it was of the rainbow warrior and the face of terrorism and now i harbor on a pike that was on a peaceful mission release for sure. living in a safe country i think it's the younger generation that teaching the next generation the legacy of hump really that i think that we have given young people. twenty is it's we actually passed the rule and we want to young people to know about the war because any was only four when the law was passed. and the old hands if i could see it it's interesting i swear because. nothing in that is. what. i have. is. that they are. not just this. one thing here that the it's all. listening to stories of people like mum and peacemakers in israel and the work that they've done

is make it hard and i think that of saying what ordinary citizens can do and make a difference and i feel that i can try. to prevent the young people from feeling a sense of powerlessness the pacifists remind them of the long who say that made their country nuclear free and either confirm or deny you can feel the pride in me that we had governments and politicians prepared to go on those boats to go out there and actually protest i mean it was something we did as ordinary citizens working with governments you've got a partnership model there that is unusual i think right around the world you notice it took another twelve years to get along a government that actually ran on a nuclear ticket and won. and then it was consolidated by the stupidity of the french in thinking that they would somehow stop this problem. by bombing the rainbow warrior and what it did instead was absolutely cemented her

. range and it's important to remember that the british in australia on aboriginal lamed for that came from near actually came over to new zealand most from what was happening by the french in time they were just used to. spike have father was too old to speak and she talked about growing up with that fear of having i child born deformed even in new zealand because of the effects of radiation from her father being exposed to nuclear tests in the pacific. and i'm lucky. i have three in which children. and i don't live with they think that. i was so it was normal until i got disco and sit on the mess and go around so i would appear. and most of the kids would say my mother's

a take this and then i'll say i. tried to stop nuclear. because that's how i understood. crane as an external command her now working with sam and with. the submarine helicopters i was required to train my crew in using this new to bomb which we were given. if we ever had to release it. from a helicopter we could not escape for it doesn't it and so it was a suicide mission. i asked a few questions i was reassured that we probably would never really have to use it . it shocked me but i was ambitious no one else was complaining and we were told that this is the only way that britain could keep independence. i realize that.

only later many years later of sam this was completely untrue. as a new conference against nuclear weapons i was looked upon with great school by the . peace movement in britain i tried to explain that i was not a psychopath my friends were not psychopaths and we were professional military men . who thought three deeply about what we did but i did agree with them the nuclear weapon aspect was an aberration. in their planning. he had a conscience to do something about these and i can't imagine a guy around its merits. that i just can't imagine and i see him stuck now so passionate about. what he does that it's just said nother alb well it

is the ultimate cautionary tale but one of a says nothing like that. the always tend to overdo it because you really understand you know which of what is being proposed the pentagon. will say oh don't worry we have everyone well trained we have plenty of safety systems there can not be a accidental start of an open or war but no through weapons are built to be used the risk is not zero that something might be going off by mistake especially with thousands of nuclear weapons on head trigger alert in the us and in russia. in the united states. i think it's eleven atomic bombs that. we drop off of space and we have dropped one we know for a weapon in a marsh here in the united states now still there are

a number of. nuclear nuclear weapons are such a huge issue with such high risks associated with them that there's a natural tendency to play both sides. the way they say they're cutting back but at the same time they maintain extremely high numbers of weapons. given the number of near misses we are lucky to still be here the activists are convinced that an accident is pending ok and that the only valid security system is the total abolition of nuclear weapons in ninety six when we began the swell project idea there was this dream if you say i'm going to clean it weakens and legal in everywhere else in the world by going to the world course we could get the conscience of the ordinary citizen around the world saying these are against the moral conscience of people it's an illegal to use nuclear weapon tomorrow and the

dream was that it would be easy to get it through the u.n. and into the world court and that eventually these weapons would be declared illegal as we had done in our own country and thank goodness that we would dream is and i'm realistic. but that we were both stood by the sense of how this could happen but the real sources of international treaties customary international law and the general principles of law recognized by the legal systems of the world. that quite categorical on the batting of nuclear weapons and the legality of nuclear weapons the fact that nuclear weapons cannot be used by we have a strike threat. you know he mostly. threatened only use of force by means of nuclear weapons and that he's going trade to article two of the united nations charter and article fifty one.

is unlawful. nucular deter and says we have nuclear weapons but our goal is not to use them if. your goal is to have them at our disposal. this means that we are not in the realm of the real we are in the realm of the virtual need don't know what you're going to use it is contrary to international law even to have in one's ass it is this weapon because the purpose of the weapon is to use it as a threat or as an actual weapon the nuclear powers are alliances like nato still rely on nuclear deterrence which is threat and so the fight continues i was on a panel with a senior advisor to the british government about nuclear policy and he's pro nuclear. and we were debating about. the world court opinion

and whether nuclear deterrence was legal and he was extremely cynical he said that . it was a mistake to go into the courts but governments would ignore it and that's true they have an answer and the other thing he relied on all the time was he said and of course we never actually will have to use them and this to me is the heart of the problem for the people who brought you to terms is that if they try and claim a level usenet terrorist doesn't work we're meant he would argue that terence does mean use of it is a use of a nuclear weapon to actually threaten to use them and that's when you go into the will cause the first time you've fought to get that threet yeah and this isn't it it was the south pacific noise and the activists that i get to have threesome clued in their original question is if you have included threats then the. nuclear states could but argued well we're only relying to terence which is threat and so we're

not going to use them so i would take from him the. later from here is going to go back to the court throws region. at the time the judges agreed unanimously on the requirement for total nuclear disarmament the activists are fighting tad that opinion on and. this is. what i understand that they do is another's wanting to do is to use the unanimous passage of the opinion and i wanted to say teeny zone how can we make that stronger how can we you know what are they doing that state practice that is still illegal is that your understanding of it as a man that they're looking for some new lever to put more pressure on the liquid states to comply and design completely not just to reduce. yes on nuclear weapons in fact it's reverse since the world court says and the americans

particularly come out and said that. they see new roles for nuclear weapons and so we're back to almost like a sort of cold war situation again but with the war on terror instead and so it's going to be far more difficult to get governments to put their heads over the parapet of the nonproliferation treaty does provide a framework for ending the threat of destruction of the species by the greater war and the signing sign or states they agree to take a good faith effort to a limited nuclear weapons none of them lived up to that and now of course we focus on revelations by others those who are like policemen on the word scene and i'm talking of the nuclear powers they are violating this very law which they want other countries to observe now you have what if a policeman violates the law he cannot expect the rest of the hood to comply with

the law of the only system that would work would be one that is perceived to be nondiscriminatory and. they're equally applying to all countries one approach that has. you know dividing the worry between friends. good countries and court and court bad or rogue countries or evil doers that approach doesn't work it doesn't take too much to remember that in the one nine hundred eighty s. . in iraq was a friend of the west. stood for intelligence agencies that the invasion of iraq would spur nuclear proliferation and terror for good reasons these are the only means of deterrence of others. and nobody's going to turn the united states where the us spends about as much as the rest of the world on north korea spending so the only way to turning

a. nuclear weapons and turn. the activists are understandably anxious as a result of the nuclear posture review in this classified u.s. military document the security guarantees that protected countries without nuclear weapons against a nuclear offensive are cancelled a strategy of action is being adopted in addition to deterrence so the arsenals must be upgraded to make them easier to use france and britain have responded with surprising enthusiasm to this nuclear renaissance. that the united kingdom is going to pretend that it needs nuclear weapons for its survival or its security who is attacking the united kingdom some have got the very strange idea that because there's terrorists in the world we need to have nuclear weapons can they use nuclear weapons against terrorists but it would that not be rather like shooting musky just with chemicals i think the british would make

a much bigger splash in the history of the world if the decided that they let the program expires. we are still fighting the poing war between britain and france because when i finally corner any senior british military man these days and ask him why do you need nuclear weapons they say every time it's nothing to do with security it's nothing to do with the russians it's to do with the french we cannot allow france to be the only european nuclear power. and there is this fear that britain will become like disneyland if they're going to be free they will be. of no consequence in the world . even though i do this when i constantly get overwhelmed i mean a discussion that we are having talking about the realities here and three

sometimes i just want i just i've had enough. and. at the same time i think. something has to be down and if i have any position that i can do something i what. now current generation they go out to the woods and things. that now that you guys but amongst the young people i speak to a movie night go out there in person. and i think they are also for different names also interesting that it was a song your position if you can sign it and i got ashamed. that belonging because yes which comes from live sort of projects go on and people solidarity emerges from it which i don't think exists so much among young people not a lot it just. before the invasion of iraq there were millions of people protesting and still you know there's

a million people around and your customer into water so i mean it's not necessarily so you've got to convince the public so you may have all the pubs are suddenly we're going to be. here we're going to be here and we're going to be reassuring to our country and i think they mobilize action that would occur would be huge many steps yet like no one's going anywhere anything because it's kind of the feeling is still there the kind of pace down. there. but i also think that a lot of young people that aspect might be interested in some ways but not complacent and they're overwhelmed by all of us here resentment but the made them and we don't listen to the guards the peace movement can say to humanity you know if you keep spending a trillion dollars a year on weapons of benchley you're going to blow everybody up you know people are dying from these weapons but until we actually see it people don't don't wake up to it. in two thousand and six canadian activists trying to drum up public interest in

nuclear disarmament worldwide military expenditures had risen to more than one trillion dollars this was a traumatic event for those who took to the streets during the cold war. the nuclear early ninety's was probably the most. the largest and most effective nonviolent peace movement in history and successful a man of the united states was moving towards sharp increase in offensive nuclear capacities and it the government was forced to back down in fact of the reagan administration was forced to adopt the rhetoric of the peace movement in order to continue with their programs that's where star wars comes from and we're not planning to tack any woman or just planning to eliminate nuclear weapons if you measured the peace movement by the number of people who march in one

thousand nine hundred two their one million marched in central park in new york at the height of the cold war. last year there were forty thousand who marched at the review conference of the nonproliferation treaty well the big difference in numbers true is the peace movement lost its organization totally significantly but the lesson there is very clear a mass violent political movement can change rooms. and the importance of nuclear proliferation is very much one. or even aware or concern one is surprised to discover a fifteen year old concerned by the outcome of the nonproliferation treaty is name is rafael even though. i'd just like to say that you and your speeches right now sterling. and i like to play.

right through it once i actually found out how bad it was on three different people who really made it clear to me speakers. and research which. i watched its national were very large states to have a speaker all the way from new york. she is an activist disarmament educator producer your advisor on the list just keeps going this give a warm welcome for kathleen. ok the effectiveness of a social movement is sometimes very surprising and hard to track but it also depends on the creativity of the of the social movements themselves and the activists involved with ideas and images and stories and that's why we sailed boats in the nuclear test songs they've kind of surmised that all the weapons used in the second world war are equivalent to say three megatons that includes the two nuclear weapons used on hiroshima and nagasaki all the bombs in the bullets. that

represents all of the firepower of the second world war ok so now i'm going to give you another sound and this second sound is the equivalent firepower of the world's nuclear arsenal today.

the only way forward that would make sense and would stop this madness rush for seeking the capability to make nuclear weapons is for those countries that have nuclear weapons to find a way to give them up and to rely for security non-nuclear means. when i say a mad rush over the past couple of weeks five or six countries have indicated that they might be interested and about it being a capability to enrich uranium australia canada ukraine kazakhstan south africa. these countries sense that why should they be left behind canada is interested in a small level of richmond very far away from a nuclear weapons capability but the technology for enrichment nonetheless is the

same we sometimes for for to it as a latent proliferation you put in place all the technologies to make nuclear weapons but you stop at a much lower level. orders to use part in all this. third world that our dedication to peacekeeping as a percentage of gross domestic product is now dropped down to late we used to be leading the world in the battle against nuclear proliferation and we were little leading countries in the world in the battle against the weaponization of space canada has very little space in which to. make progress because. it's a member of nato and later is a neutral lots just like matthew that have signed on to us clearly name in foreign policy the first policy military policy has been changed dramatically and we canadians are big trouble in terms of birth historical commitment to peace and

disarmament. everything. thing is in place to proceed with disarmament one hundred eighty eight countries committed to disarm they sent the shining message that goodwill could prevail but so far the governments choose to spend billions perfecting this terminal threat rather than fighting poverty or global warming. will future generations heirs to the thousands of bombs be as lucky as their parents will be live without seeing a nuclear explosion either by accident or by design maybe maybe not. but until the treaties and international law are on may the bond be with.

in india in the movie. the gateway hotel the grand imperial truly. socialist. medicine the colonel was a hotel retreat. european banks stress tests for. rupert murdoch's media empire. following. the sky a strong as ever feeding the ruthless machine. and washington recognizes that.

the country's government. it's good of you to join us on this saturday you with our role research eight out of ninety european banks have failed stress tests designed to determine whether they would fold in the event of another crisis the majority of those are in spain the country feared to be next in line for a bailout meanwhile on friday italy passed seventy billion euros worth of cuts to fend off its own spiralling. reports the euro fairy tale seems to be moving closer to collapse. as the clouds gather. in the. continue.

for the. future if you think countries like italy looking on increasingly unstable ground can the euro write out this financial storm this is really something quite frightening if indeed italy really goes into big trouble on the financial markets this is certainly a totally new phase of the euro crisis you mention theory fairy tale was all too appealing countries trip saving themselves for a bite of the g.c. apple but now many are left regretting taking the bait with that. not bad. product. after more than a decade of growth businesses like badasses have been hit hard whilst the center shopping street in athens is still bustling the problems with the economy means

that many businesses here in greece has simply gone and joining the euro it meant european prices for many of the members with we could mean it didn't mean european wages with one botched bailout after another year of skeptics who wanted danger from the starts playing if it comes.