living in a safe country i think it's the younger generation that teaching the next generation the legacy of hump really that i think that we have given young people especially on our policy because twenty is it's we actually pass the rule and we want a young people to know about the law because any was only four when the law was passed. and the old hands of the if it's just and i swear this. and that's. what. i have. is. that they are. not in this. thing here that if all that. listening to the stories of people like mum and peacemakers and israel and the work that they've done gives me heart and i think that of saying what ordinary citizens can do and make a difference and i feel that i can contribute to prevent the young people from

feeling a sense of powerlessness pacifists remind them of the long crusade that made their country nuclear free and either confirm or deny you can feel the pride in me that we had governments and politicians prepared to go on those boats to go out there and actually protest i mean it was something we did as ordinary citizens working with governments you've got a partnership model that they have that is an unusual i think right around the world. to notice it took another twelve years to get along a government that actually ran on a nuclear ticket and won. and then it was consolidated by the stupidity of the french in thinking that they would somehow stop this problem. but bombing remember worry what it did instead was it absolutely cemented it hope. remember that the british and australia on aboriginal lamed for that came from near

actually came over to new zealand not just from what was happening by the french entirely. the british preceded the french in the pacific beginning in one nine hundred fifty two they tested their way into the very restricted nuclear bomb by the u.s.s.r. and i did with the assistance of the australian and new zealand military. museum to speech and study. the results demonstrated the presence of elevated chromosomal disturbances of new zealand veterans in the fifty years ago so they're basically saying i have suffered damage. we spoke recently as a national conference here on disarmament when the daughter of one of the nuclear test veterans spycatcher father was too old to speak and she talked about growing up with that fear of having i try on phone for food and even in israel and because of the effects of radiation from her father being exposed to new twists in the

pacific. and i'm lucky. i have three move children. and i don't live with the think. i was so it was normal until i got to school and sit on the mitts and go around so i would appear. and most of the kids would say i'm a take. and then. tries to stop nuclear. because that's how i understood it. is. now working at the disarmament security center. back in the one nine hundred seventy s. when i was in and she submarine helicopters i was required to train my air crew in using this new to drop the bomb which we were given. if we ever had to

release it true a helicopter we could not escape before it doesn't it and so it was a suicide mission i asked a few questions i was reassured that we probably would never really have to use it it shocked me but i was ambitious no one else was complaining and we were told that this is the only way that britain could keep independence i realize that. only later many years later of sam this was completely untrue. as a new convert against nuclear weapons i was looked upon with great school by the. peace movement in britain i tried to explain that i was not a psychopath my friends we are psychopaths and we are professional military men. who thought free deeply about what we did but i did agree with them the nuclear

weapon aspect was an aberration. i'm trying to think. he had a conscience to do something about these and i can imagine a guy around it's. what i just can't imagine and i see him so now so passionate about. what he does that i just said nother rob well it was the ultimate cautionary tale but one of a says nothing like that. the always tend to overdo it because you really understand you know which of what is being proposed the pentagon. will say oh don't worry we have everyone well trained we have plenty of safety systems there can not be a accidental start of a nuclear war but no through weapons are built to be used the risk is not zero that

something might be going off by mistake especially with thousands of nuclear weapons on head trigger alert in the us and in russia if the united states has dropped i think it's eleven atomic bombs accidentally. we dropped four off of space and we have dropped one a nuclear weapon in a marsh here in the united states now still there are a number of the nuclear nucular weapons are such a huge issue with such high risks associated with on that there's a natural tendency to play both sides. they say they're cutting back but at the same time they maintain extremely high numbers of weapons. given the number of near misses we are lucky to still be here the activists are convinced that an accident is pending ok but i and that the only valid security system is the total abolition

of nuclear weapons in ninety six when we began the swell project idea there was this dream if you see and could clean it we've been sadly go in everywhere else in the world by going to the world course we could get the conscience of the ordinary citizen around the world saying these are against the moral conscience of people it's an illegal to use nuclear weapon tomorrow and the dream was that it would be easy to get it through the u.n. and into the world court and that eventually these weapons would be declared illegal as we had done in our own country and thank goodness that we were dreamers and i'm realistic can help but that we were both stood by the sense of how this could happen but the real source is our international treaties customary international law and the general principles of law recognized by the legal systems of the world. that quite categorical on the batting of nuclear weapons and the

legality of nuclear weapons the fact that nuclear weapons cannot be used by way of a strike threat. you know the missus. threat only use of force by means of nuclear weapons and that is going to lead to article two paragraph four of the united nations charter and article fifty one. is unlawful. nucular deterrence says we have nuclear weapons but our goal is not to use them if they. are goal is to have them at our disposal. this means that we are not in the realm of the real we are in the realm of the virtual need don't know what you're going to use it is contrary to international law even to have in one's ass it is this weapon

because the purpose of the weapon is to use it as a threat or as an actual weapon the nuclear powers are alliances like nato still rely on nuclear deterrence which is threat and so the fight continues i was on a panel with a senior advisor to the british government about nuclear policy and he's pro nuclear. and we were debating about. the world court opinion and whether nuclear deterrence was legal and he was extremely cynical he said that . it was a mistake to go into the courts but governments would ignore it and that's true they have. and he of that he relied on all the time was he said and of course we never actually will have to use them and this to me is the heart of the problem for the people who brought you to terence is that if they try to claim a level usenet terrorist doesn't work we're meant you would argue that terence does

mean use of it is a use of a nuclear weapon to actually threaten to use them and that's when you're into the will cause the first time you've fought to get that threet you know and this isn't it it was the south pacific noise and the activists that i get to have threesome clued in their original question is if you have included threats then the. nuclear states could valued well we're only relying terrence which is threat and so we're not going to use it so i waited for him. return from here is it going to go back to the court. at the time the judges agreed unanimously on the requirement for total nuclear disarmament the activists are fighting ted that opinion on and. this is. what i understand that the lewis and others wanting to do is to use the unanimous part of the opinion and i wanted to say to new zone how can we

make that stronger how can we you know what are they doing that state practice that is still illegal. is it your understanding of it as a man that they're looking for some new leiva to put more pressure on them to quit stage to comply and design completely not just to reduce. yes on nuclear weapons in fact it's reverse since the world court says and the americans particularly come out and said that. they see new roles for nuclear weapons and so we're back to almost like a sort of cold war situation again but with the war on terror instead and so it's going to be far more difficult to get governments to put their heads over the parapet the nonproliferation treaty does provide a framework for ending the threat of destruction species for the greater work and the signing sign or states they agree to take

a good faith effort to eliminate nuclear weapons none of them lived up to that and now of course we focus on well asians by others those who are like policemen on the word scene i'm talking of the nuclear powers they are violating this very little which they want other countries to observe now what if a policeman violates the law he cannot expect the rest of the hood to complain but the law of the only thing that would work would be one that is perceived to be nondiscriminatory and fair and equally applied to all countries one approach that has followed these days is you know dividing the worry between friends court and court good countries and court and court bad or rogue countries or evil to do with that approach doesn't work it doesn't take too much to remember that in the one nine hundred eighty s. dabble sand in iraq was a friend of the west. who stood by intelligence

agencies that the invasion of iraq would spur nuclear proliferation and terror. for good reasons these are the only means of deterrence to the other side. and nobody's going to turn the united states where the us spends about as much as the rest of the world. through spending so the only way to turn a. nuclear weapons and turn. the activists are understandably anxious as a result of the nuclear posture review in this classified u.s. military document the security guarantees that protected countries without nuclear weapons against a nuclear offensive are cancelled a strategy of action is being adopted in addition to deterrence so the arsenals must be upgraded to make them easier to use france and britain have responded with surprising enthusiasm to this nuclear renaissance. that the united kingdom

is going to pretend that it needs nuclear weapons for its survival or its security who is attacking the united kingdom some have got the very strange idea that because there's terrorists in the world we need to have nuclear weapons can they use nuclear weapons against terrorists that it will that not be rather like shooting musk eaters with camels i think the british would make a much bigger splash in the history of the world if the decider that they let the program expire we're still fighting the public war between britain and france because when i finally cornered. any senior british military man these days and ask him why do you need nuclear weapons they say every time it's nothing to do with security it's nothing to do with the russians it's to do with the french we cannot allow france to be the only

european nuclear power. and there is this fear that britain will become like disneyland if they're going to be free they will be of no consequence in the world . even though i do this work i constantly get overwhelmed i mean that discussion that we were having talking about the reality of needs here we pinson three sometimes i just want i just i've had enough you know and lose heart but at the same time i think. something has to be down and if i am in a position that i can do something i will. i mean now parents generation go out the woods and. he said now you know i don't know maybe you guys but none of these young people i speak to a movie night go out there in person. and maybe also for just the names of the

interest in that song you mentioned online now if you can sign up which is and i got ashamed. that belonging because yes which comes from that live sort of projects you go on and people solidarity images from it which i don't think exists so much among young people that it might be just as. before the invasion of iraq there were millions of people protesting and still you know there's a million people around and i just want to water it so i mean it's not necessarily it's you got to convince the public statements or the pope's words i knew we were going to be side you know we're going to be here and what i'm going to be ready to even try to trace and i think they mobilize action that would occur would be huge many said yes i know one stunning what atheism i would because it's kind of the feeling is still there the kind of pace. but i also think that a lot of young people that aspect might be interested in some cases but not

complacent and that overwhelmed by all of us here resentment was amazed at them and what do you do it isn't going to guard the peace movement can say to humanity you know if you keep spending a trillion dollars a year on weapons of benchley you're going to blow everybody up you know people are dying from these weapons but until we actually see it people don't don't wake up to it. in two thousand and six canadian activists trying to drum up public interest in nuclear disarmament world wide military expenditures had risen to more than one trillion dollars this was a traumatic event for those who took to the streets during the cold war. the nuclear early ninety's was probably the most. the largest and most effective nonviolent peace movement in history and successful a man of the united states was moving towards sharp increase in offensive nuclear capacities and it was forced to back down

in fact of the reagan administration was forced to adopt the rhetoric of the peace movement in order to continue with their programs that's where star wars comes from and we're not planning to attack anyone we're just planning to eliminate nuclear weapons if you measure the peace movement by the number of people who march in one thousand nine hundred two or one million marched in central park in new york at the height of the cold war. last year there were forty thousand who marched at the review conference of the nonproliferation treaty well the big difference in numbers true is the peace movement lost its we're going to. talk significantly but the lesson there is very clear a mass violent political movement can change rooms. and display the

importance of nuclear proliferation is very much. aware of or concerned with what a surprise to discover a fifteen year old concerned by the outcome of the nonproliferation treaty is name is rafael even though. i just like to say that you and your speech is now serving part of my school. and. i like to play. right through it once i actually found out how bad it was on three different people who really made it clear to me speakers. and research. and i watched it smash were very much stayed to have a speaker all the way from new york. she is an activist nuclear disarmament educator producer and visor let's just keep going there's never a warm welcome for kathleen. ok the effectiveness of

a social movement is sometimes very surprising and hard to track but it also depends on the creativity of the of the social movements themselves and the activists involved with ideas and images and stories and that's why we sailed boats into nuclear test songs they've kind of surmised that all the weapons used in the second world war are equivalent to sri megatons that includes the two nuclear weapons used here is human other saki all the bombs in the bullets. that represents all of the firepower of the second world war ok so now i'm going to give you another sound and this second sound is the equivalent firepower of the world's nuclear arsenal today.

the only way forward that would make sense and would stop this madness rush for seeking the capability to make nuclear weapons is for those countries that have nuclear weapons to find a way to give them up and to rely for security on non-nuclear means. when i say mad

rush over the past couple of weeks five or six countries have indicated that they might be interested in developing a capability to enrich uranium australia canada ukraine kazakhstan south africa. these countries said sad why should they be left behind canada is interested in a small level of richmond very far away from a nuclear weapon capability but the technology for enrichment nonetheless is the same we sometimes refer to it as a latent proliferation you put in place all the technologies to make nuclear weapons but you stop at a much lower level. orders to use part in all this we were third world good at our dedication to peacekeeping as a percentage of gross domestic product and now drop down to late we used to be leading the world in the battle against nuclear proliferation and we were little

leading countries in the world in the battle against the weaponization of space canada has very little space in which to. make progress because. it's a member of nature and nature is a neutral lots just like matthew that you've signed on to which clearly canadian foreign policy the best policy military policy is going to change dramatically and we canadians are big trouble in terms of birth historical commitment to peace and disarmament. everything. thing is in place to proceed with disarmament one hundred eighty eight countries committed to disarm they said the shining message that goodwill could prevail but so far the governments choose to spend billions perfecting this terminal threat rather than fighting poverty or global warming. will future generations heirs to the thousands of bombs be as lucky as their parents will be live without seeing a nuclear explosion either by accident or by design maybe maybe not. but

until the treaties and international law are on may the bond be with.

in india in the movie the joint the hotel. the gateway hotel the grand imperial truly told us the. socialist.

to go and. read this and the colonel was hoto retreat. the debt crisis rages on both sides of the atlantic as eight european banks fail stress tests for their vulnerability to financial troubles while america reaches its fourteen point three trillion dollar debt ceiling. rupert murdoch floods the british media with i'm sorry messages days before a grilling by m.p.'s over the news of the world phone hacking scandal meanwhile the furor moved across the atlantic with reports of nine eleven victims phones were targeted as a continuing outrage and disgrace and gold is once impregnable media empire. rescuers are preparing to lift the russian. almost one hundred thirty line. the operation to raise the sunken bulgaria has begun hopefully providing

the grieving relatives and investigators we'll bring you all the details from the recovery site in just a moment. in broadcasting live direct from the heart of moscow this is r.t. let's take a look at your top headlines eight out of ninety one the european banks have failed stress tests designed to ensure they could withstand another financial crisis five of those are in spain. country commonly seen as the next weakest link in the euro zone on friday italy passed seventy billion euros of public spending cuts to slash its whopping budget deficit and with the euro sinking this week sarah firth reports on why the future of the single currency doesn't look so bright anymore. as the

clouds gather. and the bad luck battle continues the times could now lie ahead. what everybody here. is for the future do you think countries like italy looking on increasingly unstable ground can the year i write out this financial still this is really something quite frightening and if indeed italy really goes into big trouble on the financial markets this is certainly a totally new phase of this euro crisis new dimension theory fairy tale was all too appealing countries trip save themselves for a bite at the g.c. apple but now many are left regretting taking the bait with that amount. not bad i mean. expensive. high.