thrifts. living in a safe country. it's the younger generation that teaching the next generation a legacy of hope really that i think that we have given young people especially on our policy because twenty is it's we actually pass the rule and we want a young people to know about the role because any was only four when the law was passed. and the old hands i could see if it's interesting i swear because. i mean that's. what. i have. is. that they will. not let us. think they knew that if all that. listening to the stories of people like mum and peacemakers and israel and the work that they've done gives me hope and i think that odin i've seen what ordinary citizens can do and make a difference and i feel that i can contribute to prevent the young people from

feeling a sense of powerlessness the pacifists remind them of the long who say that made their country nuclear free and either confirm or deny you can feel the pride in me that we had governments and politicians prepared to go on those boats to go out there and actually protest i mean it was something we did as ordinary citizens working with governments you've got a partnership model that they have that is an unusual i think right around the world. to notice it took another twelve years to get along a government that actually ran on a nuclear ticket and won. and then it was consolidated by the stupidity of the french in thinking that they would somehow stop this problem. but doubling the rainbow warrior what it did instead was it absolutely cemented it hope just. remember that the british and australia on aboriginal lamed

for that that came from near actually came over to new zealand not just from what was happening by the french entirely. the british preceded the french troops affair beginning in one nine hundred fifty two they tested their way into the very restricted nuclear bomb by the u.s.s.r. and the united states with the assistance of the australian and new zealand military. use eventis picture and study. results demonstrated the presence of elevated chromosomal disturbances new zealand veterans in the fifty years ago so they're basically saying i have suffered any damage and we spoke recently as a national conference here on disarmament when the daughter of one of the trends spycatcher father was too old to speak and she talked about growing up with that fear of having a child prone to food and even uneasy and because of the effects of radiation from her father being exposed to nuclear tests in the pacific. and i'm lucky. i have

three children. and i don't live with the think. i was so it was normal until i got to school and sit on the mitts and go around so i would appear. and most of the kids would say i'm up as a take for news and they. tried to stop nuclear. because that's how i understood that. crane is. now working at the disarmament security. back in the one nine hundred seventy s. when i was in and he submarine helicopters i was required to train my crew in using this new to depth bomb which we were given. if we ever had to

release it. try to helicopter we could not escape for it doesn't it and so it was a suicide mission i asked a few questions i was reassured that we probably would never really have to use it . it shocked me but i was ambitious no one else was complaining and we were told that this is the only way that britain could keep independence i realize that. only later many years later of. this was completely true. as a new convert against nuclear weapons i was looked upon with great school by the. peace movement in britain i tried to explain that i was not a psychopath my friends we are psychopaths and we are professional military men. who thought free deeply about what we did but i did agree with them the nuclear

weapon aspect was an aberration. in their planning. he had a conscience to do something about these and i can imagine a guy around its merits. just come later and i see him so now so passionate about. what he does that it's just said nother rob well it's the ultimate cautionary tale but part of a says nothing like cause of it. yeah the always tend to overdo it because you really understand you know which of what is being proposed the pentagon will say oh don't worry we have everyone well trained we have plenty of safety systems there can not be a accidental start of an open air war but no through weapons are built to be

used the risk is not zero that something might be going off by mistake specially with the thousands of nuclear weapons on hair trigger alert in the us and in russia in the united states. i think it's eleven apollo make bombs accidentally. we dropped four off of space and we have dropped one a nuclear weapon in a marsh here in the united states now and still there has never found the nuclear nucular weapons are such a huge issue with such high risks associated with them that there's a natural tendency to play both sides. they say they're coming back but at the same time they maintain extremely high numbers of weapons. given the number of near misses we are lucky to still be here the activists are convinced that an accident is pending ok and that the only valid security system is the total abolition of

nuclear weapons in ninety six when we began the swell project idea there was this dream if you see i could clean it we've been selling go in everywhere else in the world could do it by going to the world course we could get the conscience of the ordinary citizen around the world saying these are against the moral conscience of people it's illegal to use nuclear weapon tomorrow and the dream was that it would be easy to get it through the u.n. and into the world court and that eventually these weapons would be declared illegal as we had done on our own country and thank goodness that we were dreamers and i'm realistic and. that that we were both stood by the sense of how this could happen but the real sources of international treaties customary international law and the general principles of law recognized by the legal systems of the world.

that quite categorical on the banning of nuclear weapons and the legality of nuclear weapons the fact that nuclear weapons cannot be used by way of a strike threat. you know to mostly. i threat only use of force by means of nuclear weapons and that is going trade to article two paragraph four of the united nations charter and article fifty one is unlawful. nucular deterrence says we have nuclear weapons but our goal is not to use them if. your goal is to have them at our disposal. this means that we are not in the realm of the real we are in the realm of the virtual need don't know what you're going to add it is contrary to international law even to have in one's acidulous this weapon

because the purpose of the weapon is to use it either as a threat or as an actual weapon the nuclear powers or alliances like nato still rely on nuclear deterrence which is threat and so the fight continues i was on a panel with a senior advisor to the british government about nuclear policy and he's pro nuclear. and we were debating about. the world court opinion and whether nuclear deterrence was legal and he was extremely cynical he said that . it was a mistake to have gone to the courts but governments would ignore it and that's true they have an answer and the other thing he relied on all the time was he said and of course we never actually will have to use them and this to me is the heart of the problem for the people who brought you to terms is that if they're trying to aim a little usenet terrorist doesn't work we're meant he would argue that terence does

mean use upset is a use of a nuclear weapon to actually threaten to use them and that's when you go into the will cause the first time you've fought to get that threet yeah and this isn't it it was the south pacific no it is and the activists that i get to have three sinclair did in their original question if you have included threats then the. nuclear states could valued well we're only relying on terence which is threat and so we're not going to use them so i would take from him the. we two from here is going to go back to the court throws region. at the time the judges agreed unanimously on the requirement for total nuclear disarmament the activists are fighting tad that opinion on and. this is. what i understand that the lewis and others wanting to do is to use the unanimous passage of the opinion

and i wanted to say kenya is own how can we make that stronger how can we you know what are they doing that state practice that is still illegal is that your understanding of it as a man that they're looking for some new lever to put more pressure on them to quit states to comply and dissolve completely not just to reduce. yes on nuclear weapons in fact it's reverse since the world court says and the americans particularly have come out and said that. they see new roles for nuclear weapons and so we're back to almost like a sort of cold war situation again but with the war on terror instead and so it's going to be far more difficult to get governments to put their heads over the parapet of the nonproliferation treaty does provide a framework for ending the threat of destruction species for the greater war and the signing sign or states they agree to take

a good faith effort to eliminate nuclear weapons none of them lived up to that and now of course we focus on revolutions by others those who are like policemen on the word scene and i'm talking of the nuclear powers they are violating this very law which they want other countries to observe now you have what if a policeman violates the law he cannot expect the rest of the hood to complain but the law of the only system that would work would be one that is perceived to be nondiscriminatory and. there and equally applying to all countries one approach that has followed this is you know dividing the worry between friends. good countries and court and court bad or rogue countries or evil doers that approach doesn't work it doesn't take too much to remember that in the one nine hundred eighty s. . in iraq was a friend of the west. stood for intelligence

agencies not the invasion of iraq would spur nuclear proliferation and terror for good reasons these are the only means of deterrence to the other side. and nobody's going to turn to the united states where the us spends about as much as the rest of the world on your spending so the only way to turn it for nuclear weapons and turn. the activists are understandably anxious as a result of the nuclear posture review in this classified u.s. military document the security guarantees that protected countries without nuclear weapons against a nuclear offensive are cancelled a strategy of action is being adopted in addition to deterrence so the arsenals must be upgraded to make them easier to use france and britain have responded with surprising enthusiasm to this nuclear renaissance that the united kingdom

is going to pretend that it needs nuclear weapons for its survival or its security it was attacking the united kingdom some have got the very strange idea that because there's terrorists in the world we need to have nuclear weapons can be used as against terrorists but it would that not be rather like shooting musky just with . i think the british would make a much bigger splash in the history of the world if the decided that they let the program expires. we are still fighting the poli war between britain and france because when i finally corner. any senior british military man these days and ask him why do you need nuclear weapons they say every time it's nothing to do with security it's nothing to do with the russians it's to do with the french we cannot allow france to be the only

european nuclear power. and there is this fear that britain will become like new zealand if they're going to be free they will be of no consequence in the world . even though i do this when i constantly get overwhelmed i mean that discussion that we are having talking about the realities here and three sometimes i just want i just i've had enough. height at the same time i think. something has to be down and if i have any position that i can do something i what . now current generation they go out the woods and doing. that now that you guys amongst the people i speak to you live when i go out there.

they also for different names also interesting that it was sunday edition you can sign because and i want to shame. that belonging because yes which comes from live sort of projects yes go on and people solidarity emerges from it which i don't think exists so much among young people that it might it just as it's before the invasion of iraq there were millions of people protesting and still you know there's a million people around and i'm sure testament to water so i mean it's not necessarily it's you go to commits the public statement or the pope said suddenly we're going to be a side yet we're going to be here and we're not going to be very extreme to our trace and i think they mobilize action that would occur would be huge many said yeah like no one's turning you or anything like that because it's kind of the feeling is still there the kind of pace. of it. but i also think that a lot of young people that aspect might be interested in some ways but not

complacent and that overwhelmed by all of us here isn't one of the main them and what do you do it isn't to be part of the peace movement can say to humanity you know if you keep spending a trillion dollars a year on weapons of venture you're going to blow everybody up you you know people are dying from these weapons but until we actually see it people don't don't wake up to it. in two thousand and six canadian activists trying to drum up public interest in nuclear disarmament worldwide military expenditures had risen to more than one trillion dollars this was a traumatic event kudo's who took to the streets during the cold war. the nuclear early ninety's was probably the most. the largest and most effective nonviolent peace movement in history and successful a man of the united states was moving towards sharp increase in offensive nuclear capacities and it the government was forced to back down

in fact of the reagan administration was forced to adopt the rhetoric of the peace movement in order to continue with their programs that's where star wars comes from and we're not planning to attack anyone were just planning to eliminate nuclear weapons if you measure the peace movement by the number of people who march in one thousand nine hundred two their one million marched in central park in new york at the height of the cold war. last year there were forty thousand who marched at the review conference of the nonproliferation treaty well the big difference in numbers true is the peace movement lost its we're going to. talk significantly but the lesson there is very clear a mass nonviolent political movement can change rooms. and the

importance of nuclear proliferation is very much. aware or concerned with what a surprise to discover a fifteen year old concerned by the outcome of the nonproliferation treaty is name is rafael even though. i just like to say that to you in your speech is now serving part of my school. and i like to play. right through it once i actually found out how bad it was on three different people who really made that clear to me speakers. and internet research which shocked me and i watched it smash were very large states to have a speaker all the way from new york. she is an activist disarmament educator producer your advisor on the list just keeps going there's never a warm welcome for kathleen. ok the effectiveness of

a social movement is sometimes very surprising and hard to track but it also depends on the creativity of the the social movements themselves in the activists involved with ideas and images and stories and that's why we sailed boats in the nuclear test songs they've kind of surmised that all the weapons used in the second world war are equivalent to sri megatons that includes the two nuclear weapons used on hiroshima and nagasaki all the bombs in the bullets. that represents all of the firepower of the second world war ok so now i'm going to give you another sound and this second sound is the equivalent firepower of the world's nuclear arsenal today.

the only way forward that would make sense and would stop this madness for seeking the capability to make nuclear weapons is for those countries that have nuclear weapons to find a way to give them up and to rely for security non-nuclear means. when i say

a mad rush over the past couple of weeks five or six countries have indicated that they might be interested in developing a capability to enrich uranium australia canada ukraine kazakhstan south africa. these countries that's sad why should they be left behind canada is interested in a small level of richmond very far away from a nuclear weapon capability but the technology for enrichment nonetheless is the same we sometimes refer to it as a latent proliferation you put in place all the technologies to make nuclear weapons but you stop at a much lower level. orders to you as part in all this we were third world good at our dedication to peacekeeping as a percentage of gross domestic product and now drop down to late we used to be leading the world in the battle against nuclear proliferation and we were little

leading countries in the world in the battle against the weaponization of space canada has very little space in which to. make progress because. it's a member of nature and nature is a neutral lots just like matthew that you've signed on to which clearly named in foreign policy that the best policy military policy has been changed dramatically and we canadians are big trouble in terms of birth historical commitment to peace and disarmament. every. thing is in place to proceed with disarmament one hundred eighty eight countries committed to disarm they sent the shining message that goodwill could prevail but so far the governments choose to spend billions perfecting this terminal threat rather than fighting poverty or global warming. will future generations heirs to the thousands of bombs be as lucky as their parents will be live without seeing

a nuclear explosion either by accident or by design maybe maybe not. but until the treaties and international law are on may the bond be with.

in india. the move to join the hotel rooms. the gateway hotel the grand imperial truly the torch was the. socialist you

see don't need to go and. run to the colonel was a hotel retreat. over thirty countries including the u.s. have officially recognized libya's rebels as the legitimate government of the governing authority the libyan contact group took the decision in turkey where meeting to discuss the future of the conflict torn country under nato attack. the head of rupert murdoch's british operations and a former editor of the news of the world rebecca brooks has officially finally resigned over the phone hacking scandal engulfing his global media empire there's growing belief that the affair could mark of the biggest shake up in the british media for decades during which murdoch enjoyed rival power and political influence . saga continues as italy becomes yet another country and broiled in the european financial crisis while in the u.s.

lawmakers are running out of time to deal with its mounting debt. debate show cross talk and peter lavelle asks his guests whether the e.u. can afford a greek default. can . hello and welcome to cross talk and peter lavelle a currency in crisis european finance ministers central bankers and politicians remain at odds on how to rescue the euro as pressure mounts for another greek bailout and investors worry about italy is the euro a dysfunctional currency and who will ultimately foot the bill.

came. across not the eurozone crisis i'm joined by dennis gartman in virginia he is editor of the government letter in singapore out we go to jim rogers he's an author and financial commentator and in washington we go to sherry's ide raymond she's professor of international business finance and international affairs at the george washington university all right folks this is cross talk to me and you can jump in anytime you want there are different points of view here like to hear me dennis if i go to you first i i asked a question before we go to the you the facts about that are at hand with the euro i posed the question is it a dysfunctional currency what do you think about that. i've always thought it was a dysfunctional currency i thought quite honestly that the only reason the only rationale for the euro to begin with was was to do something on the part of the northern european countries to to.