and the face of terrorism and now i'm. on a bike that was on a peaceful mission really a stretch so quiet here living in a safe country i think it's the younger generation that teaching the next generation a legacy of hope really that i think that we have given young people especially on our. twenty is it's we actually pass the rule and we want a young people to know about the law because any was only for when that law was passed. and the old hands if i could see if it's interesting i swear because. i mean that's. what. i have. is. that they are putting. this whole. thing here that the it's all. listening to the stories of people like mum and peacemakers in israel and the work

that they've done is make it hard and i think that old i've seen what ordinary citizens can do and make a difference and i feel that i can try. to prevent the young people from feeling a sense of powerlessness the pacifists remind them of the long crusade that made their country nuclear free and either confirm or deny you can feel the pride in me that we had governments and politicians prepared to go on those boats to go out there and actually protest i mean it was something we did as ordinary citizens working with governments you've got a partnership model there that is an unusual i think right around the world you notice it took another twelve years to get along a government that actually ran on a nuclear ticket and won. and then it was consolidated by the stupidity of the french in thinking that they would somehow stop this problem. but bombing remember worry what it did instead was it absolutely cemented that hope

just. remember that the british and australia on aboriginal lamed for that came from near actually came over to new zealand not just from what was happening by the french entirely. the british preceded the french in the pacific beginning in one nine hundred fifty two they tested their way into the very restricted nuclear u.s.s.r. . with the assistance of the australian and new zealand military. use eventis picture and study. the results demonstrated the presence of elevated chromosomal disturbances of new zealand veterans only fifty years ago so they're basically saying i have suffered any damage. we spoke recently as a national conference here on disarmament when the daughter of one of the trends spycatcher father was too ill to speak and she talked about growing up with that

fear of having a child born to food and even in new zealand because of the effects of radiation from her father being exposed to nuclear tests in the pacific. and i'm lucky. i have three children. and i don't live with the think that. i was so it was normal until i got to school and sit on the mitts and go around so i would appear. and most of the kids would say i'm up as a take for news and then. and my mom tries to stop nuclear. because that's how i understood it. crane is. now working at the disarmament security center. back in the one nine hundred seventy s.

when i was in and she submarine helicopters i was required to train my air crew in using this new to drop the bomb which we were given. if we ever had to release it try to helicopter we could not escape for it doesn't it and so it was a suicide mission i asked a few questions i was reassured that we probably would never really have to use it . it shocked me but i was ambitious no one else was complaining and we were told that this is the only way that britain could keep independence i realize that. only later many years later of sam this was completely untrue. as a new convert against nuclear weapons i was looked upon with great school by the. peace movement in britain i tried to explain that i was not

a psychopath my friends we are psychopaths and we are professional military men. who thought for a deeply about what we did but i did agree with them the nuclear weapon aspect was an aberration. i think. i'm trying to think. he had a conscience to do something about these and i can't imagine a guy around its merits. that just come in later and i see him suck now so passionate about. what he does that i just said nother rob well it's the ultimate cautionary tale but of a says nothing like that. the always tend to overdo it because you really understand you know which of what is being proposed the pentagon will say oh don't worry we have everyone well trained we have plenty of safety systems there can not be

a accidental start of a nuclear war but no through weapons are built to be used the risk is not zero that something might be going off by mistake specially with thousands of nuclear weapons on head trigger alert in the us and in russia in the united states. i think it's eleven atomic bombs accidentally. we dropped four off of space and we have dropped one nuclear weapon in a marsh here in the united states now still there are a number of nuclear nucular weapons are such a huge issue with such high risks associated with some that there's a natural tendency to play both sides. away and they say they're cutting back but at the same time they maintain extremely high numbers of weapons. given the number

of near misses we are lucky to still be here the activists are convinced that an accident is pending ok and that the only valid security system is the total abolition of nuclear weapons in ninety six when we began the swell project idea there was this dream if you say i could clean it we've been selling go in everywhere else in the world by going to the world course we could get the conscience of the ordinary citizen around the world saying these are against the moral conscience of people it's illegal to use nuclear weapon tomorrow and the dream was that it would be easy to get it through the u.n. and into the world court and that eventually these weapons would be declared illegal as we had done in our own country and thank goodness that we were dreamers and i'm realistic and. that that we were both stood by the sense of heart that this could happen but the real sources of international treaties customary international

law and the general principles of law recognized by the legal systems of the world . that quite categorical on the batting of nuclear weapons and the legality of nuclear weapons the fact that nuclear weapons cannot be used by way of a strike threat. you know to mislead. i threat only use of force by means of nuclear weapons and that he's going trade to article two paragraph four of the united nations charter and article fifty one. is unlawful. nucular deter and says we have nuclear weapons but our goal is not to use them if they. are goal is to have them at our disposal. this means that we are not in the realm of the real we are in the realm of the virtual need don't know what you're going to

add it is contrary to international law even to have in one's acidulous this weapon because the purpose of the weapon is to use it as a threat or as an actual weapon the nuclear powers are alliances like nato still rely on nuclear deterrence which is threat and so the fight continues i was on a panel with a senior advisor to the british government about nuclear policy and he's pro nuclear. and we were debating about. the world court opinion and whether nuclear deterrence was legal and he was extremely cynical he said that . it was a mistake to have gone to the courts but governments would ignore it and that's true they have an answer and the other thing he relied on all the time was he said and of course we never actually will have to use them and this to me is the heart

of the problem for the people who brought you to terms is that if they try and claim a level usenet terrorist doesn't work we're meant he would argue that terence does mean use of it is a use of a nuclear weapon to actually threaten to use them and that is when you go into the will cause the first time you've fought to get that threet you know and this isn't it it was the south pacific no is and the activists that i get to have threesome clued in their original question is if you have included threats then the. nuclear states could valued well we're only relying to terence which is threat and so we're not going to use them so i waited from whom. later from here is going to go back to the court throws region. at the time it judges agreed unanimously on the requirement for total nuclear disarmament the activists are fighting tad that opinion on and. this is. what i understand that they do is

another's wanting to do is to use the unanimous passage of the opinion and i wanted to say kenya is own how can we make that stronger how can we you know what are they doing that state practice that is still illegal is that your understanding of it as a man that they're looking for some new leiva to put more pressure on the liquid states to comply and disarm completely not just to reduce. yes on nuclear weapons in fact it's reverse since the world court says and the americans particularly have come out and said that. they see new roles for nuclear weapons and so we're back to almost like a sort of cold war situation again but with the war on terror instead and so it's going to be far more difficult to get governments to put their heads over the parapet of the nonproliferation treaty does provide

a framework for ending the threat of destruction of the species by the greater war and the signing sign or states they agree to take a good faith effort to eliminate nuclear weapons none of them lived up to that and now of course we focus on revelations by others those who are like policemen on the word scene and i'm talking of the nuclear powers they are violating this very little which they want other countries to observe now what if a policeman violates the law he cannot expect the rest of the hood to comply with the law of the only system that would work would be one that is perceived to be nondiscriminatory and. they're equally applying to all countries one approach that is. you know dividing the worry between friends. good countries and court and court bad or rogue countries or evil doers that

approach doesn't work it doesn't take too much to remember that in the one nine hundred eighty s. . in iraq was a friend of the west. understood the intelligence agencies that the invasion of iraq would spur nuclear proliferation and terror for good reasons these are the only means of deterrence little or seventh and nobody is going to turn to the united states where the us spends about as much as the rest of the world on her spending so the only way is returning for nuclear weapons and target. the activists are understandably anxious as a result of the nuclear posture review in this classified u.s. military document the security guarantees that protected countries without nuclear weapons against a nuclear offensive are cancelled a strategy of action is being adopted in addition to deterrence so the arsenals

must be upgraded to make them easier to use france and britain have responded with surprising enthusiasm to this nuclear renaissance that the united kingdom is going to pretend that it needs nuclear weapons for its survival or its security it was attacking the united kingdom some have got the very strange idea that because there's terrorists in the world we need to have nuclear weapons can be used as against terrorists but it would that not be rather like shooting musky just with chemicals i think the british would make a much bigger splash in the history of the world if the decided that they let the program expires. we are still fighting the polio like war between britain and france because when i finally cornered. any senior british military man these days and ask him why do you need nuclear

weapons they say every time it's nothing to do with security it's nothing to do with the russians it's to do with the french we cannot allow france to be the only european nuclear power. and there is this fear that britain will become like new zealand if they're going to be free they will be. of no consequence in the world. even though i do this week i constantly get overwhelmed i mean that discussion that we are having talking about the realities here and three sometimes i just want i just i've had enough. and lose heart but at the same time i think. something has to be done and if i have any position that i can do something i what . i mean now parents generation they go out the woods and things.

that now you know i don't know maybe you guys but none of the young people i speak to a movie night go out there in person. and that would be also for different names also interesting that the song your position is on now if you can sign it and i got ashamed. that belonging amateurs yes which comes from that live sort of projects you go on and people solidarity emerges from it which i don't think exists so much among young people not it might it just as i said before the invasion of iraq there were millions of people protesting and still you know there's a million people around and you're just going to water it so i mean it's not necessarily it's you've got to convince the public so you may have all the pubs are suddenly we're going to be side you know we're going to be here and what i think we really doing to our country and i think they mobilize action that would occur would be huge and many steps here like no one's doing anyway anything because it's kind of the feeling is still there the kind of place. so there. but i also think

that a lot of young people that aspect might be interested in some of these issues but not complacent and that overwhelmed by all of us here resentment but the made them and we don't listen to the words the peace movement can say to humanity you know if you keep spending a trillion dollars a year on weapons of venture you're going to blow everybody up you know people are dying from these weapons but until we actually see it people don't don't wake up to it. in two thousand and six canadian activists trying to drum up public interest in nuclear disarmament world wide military expenditures had risen to more than one trillion dollars this was a traumatic event for those who took to the streets during the cold war. the nuclear early night was probably. the largest and most effective nonviolent peace movement that history and successful i'm in the united states was moving

towards sharp increase in offensive nuclear capacities and it the government was forced to back down in fact of the reagan administration was forced to adopt the rhetoric of the peace movement in order to continue with their programs that's where star wars comes from and we're not planning to attack anyone we're just planning to eliminate nuclear weapons if you measure the peace movement by the number of people who march in one thousand nine hundred two their one million marched in central park in new york at the height of the cold war. last year there were forty thousand who marched at the review conference of the nonproliferation treaty well the big difference in numbers true is the peace movement lost roots organization and took significantly but the lesson there is

very clear a mass violent political movement can change rooms. and the importance of nuclear proliferation is very much one. or even aware of or concerned with what a surprise to discover a fifteen year old concerned by the outcome of the nonproliferation treaty is name is rafael even though. i'd just like to say that you and your speech is now serving part of my school. right here. and i like to play. right through it once i actually found out how bad it was on three different people who really made it clear to me speakers. and research. and i watched it smash were very last stage to have a speaker all the way from new york. she is an activist disarmament educator

producer and your advisor and let's just keep going this give a warm welcome for kathleen. ok the effectiveness of a social movement is sometimes very surprising and hard to track but it also depends on the creativity of the of the social movements themselves in the activists involved with ideas and images and stories and that's why we sailed boats in the nuclear test songs they've kind of surmised that all the weapons used in the second world war are equivalent to sri megatons that includes the two nuclear weapons used on hiroshima and nagasaki all the bombs in the bullets. that represents all of the firepower of the second world war ok so now i'm going to give you another sound and this second sound is the equivalent firepower of the world's nuclear arsenal today. it's.

the only way forward that would make sense and would stop this madness for seeking the capability to make nuclear weapons is for those countries that have

nuclear weapons to find a way to give them up and to rely full security on non-nuclear means. when i say mad rush over the past couple of weeks five or six countries have indicated that they might be interested in developing a capability to enrich uranium australia canada ukraine kazakhstan south africa. these countries sense that why should they be left behind canada is interested in a small level of richmond very far away from a nuclear weapons capability but the technology for enrichment nonetheless is the same we sometimes refer to it as a latent proliferation you put in place all the technologies to make nuclear weapons but you stop at a much lower level. orders to use part in all this we were third world good at our dedication to peacekeeping as

a percentage of gross domestic product and now drop down to late we used to be leading the world in the battle against nuclear proliferation and we were little leading countries in the world in the battle against the weaponization of space canada has very little space in which to. make progress because. it's a member of nature and nature is a neutral lots just like mafia that have signed on to us clearly canadian foreign policy of the first policy military policy has been changed dramatically and we canadians are big trouble in terms of birth historical commitment to peace and disarmament. every. thing is in place to proceed with disarmament when one hundred eighty eight countries committed to disarm they sent the shining message that goodwill could prevail but so far the governments choose to spend billions perfecting this terminal threat rather than fighting poverty or global warming.

will future generations heirs to the thousands of bombs be as lucky as their parents will be live without seeing a nuclear explosion either by accident or by design maybe maybe not. but until the treaties and international law are. made the bond between.

in india oh geez available in the movie joint people chose a movie that's the gateway to the grand imperial troy the george west coast

coromandel you kind of let her tell her to say don't need to go clear brother said the colonel was her job as a retreat. eight european banks fail stress task for not being water tight enough to withstand another financial hammering while in the u.s. time's running out in dealing with swelling debt. were her murder clues as lieutenants and both sides of the atlantic as a screw type of media fire built on peddling sleaze and targeting victims. and libya's bank balance of power shifts as the u.s. joins others in recognizing rebels already and allows them access to cut off these cash. ten pm ten am rather in the russian capital you're watching r t joshie welcome to

the program eight out of ninety european banks have failed stress tests on whether they could withstand another financial crisis non-word in italy which it hopes might help the country fand off spiraling debt costs along with the seventy billion euro cuts which parliament passed on friday but as r.t. sarah first reports there is only so much that can be done before the people take power into their own hands. as the clouds gather. and the greek bad luck battle continues dark times could now lie ahead. what everybody. is. for the future if you are saying countries like italy looking on increasingly unstable ground can the euro write out this financial storm this is really something quite frightening if indeed italy really goes into big trouble on the

financial markets this is certainly a totally new phase of this euro crisis new dimension theory fairy tale was all too appealing countries trip save themselves for a bite of the g.c. apple but now many are left regretting taking the bait with that amount. not bad i mean the product. of the solos. after more than a decade of growth businesses like badasses have been hit hard whilst the center shopping street in athens is still bustling the problems with the economy means that many businesses here in greece has simply gone and joining the euro meant european prices for many of the members with we could call me it didn't mean european wages if one botched bailout after another year of skeptics who wanted danger from the start may have become the unlikely.