and here in russia the results of the first trading session of course traders returned tuesday from new year holidays geneses traded in the black driven by metals and mining stocks and on the back of strong well prices and a stronger ruble the answers in my six climbed over one and a half percent in the session spoiling gas major significant aspects of the biggest gains on the my six eight and a half percent after he announced the purchase of a fifty six percent stake in one of the country's largest airlines. coproducer magill gained seven and a half percent after coal prices rose to a two year high and stronger crude prices boosted russia's oil majors with lukoil up more than three percent on the. next up announcing the headlines with kevin after a very short break. for

the full story we've got it from. the biggest issues get a human voice face to face with the news makers. more news today violence is once again flared up. these are the images the world

has been seeing from the streets of canada. giant corporations are on the day. this is the r t international news channel from moscow thanks for being with us. these are all top stories tonight the wiki leaks founder julian assange has appeared in a u.k. court as he fights extradition to sweden over sexual assault allegations and denies the accusations and claims there a cover to eventually hand him over to the u.s.

the next sick extradition hearing is set to take place in four weeks. portuguese authorities refute speculation that the country's going to ask for a multi billion euro bailout but experts say it will do little to shore up the faltering single currency. and help the way for the last five ships trapped in the ice off russia's far east coast for almost two weeks the previous person was transported to safer waters by two ice breakers only this morning. but next a special report focuses on the constant exposure to violence the society faces through media and entertainment outlets and the crippling effect it can have on human psychology the program contains some graphic images.

ever since hollywood had sad to leave the city wait my twenty's debate has raged about the impact of violent media on our minds and our behavior from alarm about violence in movies in the one nine hundred thirty s. to concerns about the excel aeration of violent content across virtually the entire media landscape today hundreds of studies and countless congressional hearings have looked at the issue of media violence and always seem to end up at the same place as anyone disagree with that conclusion that violence in films violent conduct on behalf of the children. a debate about whether those exposed to media violence are prone to imitate and whether media is to blame for society's skills but for all the

endless to be a basic question remains. is the issue really about whether we imitate what we see and if that's the case why do the vast majority of us watch t.v. and never commit a violent act. this film looks at the work of a man who took a more complicated look at the issue of media files as a. matter of very great. are. many people already. going to. george herbert was exposure to violence came early and on an epic scale first when as

a young man he fled to the united states from his native hungary to escape fascism . then a short time later when he enlisted in the us army to fight in world war two. going on to earn the bronze star for bravery as a member of the office of strategic services for parachuting into enemy territory under heavy fire in one of the wars bloodiest battles. with his war experience behind him group who would spend the rest of his life trying to understand violence specifically how the portrayal of violence through images and stories affected our consciousness and behavior in the real world he rose to prominence as one of the world's foremost media scholars serving as dean of the annenberg school for communication at the university of pennsylvania for twenty

five years and directing one of the most important and influential research efforts ever undertaken to understand the effects of television he called it the cultural indicators research project since it began in the late one nine hundred sixty s. the cultural indicators project has systematically tracked media violence and measured its impact on the perceptions and attitudes of the viewers. and what gardner and his colleagues found was that exposure to media violence seemed to have more complicated effects than simply causing people to act violently effects rooted not only in the quantity of violence in the media but also in its quality in how it was portrayed in the stories these simulations of violence tell about our relationships to the world and others. today a handful of global conglomerates or nl control the telling of all the stories in

the world. they have global marketing formulas that are imposed on the creative people in hollywood and i am in touch with them and they hate it they say don't talk to me about censorship from washington i never heard about that i get censorship every day i'm told put in more action cut out complicated solutions the apply this formula because it travels well in the global market. these are formulas that need no translation and essentially image driven and speak action in any language and of course the leading element of that formula is violent. this is a historically unprecedented tidal wave of violence in every home often with expertly choreographed brutality such as the world has never seen.

this is the next bench in the mess with ducks and the introduction to every home. a relentless for a vase of. exposure to violence and brutality many times a day children dow see about eight thousand murders by the end of elementary school . and five hundred thousand violent acts by the age of eighteen. from movies to television shows to video games to children's programmes to twenty four hour news channels aggression is now. every day formulaic a staple industrial ingredient. and in fact for gerber

it is the routine nature of this violence that makes it so dangerous and so different from the past this is not the same as traditional story because there was a lot of from shakespeare. there was while unseen fairytales. and that in effect if you think about it while it is a legitimate artistic and journalistic feature it is even necessary to shoulder the tragedy and the pay and one of damage that these obsessions with violence solutions to human conflict can create in lives and in communities and in society but most of the violence that we see is what i call happy while. the worry is. this guy's going to be watching his own good spill it has to be

highly entertaining violence that means that they're really good with that they're often glamorous to the spectacular and they always lead to a happy ending. everybody wants come. true recorded with humor to be sure i mean to think that god came down from heaven and stopped. them was there amen a shot mormon and a free. what uber makes to a pill easier to swallow. humor is an excellent communication device because the pill is the pillow for power who can get away with what against whom.

so from goodness perspective what matters most about media violence is not simply the violent acts on their own but the meaning of all this violence and it's here on this point that governor breaks with an entire tradition. is a document signed by six of the major public health organizations saying that the violence in entertainment to a level that we've taint today is causing increased aggressive behavior among some children they depict no effect on television and indeed most of the media questions and discussion about effects of television can be exemplified by the notion that people ask about violence they say does it create more violence there's something else that the experts we talked to say about this increase in teen violence and crime they say it may be caused by the messages that are being sent to the teens the effect is supposed to be an imitation and a kind of a monkey see monkey do effect in indianapolis monday all four year old told police

he shot his sister in the head because he saw someone do it on the t.v. when you see it was she going to conduct violence are you going to commit violence does anyone disagree with their conclusion that your violence in films. violent conduct on behalf of the children but this is really trivial the contribution of television violence into the actual committing of violence is practically negligible and nobody has been able to demonstrate that it is a significant contributor compared to bow or to compare to subcultures in which while it's a very frequent compared to many other factors that really the root cause of the well. was. the oversimplified view that media violence causes violent behavior has troops in the earliest media research which grew out of fears about the sensational and violent content of hollywood's first talking motion pictures and what this violence

was doing to the minds of kids who are now flocking to movie houses the best known of these research efforts the pain fun studies of nine hundred twenty nine i think thirty two seem to find that crime and violence in films had a powerful direct and lasting effect on children sowing the seeds for future nervous disorders. and even though this research raised interesting questions in the infancy of media research it missed the bigger picture by focusing on the immediate and short term emotional reactions of audiences exposed to particular instances of violence. and perhaps the most influential example of this view that mass media messages have a direct and immediate effect on audiences would come just a few years later i'm still broadcasting the film and it's really a good statement for them orson welles that there are many. more of the world by

the west that. we know now that in the early years i get through. this were being watched closely by intelligence. great of a man on october thirtieth one thousand nine hundred thirty eight how many orson welles presented the h.g. well science fiction classic more of the rules to a national audience and proceeded to scare the wits out of a good many of his listeners with this victorian tale of alien invasion. and out of that black hole through. the i might say. earth everything. great. wrath that. it was compelling fiction

but it sounded like an actual news report and there were reports of widespread panic that aliens had actually invaded the planet. the controversy reinforced fears that had been building for years about the power of mass media to exercise a direct and immediate effect on audiences and audience behaviors. the media. many. media. it didn't matter that this apparently immediate and profound effect to be nowhere near as dramatic as originally reported or that the sensationalized press reports deflected attention away from the fact that the vast majority of people who heard the broadcast knew it was fiction and didn't panic at all. the

idea that media content seemed capable of exerting some kind of direct and immediate mass mind control over a passive public had taken hold in the popular imagination. in this view which media researchers call the magic bullet theory the assumption is that media messages act. like shots from a gun. leaving our minds changed in their wake. a view of media violence as all powerful and viewers as essentially passive that continues to shape debates about media violence to this day. but these cause and effect arguments were simply wrong when it came to making sense of media influence. more science fiction than. they were old approaches based on the

outdated notion that people are passive and mass media works on them like some great mind control device like a stimulus applied to lab animals controlling what we think from the outside this way of doing things may have made things easier for social scientists to measure effect by examining and comparing our minds before and after we were exposed to media messages. but in view the very idea of a before and after didn't make much sense in the media context for the simple reason as they used to say that with media there is no before we are born into a mediated environment the question is how to measure the effects of a force that is present from the start a sea of images as media scholar like to say that has become so familiar to us that we're often as blind to its all encompassing presence as a fish is to water. the water we don't water.

it is almost beyond perception we have become so accustomed. this leads us to the notion of cultivation cultivation is a stable system of messages and images that shape our conception of the world and of ourselves and of life itself and society and. the question is how do you measure cultivation this is a research problem that we faced and they resolved it in the following way we give surveys to large groups of. representative respondents these surveys have a series of questions done about television not about media but these are questions about life question about security question about values question about attitudes for example we asked them what are your chances of encountering violence on an

average weeknight is it one in one hundred or one in fifty we asked would you be reluctant to go down the street in your own neighborhood at night yes or no. separate the responses into heavy and light years. and you find that in almost every instance the heavy viewers exhibit a greater sense of insecurity. and we attribute that to the great be frequency of violence and television their response battering of heavy viewers tends to converge into what we called a television mainstream so it was heavy viewers at a usual differences among different social groups the differences of age gender income education begin to erode the heavy viewers for all practical purposes live in a manner world. they

integrate and the poor sense of danger of mistrust of meanness in the world. is what we called a mean world syndrome have to look over your shoulder lot of time like feel any of the informative walking by you feel like you're always like on guard to get a handle on what gerber means violent mean world syndrome it's not enough to analyze individual t.v. programmes or films or video games the entire media context is what matters how one kind of story or program blends into another to create and reinforce a distinct view and sense of the world with the news media in particular presenting a nightly carnival of the most terrifying stories police believe this is the very moment she was abducted she told of the four days she was chained raped and tortured in a virginia townhouse and a jersey woman has been charged with murdering her brother in law after she spiked

his fruit punch with an eye freaks six people accused of organizing fights in a school for the mentally disabled sick used of shooting a man in the head at a four year old's birthday party over the weekend and this sensationalism is especially. local news which is the primary news source for two thirds of americans with sixty one percent of all lead stories on the local news dedicated to crime fires disasters and accidents. i have to do what i can to protect myself and my children and that's a fact of life a way of life. what cultivation analysis has done is to show how these kinds of exile abuse and insecurities are caught up explicitly with media culture uncovering a direct correlation between the amount of television one watches and the level of fear of being victimized if you look at it from a coat of asian point of view you see that the image of victimization and image of

risk image of danger the conception that if there is so much violence in the world at risk i'm going to go out on the street to be a mugger in the country i have to go down the street at night. i'm afraid to go into the subways i'm afraid of strangers i try to cross the street when i see somebody that i think may be dangerous to me these. are the consequences of exposure to. do it in large communities were known periods of time the finding that if you watch a lot of t.v. you're likely to be more afraid of violence than those who watch less t.v. may help explain why so many people seem to think violent crime is far worse than it actually is a widespread misperception that started to be noticed a decade ago when crime rates began to drop here is the reality violent crime per capita actually dropped slightly in the latest figures released by the justice

department nationwide murder was down five percent but the perception continues to dominate reality triggering a fear that is out of sync with the to sticks here that no one and no place is safe anymore and when you're always on guard it's hard to let go of fear no matter what . the reality and this classic example of the old syndrome continues today in fact since that a.b.c. news report about falling crime rates justice department figures show that violent crime has dropped in an additional forty three percent to a remarkable thirty year low and finally crime dropped two point five percent in two thousand and. four point four percent decline in murders but despite the steady drop polls have consistently shown that most americans believe just the opposite to be true three quarters of americans say there is more crime in the united states than there was a year ago gallup's annual crime poll shows it's the highest level since the early

one nine hundred ninety s. the poll also finds fifty one percent of americans say there is more crime in their local area than there was a year ago when we see reports like this is it any wonder that american seem more intent than ever on protecting themselves speaking of hitting home check this out i'm a firearms instructor in nassau county florida last weekend we had eighteen people go through our courses to get concealed weapons carry licenses the number of people getting these licenses is astounding everyone expresses a fear of being attacked when i go to jacksonville's concert hall downtown i go heavily armed because one of the neighborhoods west of there is the fourth deadliest in america imagine listening to mozart carrying a three fifty seven magnum tough tough and do scary stuff thank you. wealthy british scientists say it's time to.

market. find out what's really happening to the global economy with max conjure for a no holds barred look at the global financial headlines and tune into cars a report. from phones to impressions. friends totty dot com. we'll.

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