if you observe the earth from the space, you may not find all natural features that you study geography books such as mountains, of lakes, rivers, plains, etc., they don't look like the same as you imagined, you can't see mount everest from that large. distance, but

there are features that can be seen easily from the space, like the amazon river. the amazon river is approximately 6,500 to 6,800 km long and has an average discharge of about 215,000 to 230,000 cubed per second. the amazon river sets the record in term of the sheer volume. of water, it is the largest rainforest ecosystem in the world, the jungles surrounding the amazon river are considered the lungs of the planet. it is home to numerous different species. there are thousands of distinct creatures in the amazon and you can find everything there. there is also a large company that has been active for 25 years in seattle, us where you can find everything you need except house. cars,

cigarettes and predatory animals. these are actually jeff bezos's red lines. he is the founder and ceo of amazon, who had big dreams since he was a primary school student. he's one of the richest men in the world. in the 70s, when he was. a primary school student, he wrote an essay and mentioned his dreams. bases stressed that earth is the most precious planet and thought about moving off this planet. he thought of a gigantic ship that could be home to people. in that time bazos just wrote his dreams, but now he thinks seriously about that project. jeff basos unveils his grand space plans in his conferences. he talks about... his plan for

colonizing the space. according to many, this plan is not practical and seems funny to them. it is as funny as one person became the richest person on earth by selling his books. jeff basos did the same thing and now owns the largest retail store in the world. in the beginning, he just sold books and nothing else. amazon.com, this virtual shop claims. the the world's largest bookstore. this is my computer, amazon com up on the screen. for many decades, bookstores did not pay attention to technology. to buy book in large

cities. beos graduated from princeton university in 1986, degrees in electrical engineering and computer science. he worked on read in a variety of related field afterwards. then he thought selling books online. he later said an interview that when he realized in 1994 that, the use of the internet had grown 23 times. compared to the previous year, it was better idea to invest in this industry. most of the people didn't see this type of data useful at all. two years later, he sold the first book online. we all know that a communications revolution is underway in this country. what is the

internet? it's sort of the mother of all networks. it's information highways. it's kind of like your remote control to the world. i came across the startling statistic, the web usage was growing 2300. to year, so i decided i try and find a business plan that made sense in the context of that growth. i picked books as first best product to sell online. soon, publishers and libraries welcomed amazon's activities and started to sell and buy books online. then amazon revenue increased day by day. in 1996, amazon grew its revenue to $16 million dollars. this company was founded with investment of three. by jeff basos's cuban stepfather. net sales for fiscal 1997 were $147.8 million dollars and 838% increase over net sales of $15.7 million dollars report for fiscal 1996. this

year amazon's book warehouses were the size of six football fields. at that time people realized that a giant had into the world of information technology, jeff bezos used a very simple method earn money, he found easy way to sell books, he owned large book warehouses. amazon started to ask for small discounts from publishers to have the books and then sell them online. it didn't matter to bases where you lived. wherever a person had access to the internet, there was a branch of amazon and the book would reach him in the shortest possible time. customers used to buy these books cheaper than other stores.

the number of amazon users increased for the same reason. amazon served over 17 million customer accounts. customers also used to by dvds and musical instruments as well. in fact, basos used the book as a drug. people in all around the world were addicted to amazon and its books and bezos tried to come up with new items in his company. he used to tell employees that this is just the beginning. in the beginning of the 21st. began telling more products on amazon. amazon started to suggest new products to customers every time. considering all these products, books were the most important products for people in that time. amazon's revenue reached

more than 2.7 billion dollars in the first year of the new senty. in the following year, amazon's revenue. exceeded 3 billion. there were more than 20 million customers. amazon moved its warehouses other cities around the world. in this way, customers received their products in the short time. amazon could soon become the walmart of the internet. there were thousands of businesses eager to sell online. besos offered them a way to do it. amazon is transforming itself from an online bookstore to an online mall. it transformed amazon into a retail platform where. one sell their goods to his customers and invited thousands of other businesses to be a part of it. it's the easiest place for anybody small or large who wants to set up shop online to sell online because they can access our 12 million plus customers and anybody, all commerers. in 2003, amazon launched search

inside the book. users were allowed to search for the design. term in a book without purchasing it. publishers cautiously agreed that amazon would scan some books and turn them into searchable text. in fact, was promoting the digital book industry at that time, in that time apple controlled the music market with ipad and itunes and bazos didn't want to lose his control over the book market. a year later, beso set up a lab in silicon valley, he asked his researchers to build a device to read digital books. in this laboratory. story, he said to the project officials, you must develop a strategy in

such a way that everyone who sells books in physical form will no longer have a job. it seemed that bazos wanted to destroy himself. at the end of 2007, amazon ceo jeff bezos unveiled kindle dx in new york. it was a simple and light device. could store 200 books downloaded from amazon with a significant improvement compared to previous models. basos announced that the price of best selling and new books would be $9.99, regardless of volume and quality. basos was inspired by the sale of 99 centle songs on itunes. the unveiling of kindle dx once again attracted attention to amazon. this showed that besos was very forward thinking. besos

was able to increase amazon's revenue to about $15 billion dollars in 2007. after almost 25 years since the establishment of amazon, the income has reached $300 billion dollars. this made basos the richest person on earth with a fortune of 185. billion dollars, hired bill gates and elon musk. bezo still keeps his old things in a corner of his office in seattle, to remember where he started and where he ended up. now he has more than 580,000 employees all over the world. amazon plays an important role in the employment of people in the united states of america. he has made the amazon very similar to the amazon. river, and now for many of the 310 million users of this site, it is

unimaginable to leave a day without amazon, however, if we travel to the amazon forests, maybe our opinion will change completely. what we see from a distance is very different from the reality of amazon. barns and nobel was the largest bookstore in the united states for many years. this bookstore, which started in 1886 in new york, now has nearly 627 retail stores across the united states. this bookstore is one of the most important competitors that was pushed out of the book market by amazon and now has to close. several of its stores every year. maybe the fade of this bookstore is the same fate as

the borders book store which finally surrendered in 2011 after 32 years of experience and declared bankrupty. another thousand small bookstores filed for bankruptcy between 2000 and 2007. now amazon's share of the printed book market is about 50% and this share in the ebook market is about 75%. but the question is, how could amazon bring such a disaster to traditional stores and publishers in less than decade after its establishment? more than 10,000 employees will lose their jobs as a result. getting the news today. it's upsetting, we tried, we tried, we gave it our best. when

bezos started selling books online in the 90s, bookstores had been operating in the old way for almost a hundred years. in this old way publiers were paid very late and had to collect the return books. they didn't have enough information. amazon sales method quickly attracted the attention of publishers. publishers prefer to hand over books to amazon to sell them at discount. my present concern though is that amazon by selling what are called front list ebooks, that is the books that are in most demand, by selling them below cost are creating uh artificial incentives for people to move from physical books e-books uh and i don't think

that that's right. the strange growth of amazon and the profit that publishers received made them dependent on this company. every time a book was introduced on amazon, thousands of purchase requests were registered. selling books became prosperous. many believed that if amazon had not been established, perhaps the book printing and book selling industry would have been disappeared by now. amazon was very important to the success of my book. i know that... they do lot of internal marketing efforts, they are able to tell what kinds of books will like, and therefore when they rend a book to one of their customers, based on previous uh purchases and previous kinds of books that person has read, so i do think that that really helped to get my book in front potential readers. when publishers became more dependent on amazon, it was turn

to change amazon structure. basus that the whole market should be for himself alone, this means the maximum reduction in prices. so amazon announced that from then on publishers should give more discounts to amazon, which reached up to 50% of the price the back cover of the book. basis's decision greatly reduced publishers profits. on the other hand, if a publisher like milan rejected this offer, amazon would... move the purchase option for this publisher books or customers wouldn't be able to see mcmillan's books on the front page of amazon's website which actually meant the destruction of publishers. another important event in the new century was the change of amazon's algorithms. earlier, the editors and content producers recommended the books and reviewed

them, but since 2000, it was a personalization algorithm that did determined which books to recommend to whom? it was based on previous purchases and amazon's knowledge of the customers. then, if amazon were to introduce a book, publishers would have paid $10,000. according to amazon's contract and confidentiality policies, it will never be known what effect these ads would have on sales. kindld dx wireless reading device warsen situation. for the publishers.

yeah, my name is omar yagi, i'm a professor of chemistry. i was born in aman jordan, and i grew up there and now, after about 24 years, i am here at tc berkley, we have developed a whole new class of materials that are based on... working building units together into very large chemical structures that are stitched together on the molecular level and a nano level to make por materials

that have porosities exceeding 10,000 meters curving let me show you what some of these we invented look like this is material micro crystalline solid and one gram of this material is about one inch high the uh this is so porous that the surface area contained within these pores uh basically could cover entire football field and one can say that's the space or that's the footage onto which you can store gas, this is the fastest growing area in chemistry, what we done is really combining inorganic units with organic units, but we have figured out a way of stitching these units together to make a variety of large. can be designed to seek out

very specific contaminants, whether it's contamination in water or contaminants in air like carbon dioxide or others, one can think of specific sequences that not just capture the carbon dioxide, but also convert the carbon dioxide to fuel and produce a a cycle for carbon dioxide that is sustainable clean energy cycle. one of the most rewarding things about my job as a professor is the interaction with with these younger minds. i want to have them express their mind in the laboratory. nature opens the door for you and says, here i am, figure it out, that opening comes to those who are there in the arena working, and have the vision and and the

intentions to search in a dilent and rigorous way, and in an honest way, think beyond the obvious, think beyond what's been done, take a risk intellectually, take a risk, change, go after things you don't know very much about, there is a care that is given through. through mentoring and what that does, that creates a bond between the professor and the student, that bond is never broken, because you saw the student grow and they saw themselves change to the better. i think that this is a recognition just of the of the field, but also people in the field. obviously my students work, which is being recognized here and and many colleagues around the world that have contributed to be. development of the field and many are pillars of of this field. i'm often asked, how can middle east countries and and some of the

eastern countries become strong again scientifically. we need to give the researchers a lot of freedom, lot of freedom to fail and fail and fail and then they will succeed, and that's the process of discovery. i think it's a wonderful prize and i think it's a great start for very prestigious - international science prize, thank you. on september 22, 1980, and without much as a formal warning, sadam ordered invasion of iran from its western border. موضوعات سیاسی، جامعه شناسی و تاریخی داره. هیچی نداشتیم تمام دیگه زده شده بودن. وقتی

خرم شهرهر آزاد شد در واقع عراق شکست توی جنگ و جنگ تعریفش معلوم شد. your headlines for this hour on security

forces thought assassination. plans targeting several senior sunny clerics, judges and members of the islamic revolution gards court. a new report says israel has detained over 135,000 palestinians since thefada started in 2000, including thousands of children. nagorno-karabakh's breakaway government announces is dissolution as over half of the enclaved population move to armenia following azerbaijan's offensive.