i've come back to the one city where car bombs have forever shaped our history. beirut. i loved. it was a great place to be a spy. and then the embassy got hit. by a suicide car bomber. sixty three dead dead american dead lebanese six of my close colleagues friends in the cia were killed. carsten to vet the bomb go off. so this. is why start the old embassy and then of course the bank and then when i looked up. and i run over and death and destruction and chaos.

it was a stunning assault. one man with a car could wage war on the united states ironically with an american truck. there is one man who knows a lot about lebanese car bombs. mahmoud. a top expert who defused dozens of bombs. christian car bombs palestinian car bombs muslim car bombs. and the long drawn out civil war. and then i was the only expert who was dismantling cobhams in lebanon. became too good at stopping. and then his adversaries decided to target him.

especially for me. it was activated. and i soon as i touch on the. feb fourteenth two thousand and five the former lebanese prime minister hariri presidential cavalcade was destroyed. on. t.v. camera captured the vehicle this white truck. in the traffic. the bomb went off. really was one of the world's richest man. his mercedes was armored to the hilt the six. the best protection level there is. truly the root is the whole of the modern. car bombs we're seeing today.

were developed on the streets. of baghdad. we saw. dozens. crossing the border into syria. and it was only a matter of time before car bombs start. car bombing might have become a lebanese national. but the lebanese never created the car. like a lot of other things in the twentieth century. art american invention. new york could become the financial center of world capitalism. but then in. september

one thousand twenty wall street was rocked by a massive explosion. it was the world's first car bomb. where we're walking right now is exactly where if you'd been standing here on september sixteenth one thousand nine hundred twenty you would have been hit by the bomb over here what was then the u.s. sub-treasury. and of course the stock exchange with the big flags on it there same buildings that would have been here the most famously the morgan bank. and that really was and in some ways still is just the epicenter of american capitalism and government tell me what happened at about twelve zero one away or strong way again exploded into the lunchtime crowd. that killed about forty people in the street and injured hundreds of people who is fairly sophisticated i mean

whoever built this thing. knew what they're doing they knew what they were doing and of course the question immediately became who was that person or who were those people and the best theory is that it was a man named mario buda who was an italian an artist who was a loan operator and he was even within this circle of a militant anarchists very committed revolutionaries he was the committed of the committed what did he want though i mean it was there anything that give us an idea what these guys wanted there was a lawyer found in a mailbox nearby a couple blocks up that way that said free the political prisoners or it will be death to all of you and it was signed the american an artist fighters the political prisoners were two italian anarchistic sacco and vanzetti who had been arrested and later executed by the federal government after an abortive bank robbery. it was

a notorious case critics claimed it was a show trial. was a close associate of both men. so the idea was that this had been somehow a blow against capitalism the idea of street the idea of banks a big moment of labor warfare a revolution you just have to take revolution so that whole system of capitalism government put together was what they were striking a blow at this was the first car bomber and it was the first barrel no course it's not a car in the sense but it was a way invented right here wall street. what happened. actually fled the united states he went back to italy but he never came back to the states as far as anyone knows. the wall street explosion was not just the first car bomb it was a terrorist blueprint. and the car bomb would next appear in the middle east in palestine in the violent struggle over the founding of the state of israel.

in the one nine hundred forty s. palestine was under british rule. the majority arab population were opposed to a jewish state. the same time extremists jewish factions like the stern gang waged a terrorist campaign against those who they saw as enemies of the future jewish state. arabs and british troops. stern's organisation. freedom fighters of israel were determined to drive arabs out by terror from. as their rightful jewish homeland. who started the first car bombing here in this. whose decision was that

the alterations department they decided what doggett's it was the headquarters of they aren't fighting forces. left he were opposed to any deal with the arabs by the mainstream jewish leadership led by david ben-gurion. and planning car bombs was a short cut to provoking all out war. on january the fourth one nine hundred forty eight blessed be struck. their target was the sariah building in the heart of java a densely populated arab district. disguised as arabs a lucky bomb team drove a truck packed with two hundred pounds of explosives and park close to the building . the electric timer was set for eighty seconds to let the bombers get away. the explosion killed twenty eight including innocent passers by and injured

hundreds. less he did not have a monopoly on planning car bombs. the palestinians made plans to strike back using their own bomb maker. trained by the nazis during world war two. thousand the sister. was close to him. she has never spoken about her brother before. she came to what sort of training did he get in germany you know it was called commando command. and. yes he did wireless devices communications and all types of explosives. six weeks after soraya targeted a jewish stronghold ben yehuda street in the heart of jerusalem the senate senate and take bin yehuda street was seen charge of the operation he was in charge. at

the beginning the middle and the end of the street. but you roussillon in one nine hundred forty eight was an armed camp. jewish areas protected by checkpoints and rifle bearing guards. the only way through was to disguise the bomb vehicles as a british military convoy. and the men driving those trucks were six british army deserters. we should only vote the two british designer see we're. nude who were the ones that worked with them sent us to the no match against the steamy gun and i thought they were not just so good there was a big in the british soldiers who were working with him. they were against the british policy keith lie through people from then and there placed them with other people they didn't makan who is thousand used to plan missions with them and they used to carry it out see that home they nest in. parking the truck bombs close to

two hotels being used as barracks by jewish fighters the desert or shot a security guard. and then fled. i don't you and that's a it's a fuse so it's a notion. they can. get can get out because if it's going to be a surveillance we wanted to distill case we were looking for the last. three thousand pound bombs tore through the surrounding buildings killing sixty. hano was not just an eyewitness she was also allegedly a member and taken part in bombing operations let me ask you this question did the truck bomb make do with the resistance. why it made you angry or make me angry but why should i leave when people put a call. to the civilians being killed down to war against

those who will. tell you you just. left he were the first terrorist group in the world to use car bombs but they would not be the last. first the jews in the arabs. the world's first car bomb or. less. planted four. and thousand planted four hundred twenty people died. the car bombing only stopped in may one thousand nine hundred eight when war broke out and the checkpoints became front lines. a new terror weapon cheap and convenient had been born. but palestine in one nine hundred forty eight did produce one further novelty. the

car bomb as a key assassination weapon when i could to try to blow up the jewish political leadership. what happened in this building here where he was the government of the jews and. in this second flow he was the chum bells of this song think of the state of that we can go to ups one day. and say believe that if they would kill him jews may not establish their state especially state of the arabs. explosion and the car. was exploding. how many people were killed when seven people. would have happened. if ben-gurion had been this office the fame been going on with the. jews wouldn't establish a state because he was only

a prime minister the only leader but he was is you can say george washington george washington in the united states. sassing aiding your enemy supreme leader is nothing new think of president abraham lincoln what was new was the car bomb. parked in the right place packed with enough explosives you can target any man on earth. kings and presidents have to drive the roads just like the rest of us and the moment you do your vulnerable. car bombs are so easy you can use them purely for business if your business is controlling the world's heroin supply. in the early sixty's sicilian mafia discovered a new way to make rival mafiosa disappear by booby trapping their cars and blowing

them to pieces. in sicily the power of the mafia is as old as the statute. five million people live here. but hidden amongst them is an estimated seven thousand mafia members. yet the power of the cosa nostra is felt everywhere from the highest political office right down to the smallest market stall. this market is the body of here. so we how do you know the mafia this year. because of. the. loss to the because you'll. see. things started to change in one nine hundred fifty seven when the sicilian an

american mafia met in this lavish palermo hotel organize the world's heroin trade. but business did not run smooth. in one nine hundred sixty three the first mafia war broke out between two clans the greco those and the barbera as. giovanni is an anti mafia campaign but he is also the net. the key mafia boss cesare month that. month l o was an ally of the greco. and the first mafioso to be assassinated with a car bomb. was blocking these drive and you needed to go beyond it to enter into that. the car was exactly the same type to a friend because he thought he was his friend. so it got into the new turn the key

and the explosion happened. why did they not when they killed your uncle use a pistol instead of a car bomb in my uncle's murder was the first mafia and their first act of terrorism. by killing my uncle in this way they wanted to emphasize their revenge given that the mafia stopped using car bombs for seventeen years until a new more ruthless generation of mafia leaders took over and used car bombs to assassinate judges and magistrates. every judge they blow up turned the heat on more arrests trials. but unlike the mafia the next car bombers wanted the blast of their homemade bomb to reverberate all the way to the white house. it was do it yourself terrorism ventral

trail of destruction would spanned the globe from ireland oklahoma and the middle east. the car bomb was about to become the perfect lethal weapon. in the late sixty's students at the university of wisconsin in the midwest were in revolt. there were daily demonstrations protests. alan thompson was an f.b.i. special agent assigned to the state capitol madison. but what was it like in one thousand seven hundred what was the student's life what was happening here well the students were. really involved with the the vietnam war

there was demonstrations going on and some of them were very violent. there was a lot of tear gas lot of broken windows what was the demand the key demand was to get out of the snow. but it tiny splinter group of students saw themselves as already at war with the nixon administration. and the nearest target was close at hand the campus army math research center. a research lab funded by the pentagon and housed in the department of physics. at three forty two am on the twenty fourth of august nine hundred seventy an explosion destroyed the army math center. hundreds of f.b.i. agents from all over the united states were sent to wisconsin this was of extreme

interest to the white house was that this is the explosion absolutely it went all the way to the director's desk there was daily contact with the the oval office as to what was happening out here and why it happened and we had to come up with some answers real fast this what was what was going on so anyone killed yes a young physicist by the name of robert boston i was killed in the initial blast. the f.b.i. team immediately focused their investigation on a car spotted fleeing from the scene at high speed. the bombers were led by a twenty two year old college dropout are all armstrong. this is the route you took you came up from the one armstrong agreed for the first time to return to the building and to. about the night he bombed wisconsin. where did the idea come from a car bomb my brother collided and i were like basically you know we were

considering ways to our math research center them my brother died so's oh why don't we just fill up a truck full of explosives into sudden off the side of the building and my immediate reaction was that's crazy the armstrong brothers stumbled upon the ultimate terrorist weapon of the twentieth century. but there was another deadly twist they bought the base materials for their explosives in the local hardware store. first while we bought the materials from a farmer's co-op ammonium nitrate and fuel oil and then we transported it to our prep site which was a farmer's field and that basically we just put in all the ammonium nitrate and you know except by hand own only just poured it into the barrel.

and you get the idea we didn't have the internet. so basically the formula is in the encyclopedia britannica under water. for much of the whole thing cost you. two hundred dollars for. carl and his three fellow student bombers then stole a van and mixed the explosives together. they drove to the university. inside the van was a ton and a half of explosives. well i am. ashamed that. robert bosnak died people were injured. but i have no regrets for my motivations for doing it and doing it was a message and we were trying to send it off to the government. after the bombing armstrong fled to canada and was a fugitive for two years. but was then extradited back to wisconsin.

his trial was a cause celebre for many in the end i wore a movement. he served ten years in prison. sad part about it is that the the research that the claim of the army meth research center was doing was not research for the army at all so in other words this is an act of protest the turning back to murder absolutely absolutely out of proportion to tell the productive here in madison and probably throughout the united states you know the significance of this is you can take a group of amateurs. with almost no money we're talking one hundred dollars stolen car fertilizer. so it was in a sense it was a turning point. basically a hundred dollars you can shake a country exactly. it

will. bring you the latest in science and technology from the realms. of the future. cliffs of spain to the republic. to refresh and defense production. heads to central russia. become an industry. harsh winter make schools even enjoy. and where everyone can train to be a stop. to the. russia close up on oxy. was. that has become normal and mobile home is totally of creation of the delicious food system

the global food system is not created to feed the people of the world is created to maximize the profits. journal trading the actual physical grain your trading promises for grain to be delivered a month or six months or twelve months or eighteen months in the future. for reasons madi regulate silver or gold that can be negotiated and herded to some degree in. place. yet or. possibly it's not traded now but it could be in the future.

all of these top stories echo overall and as the u.k. considers military intervention in libya there are fears the ongoing violence in north africa could trigger another designs just compay in russia and other foreign governments have said they're against moves which involve the use of international minute truth it's. also channel challenge u.s. secretary of state hillary clinton says the u.s. is losing the global rule book hearts and minds to rivals like and see while revealing she is one of our viewers warns america's media corporations are not top to the job. the last leader of the soviet union celebrates his eightieth birthday we'll go to child was the man behind the consolation of state censorship and the promotional free speech that some accuse him of paving the way for destructive and take performance. so people about in his gas discuss how the legacy of the fall of

the russian democracy is seen both in his own country and across the atlantic coast talkers up next. hello and welcome to cross talk i'm peter lavelle as he turns eighty male got a bunch of salacious each season loved abroad in lows that home as glasgow some perestroika become distant memories we ask how will history judge the man who seemingly ended his trick play.