it's now a seven thirty pm here in moscow we are running down the week's top stories now the final report on the last april's plane crash that killed poland's president sparks debate as the findings point pilot error has accepted part of the blame lies with the polish side but some of the questions have been left unanswered. to oil giants team up. the piece was shares in a massive multi-billion dollar deal that companies will now join forces to explore the potentially huge deposits of oil and gas buried under russia's arctic continental shelf. and landmark nuclear treaty between moscow and washington has

been approved by russia's parliament in the second of three readings the package has been given the go ahead by the us senate that was just before the new year. all right my colleague bill dog will be here in half an hour's time but for now we report on the impact of violence in movies and video games to stay with us. ever since hollywood had child abuse in a late night and twenty's debate has raged about the impact of violent media on our minds and our behavior from alarm about violence in movies in the one nine hundred

thirty s. to concerns about the acceleration of violent content across virtually the entire media landscape today hundreds of studies and countless congressional hearings have looked at the issue of media violence and always seem to end up at the same place as anyone disagree with that conclusion that violence in films dupes violent conduct on behalf of the children. a debate about whether those exposed to media violence are prone to imitate and whether media is to blame for society's skills but for all the endless debate a basic question remains. is the issue really about whether we imitate what we see and if that's the case why do the vast majority of us watch t.v. and never commit a violent act. this film looks at the work of a man who took a more complicated look at the issue of media violence as

a. matter of very very. many people already agreeing. to do. george herbert was exposure to violence came early and on an epic scale first when as a young man he fled to the united states from his native hungary to escape fascism . then a short time later when he enlisted in the us army to fight in world war two. going on to earn the bronze star for bravery as a member of the office of strategic services for parachuting into enemy territory under heavy fire in one of the wars bloodiest battles.

with his war experience behind him gruber would spend the rest of his life trying to understand violence specifically how the portrayal of violence through images and stories affected our consciousness and behavior in the real world he rose to prominence as one of the world's foremost media scholars serving as dean of the annenberg school for communication at the university of pennsylvania for twenty five years and directing one of the most important and influential research efforts ever undertaken to understand the effects of television he called it the cultural indicators research project since it began in the late one nine hundred sixty s. the cultural indicators project has systematically tracked media violence and measured its impact on the perceptions and attitudes of the viewers. and what gardiner and his colleagues found was that exposure to media violence seemed to

have more complicated effects than simply causing people to act violently effects rooted not only in the point of the of violence in the media but also in its quality in how it was portrayed in the stories these simulations of violence tell about our relationships to the world and others. today a handful of global conglomerates or nl control the telling of all the stories in the world. they have global marketing formulas that are imposed on the creative people in hollywood and i am in touch with them and they hated they say don't talk to me about censorship from washington i never heard about that i get censorship every day i'm told put in more action cut out complicated solutions apply this formula because it travels well in the global market. these are formulas

that need no translation and essentially image driven and speak action in any language and of course the leading element of that formula is violence. this is a historically and press of the tidal wave of violence in every home often with expertly choreographed brutality such as the world has never seen. this is the next bench in the mass production and the introduction to every home.

a relentless for a vase of. exposure to violence and brutality many times the children dow see about eight thousand murders by the end of elementary school. and about two hundred thousand violent acts by the age of eighteen. from movies to television shows to video games to children's programmes to twenty four hour news channels aggression is now. every day formulaic a staple industrial ingredient. and in fact for gerber it is the routine nature of this violence that makes it so dangerous and so different from the past this is not the same as traditional story because there was a lot of from shakespeare. there was while unseen fairytales.

and that in effect if you think about it while it is a legitimate artistic and journalistic feature it is even necessary to show the tragedy and the pay and damage that these obsessions with violence allusions to human conflict can create in lives and in communities and in society but most of the violence that we see is what i call happy while. the worry is. this guy's going to be watching his own good spill it has to be highly entertaining violence so it means that they're really just there with their often glamorous to the spectacular and they always leave through a happy ending. everybody

wants come. true recorded with humor to be sure i mean god came down from heaven and stopped. at the end amen a shot mormon and a free. makes to pill easier to swallow. humor is an excellent communication device because the pillow is the pillow for how or who can get away with what against whom. so from girders perspective what matters most about media violence is not simply the violent acts on the road but the meaning of all this violence and it's here on this point that governor breaks with an entire tradition. is a document signed by six of the major public health organizations saying that the violence in entertainment to a level that we've been tamed today is causing increased aggressive behavior among

some children they. affect on television and indeed most of the media questions and discussion about effective television can be exemplified by the notion that people ask about violence they say does it create more violence there is something else that the experts we talked to say about this increase in teen violence and crime they say it may be caused by the messages that are being sent to the teens the effect is supposed to be an imitation and a kind of a monkey see monkey do effect in indianapolis monday off four year old told police he shot his sister in the head because he saw someone do it on the t.v. when you see it was she going to conduct violence and you're going to commit violence does anyone disagree with their conclusion that violence in films. violent conduct on behalf of the children but this is really trivial the contribution of television violence into the actual committing of violence is

practically negligible and nobody has been able to demonstrate that it is a significant contributor compared to over to compare to subcultures in which while it's a very frequent compared to many other factors that really the root cause of the out of. the oversimplified view that media violence causes violent behavior has some troops in the earliest media research which grew out of fears about the sensational and violent content of hollywood's first talking motion pictures and what this violence was doing to the minds of kids who are now flocking to movie houses the best known of these research efforts the pain fun studies of nine hundred twenty nine and i think that you two seem to find that crime and violence in films had a powerful direct and lasting effect on children sowing the seeds for future nervous disorders. and even though this research raised interesting questions in

the infancy of media research it missed the bigger picture by focusing on the immediate and short term emotional reactions of audiences exposed to particular instances of violence. and perhaps the most influential example of this view that mass media messages have a direct and immediate effect on audiences would come just a few years later i'm still broadcasting the film and it's really a to say to them orson welles that they're on the air in the war of the world by the west that. we know not all that in the early years but it. was being watched closely by intelligence. great of a man on october thirtieth one thousand nine hundred thirty eight. orson welles

presented the h.g. well science fiction classic more of the worlds to a national audience and proceeded to scare the wits out of a good many of his listeners with this victorian tale of alien invasion. thing out of that black hole through. the eyes my dear face like the are a herd of everything. bad bad. it was compelling fiction but it sounded like an actual news report and there were reports of widespread panic that aliens had actually invaded the planet the controversy reinforced fears that had been building for years about the power of mass media to exercise a direct and immediate effect. behavior. that.

many. media. it didn't matter that this apparently immediate and profound effect to be nowhere near as originally reported. that the sensationalized press reports deflected attention away from the fact that the vast majority of people who heard the broadcast knew it was fiction and didn't panic at all. the idea that media content seemed capable of exerting some kind of direct and immediate mass mind control of public had taken hold in the popular imagination. which called the magic bullet theory the assumption is that media messages act.

like shots from a gun. leaving our minds changed in their wake. a view of media violence is all powerful in viewers as essentially passive that continues to shape debates about media violence to this day. but these cause and effect arguments were simply wrong when it came to making sense of media influence. more science fiction than science they were old approaches based on the outdated notion that people are passive and mass media works on them like some great mind control device like a stimulus applied to lab animals controlling what we think from the outside this way of doing things may have made things easier for social scientists allowing them to measure effect by examining and comparing our minds before and after we are exposed to media messages in campaigns. but in view the very idea of

a before and after didn't make much sense in the media context for the simple reason as they used to say that with media there is no before we are born into a mediated environment the question is how to measure the effects of a force that is present from the start a sea of images is media scholar marshall mcluhan like to say that has become so familiar to us that we're often as blind to its all encompassing presence as a fish is to water. like a vision of water we don't know who discovered water but we know it wasn't a. medium a pervasive environment is always beyond perception we have become so accustomed to our culture. it's like a fish in it doesn't know that it's swimming in water because it has never experienced anything else this leads us to the notion of cultivation cultivation is a stable system of messages and images that shape our conception of the world in

the end of life itself with. our. the question is do you measure cultivation this is a research problem that we faced and we resolved it in the following way we give service to large groups of. representative respondents the surveys have a series of questions not about television not about media but these are questions about life question about security question about values question about attitudes for example we asked them what are your chances of encountering violence on an average weeknight is it one in a hundred or one in fifty asked would you be reluctant to go down the street in your own neighborhood at night yes or no. separate responses into heavy and light the worst may find it in almost every instance the heavier is exhibit a greater sense of insecurity.

and be attributed to the great differing quincey of violence and country on television their response patterns of heavy viewers to converge into what we call the television mainstream so that is heavy viewers of the usual differences among different social groups the differences of age or gender of income of education begin to erode the heavy viewers for all practical purposes live in a manner world. they integrate and absorb a sense of danger or mistrust of mean less in the world. to

create. this is the very moment she was abducted. raped and tortured. has been charged with murdering her brother in law. and. six people accused of organizing fights in a school for the mentally disabled. shooting a man in the head at a four year old's birthday party over the weekend. and this sensationalism is especially true. which is the primary news source for two thirds of. sixty one percent of all lead stories.

i have to do what i can to protect myself. is to show these kinds of. securities explicitly with media culture. between television. and the level of fear of being victimized. st to be a. country. to go into the. streets. i think

dangerous to me these. the. exposure to. the finding that if you watch a lot of t.v. you're likely to be more afraid of violence than those who watch less t.v. may help explain why so many people seem to think violent crime is far worse than it actually is a widespread misperception that started to be noticed a decade ago when crime rates began to drop here is the reality. actually dropped slightly in the latest figures released by the justice department nationwide murder was down five percent but the perception continues to dominate reality triggering a fear that is out of sync with the to sticks appear that and no place is safe anymore and when you're always on guard it's hard to. the reality and this classic example of the mean world syndrome continues today in fact since

that a.b.c. news report about falling crime rates justice department figures show that violent crime has dropped in an additional forty three percent to a remarkable thirty year low and. crime dropped. four point four percent. but despite this steady drop polls have consistently shown that most americans believe just the opposite to be true three quarters of americans say there is more crime in the united states than there was a year ago gallup's annual crime poll shows it's the highest level since the early one nine hundred ninety s. the poll also finds fifty one percent of americans say there is more crime in their local area. year ago when we see reports like this is it any wonder that american seem more intent than ever on protecting themselves speaking of heading home check this out i'm a firearms instructor in nassau county florida last weekend we had eighteen people go through our courses to get concealed weapons carry licenses the number of people

getting these licenses is astounding everyone expresses a fear of being attacked when i go to jacksonville's concert hall downtown i go heavily armed because one of the neighborhoods west of there is the fourth deadliest in america imagine listening to mozart carrying a three fifty seven magnum tough tough stuff indeed scary stuff for a check thank you. wealthy british. market. can. find out what's really happening to the global economy with max concert for a no holds barred look at the global financial headlines kaiser reports.

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