industry and leader of the world decimated, hundreds of thousands of jobs were lost. he wants to official warrants that any geopolitical change in the... focuses will destabilize the region and escate the crisis there, ali akbar ah made comments in a meeting with his armenian turpart in tehran. ah called for candid and constructive talks between regional countries. the democratic republic of korea has denounced the un nuclear watch dock for joining a us let pressure campaign and approving a resolution over his nuclear pr. in a statement the country's ministry of nuclear power described the iaa as washington's paid trumpeteer. says

the block will increase military aid for ukraine. josephl added that the eu's military support for kiev has reached a figure of 25 billion euros. russia has repeatedly warned that the influx of western weapons will only prolong the moscow key of war. hundreds of thousands of people have staged an anti-government demonstration in the polish capital warsah. protest rally was called by of the opposition two weeks ahead of general elections on october 15. the demonstration was designed to galvinize voters to take part in the ballot. the moscow has born london the a british military instructors in ukraine would be legitimate targets for russian soldiers. dimitri metvedev, who is the deputy chairman of russia's security council, said the instructors will not be considered as mercenaries, but as british nato specialists.

для авиационной индустріи - какое-то реформирование очевидно было в общем-то назрело, вот, но совсем не в этом направлении, как я понимаю, вот эти вот гайдаровские реформы, они были осуществлены таким образом, что решать уравнение там с тысячами неизвестных, что это авиационная промышленность, судостроение, космические, всякие другие отрасли. because of the reforms

uh russian technological backwardness actually also increased not decreased so uh of a the gap between russia and west in terms of productive technologies in terms of most advanced high-tech products actually increase rather than decrease считалось, что воевать нам теперь не с кем, поэтому военная авиация так не нужна, а гражданская авиация и вообще of не нужна, потому что мы купили. so we lost of whole branches of industry and we lost whole branches of science, whole sectors of of science and scholarship and that is something which is much harder to fix. the destruction of russian industry, that's it's all, it has nothing to do with all this, all this destruction took place in the end of the soviet soviet time, so basically all the rest is just pure to tell that destroyed something is completely wrong, экономистов

действительно образование приватизация грабительская за копейки продавались огромные предприятия промышленность развалена кому продавался продавалась только по значит куда семейку указывала. надо иметь в виду, что у нас в результате шоковых реформ и так страна потеряла 11 млн человек, 11 млн человек - это экстраординная смертность, это не во время - войны,

понимаете, это приблизительно, же по-моему, там 12, что ли с половиной, да, 12 с половиной миллионов потеряла одна россия, российская федерация из числа общих потерь of советского союза во время второй мировой войны, но там была. сразу в сорьевой придаток запада, в страну третьего мира только очень большую, и собственно так случилось, мы сейчас до перестройки, советский союз был одной из двух сверхдержав, the cold war had been running

for over 40 years when michael gorbadchov began his glasnost or openness program with the west, meanwhile the united states under president ronald reagan was preparing for the... единственная правильная экономическая доктрина на веки вечные, это неолиберализм. гайдар не стал даже проверять, вникать, он этим не занимался, он занимался так называемой политкономии социализма, он не специалист по капитализму совсем он... i guess the i would neither overestimatee nor overestimate nor underestimate there uh the influence but this they were very helpful and

and how so technically technical things macroeconomics and foreign trade regime and social issues social policy. цру сша. он же не видовал, говорил, он же знал, что они сотрудники цru. we spoke to peter yesterday, he told us uh, that there were american advisor advisors, his advisor was the now the head of the imf. do you find it strange that you have these russian economists being advised by americans? no, it

was not strange, the strange was that russia uh, didn't want to have its own plan, everybody can can give the advice. but you must have your own plan and to debate it and try to convince those advisers that you are right and they are wrong, but they didn't do that. economic policies of yelson period were extremely beneficial for the west for the transnational corporations for the imf and so on, the quantity of resources which moved from russia, not just russia, from the rest the soviet union to the west, it was billions of assets were transferred out of the country and western banks and money men benefited to the buying of shares in the new companies. it was not just money which was send out of the country, but it was knowledge, it was technology, these were physical resources,

including metal, oil and so on, all was that was sold at very low prices and more these were people because russia started massively losing... uh jobs for specialists, technicians, scientists and so on, all these people had to move to the west, now you know in the united states there so there are so-called russian laboratories in many universities, they're all picked by russian specialists immigrated in the 90s, the imf and world bank helped force yeltson's hand through the threat of loans, the soviet economy backed by the disaster of the initial guida reforms within such dire state, the country needed cash, the imf and world bank with the only parties in position to help. the advise of the american advisers was supported by the loans from the imf, so for yilton to make choices was a difficult choice between the real plan and the loans and he

made his choice because he was afraid of the consequences. 1996, yelson is up for re-election. the economy is still contracting and many workers haven't been paid in months. his popularity is at an old time low. at the beginning of the campaign he is pulling in fifth place on only 8%. leading and expecting to win is the communist gennardi zyuganov. this would be a disaster for the oligarchs, so they got together and made sure one of their own, anatolos shubaias was set to run yeltson's campaign. the oligarchs raised huge sums of money, even more was made available by the west in order to pay off the scruntled unpaid workers. a relentless propaganda campaign against zuganov was waged, in turn, the communist party couldn't compete financially. on top of this, yelson's health was poor, even suffering a hard. вещи,

например, в северной осетии и в дагестане у нас на первом туре 85, там 87% населения проголосовало за зюганова, а во втором туре 85-87% населения заелцин, ну так не бывает, это это это большая тайна, да, но тот факт, что это была... as yelson's bodyguard and confidant, few had

clear window into the workings of power in kozikov. in his book, he detailed how yeltson had a little respect for democracy and at one point wanted to cancel the election all together, but even more pressing matter for kozakov was jeltsen's health. for 1 февраля 96 года, когда ему исполнилось 65 лет, закончил свою жизнь как президент на второй день 2 февраля я приехал за ним, чтобы его на работу, я его не узнал, человек постарел на 20 лет, он запрограммировал себя до 65, поэтому не надо, нельзя было ему избираться. когда была первая половина его срока, первый срок до 99 год, семья ещё боялась, боялась

очень меня, а боялась служба запасности президента, но когда в 9 году безопасности была упражнена, разогнано, то семейка полностью взяла всю власть в свои руки, а ельцин был уже никакой. he has stated that he personally. team effectively stealing money from state coffers, trying to take money out the kremlin in a suitcase. it's blame for the rise of the oligarch? конечно, кто ещё виноват, кто всё отдавал-то? там уже руководил не ельцин, руководил чубайс и компания. had always had a reputation as serious consumer of alcohol, but increasingly he became embarrassing not just to himself. but to the entire russian nation. in his

apartment on the outskirts of moscow, we met eugenie ivanov. he used to work in a military equipment factory, but after parastroika he set up his own construction business. колоссальное количество групп, разных, я не говорю o высокоурных, так сказать, профессионалах. а говорю, что так сказать, просто мелкие уголовники, люди, которые так сказать, просто были с этим связаны, понятно, они создали небольшие группировки, часто вооружённые вот, которые как бы являли, делали крышу, как тогда возникала крыша, то есть они приходили, вот мы там это всё было все вот как бы то, что люди занимались бизнесом, все были между ними поделены, я понимал, что с ними нельзя связываться и не хотел, но человек, с которым я начал строительный бизнес, у него были долги. just as corruption and criminality ran through the highest echelons of the russian elite in the

1990s, so it did through the rest of society, as living standards dropped, law and order broke out, crime rose 27%, theft and burglary was common, and there was a rapid growth in violent crime, including homicides. в котором было мало, мало интеллектуалов, то есть это просто ситуация, которая... неком высоком уровне, где так сказать, был большой бизнес, а здесь вот это была суета, стреляли от от это самое, от недоумения.

люди, с которыми я связался волею судьбы, они вдруг, они решили, что бизнес уже большой, они могут его забрать, значит, они его могут забрать и, благодаря тому же человеку, с которым я связался, они так сказать, как бы передвинули ему, мне была создана угроза, так сказать, жизни семьи, и я сказал, ребят,

вот и он стал владельцем компании, а потом через какое-то время стал один из этих, так называемых бандов, я их называю так называем, потому что это не бандиты, это просто та пена, тот мусор, который возник в то время, you have a neighbor who is like you and he has the same salary and after 20 years he is billionaire and you are not, that's very serious feeling aunty, you don't like the guy, because you are not prepared to blame yourself, you blame him that he he made money, that's fan, so you think a lot of people. в моём понимании не всери, то есть я понимаю человек, который вставал, пахал, ездил в китае, зарабатывал, поднимался, вкладывал деньги, что-то тел, реально производил, как мой знакомый, который занимается уже 10 лет сельским хозяйством,

кувыркается, вот он с вином говне, пытается что-то сделать, но что-то пытается, а когда ты там оторвал кусочек урал маш перепродал. was the whole period of the 90's a massive missed opportunity for for russia economically? you can never say it was a missed opportunity because somebody used this opportunity incredibly, the oligarks, bureaucracy, some of the intellectual elite, for them it was tremendous opportunity which... did use, which they did benefit from, for the majority of the country, it was disaster. could you have done it in a better way, in a more fair way? everything, everything could be done in a better way, basically, but again, russia is not a czech republic, that's a very different country mentally, if you are looking at some eastern european countries, of course there were different scenarios in different countries, all of them more or less moved towards capitalism, but the same time most of them

managed to avoid that kind of terrible collapse in living standards, at least some them like slovenia did, for example, the tech republic did, they really managed to find ways which were not so destructive in social terms. the czech republic, formerly part of the soviet block, unlike the russian government, successfully managed to include its own citizens in the privatization process by the distribution of vouuchers. these vouuchers allowed checks to buy shares in the new companies leading to fair distribution. of wealth, a wealth that on the whole the russian people missed out on, is there anything that that you did wrong, it's impossible, manything could be done better, but frankly, but frankly i don't know what could have been done better, i don't know how

things could go much worse. there is the standard excuse which all politicians kind of like to use, which is if we didn't do that, it would have been even worse, so but first of all, it's a hypothetical statement, it could have been even worse, but maybe it could have been better, there is no proof, no evidence you can give, back at the boris yeltson museum, a campaign. is now under way to reinvent russian history, attempt to convince new generation that yeltson was one the great russian leaders. who are these people here? uh, they are adonors. uh, they made different donations, there are more than 60 of names and famous russian companies which were involved in building and creating

this presidential center and the museum especially, and we are grateful for all of them. if you taking, if you're taking the museum of yelton and this whole um propaganda around it, it only shows how much today's russian elite is disc. connected from the rest of the population, from the rest of the people, because yes, the elite now, it is not shy to say openly that they benefited from yelson, lot of the people we spoken to in russia, they they they don't like yelson, somebody say they hate, he's very, very unpopular, you said he's a great man, i think, why do you think the disparit is between, you think he's a great man, and majority russians he isn't, because i have first of all, i have economic education, maybe. because of that, i see figures and maybe i have more objective than these people, presenting yelson as a great man is also part of attempt of the new liberal segments of the elite to encourage themselves

to repeat what was already done, so to do it for the second time, so then you need some kind of example, you have to follow somebody's pass, and yelson is a good example in that sense, this is anatoly kirilov, one the men responsible for raising the funds. ну потому что он сумел мирным путём, не путём насилия, вот это возглавить уловить, ситуацию, которая сложилась в стране, что сама страна подошла к переменам, и нужен был лидер, вот он стал тем лидером, который вот услышал.

куда бы всё завернулось, потому что человек, он был не просто как бы там, ну, был непредсказуемый, реально человек непредсказуемый, то есть, то есть он развитие страны видел как-то по-своему, ну плюс ко всему, скажем так, люди, которые окружали. absolutely right, this is one of the problem of today's russia, the people don't.

enter russia's second and current president vladimir putin, former kgb agent, he entered politics rising quickly in yelson's administration. in december, 1999, as yelson stood down, he appointed putin as act president, well putin on the one hand is the continuation of yelson or... on the other hand, definitely putin's policy was to correct the sesses of the 90s, and that was seen by the people as a very necessary and

important thing to do. six months into his leadership, putin won his first election and currently remains deeply popular with the majority of russian people. this can largely be explained in relation to the years that preceded him and in his differences to yelson, seen as a strong and sober leader who impact on the power. hated oligarchs, putin has seem to have given russians pride again in their country after the embarrassment of the yeltson years. he has also been helped by stabilizing economy and historically high oil prices. the story of russia in the 1990s has often been overlooked by history, far less interesting than times of war or revolution, but it should not be forgotten, as it is not only the story of the creation of the modern russia, but also a warning. countries to plan great economic changes in the future are warning that reforms done badly can have disastrous consequences.

alepo, a city raised to the ground, destructed by war, but beyond the rubble, in a half destroyed house, life, still continues with all of its beauty, zest and hope.

everyone you're watching here. the headlines, this hour, iran once again warns that any geopolitical change in the caucasus will destabilize the region and escalate the crisis. the european union promises to increase military support for ukraine despite russia's warnings against

western armed supplies. also the headlines, the democratic people's republic of korea calls the un nuclear watchdog, washington's pay trumpetier for joining a us lead pressure campaign against puong.