paisius, who was going to moscow, to persuade the russian tsar to accept little russian ukraine under his, the tsar's, hand. of course, he accepted it on bohdan's terms, but nevertheless, it was bohdan khmelnitsky's initiative. on january 2 , 1649, paisius left for moscow via putivl. putivl was then a russian city. now it is in the sumy region of ukraine. putivel is the very city from whose walls in the russian epic, the tale of igor's campaign, yaroslav weeps for prince igor. location the russian city of putivl as part of independent ukraine is a catastrophic, insane paradox, in my opinion. paisiy arrived to the russian tsar alexei mikhailovich and brought news from bohdan khmelnitsky, saying in words: "take them, tsar, they are asking."

meanwhile, russian intelligence reported to the russian tsar that the zialian cherkassy, ​​that is , the cossacks. we called them cherkasy, the cherkasy took the kiev, praslovskoye, podolsk, chernigov voivodeships, with all the districts and killed all the poles in those places, and their so many that the animals did not have time to eat all their corpses. end of quote: together with the paesiy , the zaporozhian colonel seluyan muzhilovsky arrived for negotiations, our deyaks asked him to write a detailed report on what the zaporozhian cossacks had already achieved, what they wanted to achieve in the future. syulan wrote that the kiev, brasslov, podolsk, chernigov voivodeships were under them, but also volyn and mozar district of belarus were under them. that is, we note once again that even in the 17th century the difference between the lands of belarus, ukraine, little russia and everyone understood great russia. it didn’t even need

to be disputed or specified. people knew exactly where the belarusians, little russians and great russians lived. given that belarus and ukraine were under the rule of the polish king and could have somehow gotten confused under that rule, but no one got confused for decades, even a century. siluyan asked the russian tsar for help in the war, and in response he promised, quote: eternal service. well, translating modern russian, the ukrainians bargained: you help us, and we will be in great debt, we will to serve the russian tsar forever, but with the rights of unusually broad autonomy. meanwhile. placed his colonels in the lands he controlled. in chigirin, they then began to issue money with khmelnitsky's name on it. ambassadors from europe went to bohdan, which gave him some illusions. it must be said. in particular, the illusion that he would cope with the governance of little russian ukraine himself. khmelnitsky saw ukraine in lvov, kholm and

gallich. in the polish delegation, khmelnitsky declared that he was now a small man. became the sole owner and autocrat, russian, and from now on is going to fight for our orthodox faith, quote: because the lyadskaya, well, that is, polish, lyazskaya, land will perish, and russia will be renewed, that is, the russians will be panama. in april 1649, the russian tsar held official negotiations with the embassy of bohdan khmelnitsky for the first time. all of europe already knew about these negotiations. everyone began to understand that something would happen, since... they also want to play this huge, complex and scary game. this is grandiose. inline makes a difference. only here they give out bets to everyone. go to the winline app directly.

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this is the northern direction. american presidential candidates in their almost thousand-year history, modular shelters are every 100-150 m, part of the forest is also controlled by the russian military, in european capitals thought about it, the results of the week, tomorrow at 19:00 on ntv. by may 1649 , ukhma. already had a three-hundred-thousandth army, he was still in relations with the crimean khan, who from time to time drove his hordes to him, but contacts with the crimean khan, crimea at that time was in a state of broad autonomy of the ottoman empire, these contacts came into sharp conflict with the course towards moscow. meanwhile, khomelnitsky did not consider it possible to do without the help of the tatars. he sent colonel zhdanovich to constantinople and won over to his side

the sultan, who... ordered the crimean khan to help bohdan khmelnitsky with all his might. the sultan perceived khmelnitsky as his vassal due to a number of concluded treaties. poland was not idle either and the sejm announced the assembly of a new army to replace those defeated by bohdan khmelnitsky. and, by the way, the moldavian feudal lords then came out on the side of poland. the crimean zhehan three times suggested khmelnitsky to go to moscow, but according to our intelligence report, the hetman replied: "it is better for me." death than to go to the moscow state. instead khmelnitsky and the khan went to moldova. the moldovans were then called wallachians. the campaign was victorious. in january 1651, poland began its counterattack. in the spring of 1651 , khmelnitsky moved towards them to sbaroch, but stood there for a long time, waiting for the crimean khan and thus giving the poles the opportunity to gather their forces. only on june 8 , the khan united with the cossacks. khmelnitsky had about 100,000 people, 50,000 cossacks.

the rest of the tatar cavalry militia reached 40,000 people, the crown polish army had 40,000 regular army fighters, 40,000 zhalers and 40,000 noble militia. the largest european battle was coming. the armies concentrated near a place called berestechka, now a city of district significance in the gorokhov district of the volyn region. on june 19, 1651, the troops met. the next day, the poles began the battle of berestechka. the days of the battles coincided with the muslim holiday of kurban bayran, so the tatars perceived the heavy losses as a bochya. at the beginning of the third day of the battle , the crimean khan killed his horse with a cannonball and the horde then decided to return to the crimea. khmelnitsky rushed after the khan to convince him to return to the battlefield. the khan not only did not return, but detained khmelnitsky himself.

colonel dzhedzhaliy was urgently appointed in khmelnitsky's place, of course, as chief, who had long refused this title and these problems, knowing how much bohdan khmianitsky did not like it when someone took the command in his place. dzhedzhaliy fought off the poles for some time, but seeing his army in extreme difficulty, he decided to enter into negotiations for a truce with the poles. despite the negotiations, part of the polish troops nevertheless moved to ukraine, devastating everything in their path. by that time, at the end of july , khmelnitsky, having spent about a month in captivity, with the tatars, with the crimean khan, returned back to the town of pavolich. colonels began to come to him here with the remnants of their detachments, destroyed. everyone, of course, was despondent. now the people treated khmelnitsky, yesterday's idol, with extreme distrust, blaming him for the defeat at berestechko. on the other hand, the disarray in the polish army after the victory allowed khmelnitsky to stop the advance of the poles near the white church that same year and take revenge for the defeat the following year. he renegotiated with the crimean

tatars and defeated the poles near batog. the army of the commonwealth was scattered, and the germans were also fighting for the poles, and they were also defeated. after the battle, bohdan khmelnitsky bought all the captured poles from nuriddin sultan for 50,000 talars and ordered them to be killed, explaining his actions as revenge for the previously lost battle of berestet. on june 3 and 4, the cossacks killed 8,000.

poland responded with a punitive march of the eight-thousand-strong detachment of yarim vishnevetsky through polesia or ovoberezhye. the poles did not remain in debt, they impaled the rebellious ukrainians, the local squares were lined with merrymakers , they chopped off their hands, feet, of course, heads, the rebels in response burned the estates of the gentry, burned churches, beat the priests, that is, the polish priests, the jewish population, the kazakhs did not like the particularly violent, because the poles had a habit of handing over the management of the estate to a jewish tenant, who, of course, same, they profited as best they could, driving the local population into bondage, those were the dark days for the jews, the ukrainians never pitied them, the ukrainians saw great retribution in the widespread extermination of... the commonwealth jews. gogol remembered this very well, he did not hide it in taresi bulba. rarely did anyone not dip their hands in that blood, a contemporary wrote about those terrible times. finally, after 6 years

of incessant nightmare, the russian side, moscow considered itself more ready for decisive action. in 1653, the zemsky sobor, at which the question of accepting bohdan khmelnitsky with the zaporozhian army into moscow allegiance was decided in a positive sense. on january 18, 1654 , a council was assembled in pereoslavl, at which, after khmelnitsky's speech, indicating the need for ukraine to choose one of the four sovereigns, the sultan of turkey, the khan of crimea, the king of poland or the tsar of moscow, and to submit to his allegiance, the people unanimously cried out: volim, that is, we wish, we want, to be under the tsar of moscow, orthodox. the composition of russia was taken from what remained of the previous conquests of bohdan khmelnitsky. if khmelnitsky, for example, had been accepted into the composition of russia at the height of his victories,

the territories would have been many times larger, they would have been enormous. the zaporozhian army, although it bargained mercilessly, but in the end it was obliged to quote: serve our sovereign heirs with all goodness. in obedience forever. the tsar received the right in return to have his own governors, his own troops in kiev and chernigov, to control the collection of taxes in ukraine, to have full control over the hetman's negotiations abroad, so say, partners. the last point, however, khmelnitsky immediately began to violate in the most shameless way, however, here's what's important: ukraine as part of the polish-lithuanian commonwealth had no rights at all. as part of russia, it received unconditional legislatively confirmed autonomy, which radically distinguished it from other territories

of the russian state. it is not customary for us to talk about this these days, but little russian ukraine first became an autonomy not in 1917, and certainly not in 1920. bohdan khmelnitsky soon after. slavska rada became sign with the following title: zinovy ​​bohdan khmelnitsky, hetman of the glorious zaporozhian host and his tsarist majesty of all little russian ukraine. here i will reiterate that the word ukraine, contrary to the myth that is now widespread in russia, was no longer used in the 18th century as a geographical designation of the outskirts of a particular state, but as a very specific self-designation. at the same time, it is worth noting that the ukrainian autonomy was not national, because the russians, as was then believed, or more precisely the little russians, became part of russia, this autonomy was military class, that is, the khmelnitskys and the new owners of little russian ukraine confirmed

their governing status, since then they began to trade for the expansion of this status, which the little russians themselves, simple little russians, soon directly declared to their hetmans. quote: as you were cramped from the poles, in those years you bowed to the moscow sovereign, and as, having taken over the defense of the state, you saw space for yourself and many possessions were enriched, so now you want to be autocratic lords, the wise little russian people of the 16th century, yes, it was so, it is generally in human nature, when every governor wants to take sovereignty, as much as he can and even more. then the russian-polish war began. in may 1654, the russian hundred-thousandth army entered the campaign. the crimean khan was already on the side of warsaw. and then it rolled, carried on, but that is another story. from the same almost eight-year history of what happened then,

we can draw several conclusions. first: little russian ukraine could not come to an agreement with any europe. the turks still they threw. the second conclusion: the people of little russia were already heterogeneous back then, if the left bank was leaning towards russia right away, with the desire on the right bank, various problems began, which soon began to worsen, and quite radically, but besides, on the right bank there was a huge number of christian population, dreaming of getting rid of the gentry and the catholic church. the third conclusion: moscow did not drag ukraine into its composition, but waited for a long, long, long time, calculated and guessed, perhaps even waited a little longer and wondered what it should have been. and, finally, the little russians invested in their liberation in their transition to moscow with huge victories. countless feats, fearlessness and

incredible conviction in their righteousness, in the rightness of their historical choice. khmelnitsky, no matter how he was twisted and tossed and tossed, ultimately refused the european choice, saying that everyone around would perish, and russia would be reborn. god grant, bogdan, forgive me that the story you started, continues and continues. sometimes it seems that we are still at the same point and are, or even... below that point, because the gentry in kiev, the orthodox church is banned, they now sing those whom you, bogdan, in your worst nightmare could not imagine yourself at the head of ukraine.

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