next to take in the fall this corner of eastern russia where archaeologists have been on earth and well preserved remains of ice age map. the shore of the c.e.o. before it's paralyze mother down one of the most extreme regions of russia you can get to the most remote parts of to costco and from here. these researches are off to what may well turn out to be a sensation they know that something unusual has been found on the banks of one of the rivers in the country's north the scientists want to see whether the find is indeed as unique because they have been led to believe if it turns out to be true the scientific community will get an intriguing glimpse to what life on earth was like thousands of years ago.

expedition will travel across western chukotka a north eastern yakutia a wealth of remains of extinct animals dating back to the ice age is hidden beneath the permafrost none of the fossils and tusks have been found here. however the find that the researches are off to is something special a prehistoric bison completely moment find by nature. of which some forty mummified animal remains have been found in the world since biology became a science two hundred years ago some twenty of them are more or less in good condition all the others are just fragments legs skulls and the like are only two bison have been found over the years one in alaska and the other here you know from what i've seen that much more is left of this one this is why it is more valuable for research it's. some time ago geologists found in

a rave mammoth fossils in this out of the way part of russia. it was the world's first and most large scale expedition of its kind scientists believe the area is full of relics from the late place to see the park that period came to an end some eleven thousand years ago approximately the same time the last remaining mammoths died out on the rest of the continent leaving behind that tusks from a kind. of material which in this organic tooth tissue called ten team is really remarkable stuff at a good and this is the last front tooth from a mammoth. it was an extraordinary animal the people who live thousands of years ago were aware of its useful properties. they use the stuff to make the first tools utensils even works of awesome people have always been fascinated by the material so that we think. that you could courageous village of a new risk as a population of about five hundred and the situation on the banks of the molly and

milly river. nearly all the villages that spend the brief summer in the tundra anti-god tending reindeer hunting and fishing from here the expedition heads for the site where the primitive bison was found. to divide the shores to do what the man who steers the boat tells you was the propeller made brush against the river bed in shallow places but if that happens don't panic the people know the lay of the land well and they'll tell you what to do if need be it stood you. could hear you can easily get around by water people mostly use light weight boats for the purpose but explorers should be aware of the difficulties that local rivers have in store. there are geologists biologists and paleontologists among expedition members travelling to this remote and cold environment has been

a cherished ambition for many of them. since its formation several thousand years ago the mallee a new a river has kept many secrets about the ice age in a way it's banks. it's the clinic i see there is an abundance of animal fossils here even if people were to come from all over to dig them up which it would take several years to finish the job bring us. the expedition camps out on a patch of land by the river. the cliff where the bison mummy was found is across it it's some local soul the animal when they were travelling past the place by boat at that moment a huge chunk of permafrost collapsed into the water to reveal the mom of five corpse. the fine was immediately reported to fyodor should love skiing he is officially licensed to collect paleontological objects in this area it was fiona

who organized the expedition and prepared a camp for field research. but she would get no shit today i think that we need to inspect the place and just relax a bit before we would like to move to that side. of the beauty we'll do it he worked in the evening everybody will come up with a plan of their own and we'll correct everything. tagging along with the expedition is our county should love ski both the son of the organizer and the youngest member of the group before the others arrived he had already gathered a huge number of ancient fossils found in the area the group has taken a lively interest in his collection. this is a bison horn. preserved because it was kept in a natural freezer. thanks a lot of kerry let me shake your hands well done. work like that for another two days and then we'll send you back home. at the moment this one's quite interesting it's a mammoth it's still points are divided into three sections which points to its very

old age such plates are often found in early elephants. the only number is an extinct member of the elephant family during the ice age woolly mammoths lived in most areas of eurasia or north america they isn't trunks were smaller than those of modern day elephants but their tusks were much larger. it is speculating that such mammoths lived in groups led by older females current theory suggests that they became extinct t. to climate change and over hunting. the last months left in the late pleistocene ipad. today visitors are free to take a stroll in the park dating back to the place to see an era it's the result of the efforts of scientists. who fenced off one hundred sixty square kilometers of

forests tundra shrubs lakes and swamps the park is situated seventy kilometers from the expedition's field come in your course is ne the arctic ocean is only one hundred fifty kilometers away. but the function of the water in the bog that was here fifteen years ago never dried up today there is grass here is of course is because the grass when it is the least twenty twenty five centimeters long to figure for a bison is fourteen centimeters it can be assumed therefore that bison nibbled at the lower grass level as the trail behind a horse's. zimm of aim is to reconstruct what he calls the mouth step. this ecosystem was predominant in the arctic of the late pleistocene huge herds of large herbivores such as mammoths woolly rhinos reindeer horses bison used to graze

here. why many of the species died out approximately ten thousand years ago is still unclear another ice age came to an end around the same time they gave way to swamps and to address the ecosystem of mt to steps in the north had completely changed and she would you few today's climate to you would suit mammoth steps admirably i.q. and seen my mind to animals creating pastures for themselves when you needed these horses and bison hadn't seen one another for twelve thousand years but their genetic memory tells them after just a couple months of that they do you know one another and you will recall the mammoth two are there they come that's the least thing we want they'll do are everything around here. two members of the expedition are live missy and feel of their job is to look for

a mammoth tusks eleven field to gether almost all the time when it comes to looking for fossils they parted ways near one wants to share his secrets with the other. there is steep slopes all along the bank everybody knows that mammoth tells can be found here and although many people are on the lookout if you actually find any obviously have got some secrets to keep what you need in his job is determination. the first step is a careful inspection of the steep slopes from a boat to mali annuity is a tributary of the river a column on each spring rain and water from melted snow flood the tributaries over flowing water washes the bank away forcing permafrost to retreat as a result big chunks of rock tumble down into the water to expose ice bound knishes deep inside. the mcdonald's not first of all you must know what it looks like.

you should look forward everywhere. i dream about finding a mammoth's goal or perhaps my aim after all others have found such things. only people whose job is looking for tusks know the telltale signs of where they hide shallow waters of the best place for tusk come to. with a great stroke of luck has found a tusk of impressive size. this one is easy to carry it only weighs above thirty kilograms. rain has brought work at the burial site to an abrupt halt life in the camp has

come to a standstill. when there was a lot of sunshine in the grass and flowers close stronger with each passing day.

when the ice in each with the bison had been found melted away mummified animal was instantly moved into an ice house and with a chance that we're about to enter a unique place but it's a gift to people from the northern climates permafrost makes it possible to store food. it's a remarkable place that there's nothing special about this small ice house but it is unique nonetheless you know we're going to see something even more exciting in science. the corridor and cells of the ice house were hollowed out by hand inside an enormous ice formation the walls and floor i'm a device each year they're sprayed with water ventilation is checked at the same time this makes it possible to maintain the low temperature and humidity. it's very unusually warm this summer in chicago. by the permafrost began to degrade

and rapidly melt away and we feared we might lose the bison buried in it. consequently members of my team moved it to this ice house as fast as possible. what would have lead. specialists instantly try to find out what caused the animal's death the bisons tail stands upright instead of being pressed against the body. this in direct sign may indicate that quickly suffocated many others have theories of their own. which was only sure that they might have died when the spinal cord or skull was suddenly fractured. in other words it might have been buried under falling rock or. also it could have fallen through a crack and. when we were moving it into this cell i was saddened to see that one of its horns had been severely damaged i do you know look there's a crack at the bottom of the boat. and that means that the skull must have suffered

a serious injury. either this happened after its death or it was the cause of it's to. look at the bullet with us chances are something helped it landed a natural trap. but it's possible that we know that lions were around here at the time it's true permafrost has done an excellent job of preserving the bison soft tissues and even characteristics mel gibson pretty strong smell there yes it smells like a cow from just. as far as can be seen there are no major injuries of the bisons body according to a tentative assessment the bison died during the pleistocene period its body has spent around thirty thousand years in permafrost. pick usual floored scientists are delighted to see that here the bison is in the sort of environment that existed thousands of years ago but they will do what you want to some of them are working

on the bank today. he would go there out to get as much information as they can and when he was there on the front line as it were and what he would be. on the summer heat is radically changed the shape of the cliff what the prehistoric bison was. found two scientists have landed their boat not far off on the fied namath's burial place. this is where the nominally poison was found we need to establish when and how the animal died and the natural environment there was typical of that period. if you will agree. the cleft contains clay with peat streaks in it this is the best material for radio carbon measurements radio carbon dating will help establish the period when the bison lived clay accumulated during cold periods where as peat formed when the climate became warmer. she was disturbed this is pete here you can find anything you

like dross insects and little twigs such perfect. for the bison may have been in a bog like this one at you. and will need to find out whether this kind of peas. is also on the other side of the bank or. do you think the ripples in this formation date back to those times and i'm sure they do it highlights the relief of the period between the period when our bison lived. in a lake with ripples that the bison was in a nice situated in one of the pete's top players one thing is crystal clear it was not a natural death otherwise insects would have eaten not the bisons body scientists speculate that after the bison died mud quickly enveloped its body and saved it from predators and the natural deep freeze prevented it from decomposition.

because it's possible that our bison might have been swept away by floodwaters brought here. that you were there or does it most of being too weak to resist the flow at that for. i thought also the small amount of peat here. points to a budding processor is about watching it with the body was in fact in a swamp it is going to use a barge so he might have drowned in it. ancient fossils mouth tusks found in this area a unique materials for bun covers. this is a standard workshop it contains a wealth of natural specimens and manmade figurines. tusks more than any other bones. they are valuable if only because they were underground for thousands of years before somebody chanced upon them. the material

and the objects we make from them will survive for hundreds of years to delight people. therefore we treasure mammoth tusks. but don't call this qantas forward to make mistakes a faulty cut cannot be done all compositions are unique works of art it is impossible to fake or imitate each object costs a lot of money nearly all of the world's monex connoisseurs and wealthy collectors own traditional figurines of mammoths made from tusks the moment the mammoth tusks and fossils are best preserved in permafrost of the earth begins thawing it just decomposes. your book but just series riding in the permafrost like this one are absolutely intact because when the with a sort of misused. this is one of the

permafrost areas. a scientist founded the northeastern research station the rocky bank of the column on a river it takes four and a half hours by end to get to the nearest city. ziman flora tree attracts scientists college students from all over the world. they are interested in studies of permafrost and mammoths and value the fact that the station is far removed from civilization nearly every summer college students come here from the united states to work in various international projects. where i live is actually claim or own as well but where you go to school that is. nothing that's the way. pleistocene park is one of sir gazin office most ambitious projects in recent years

he has been doing his best to bring in various species of ovals. these young elks are in for a long journey from a small pen to freedom. easy easy if you can take you forward to showcase there you go. with your paper. here. but for it that's it. well done a few good years if they've been around for a month one of the elks was very sick and we had to work hard to nor seem back to health. now that there are fewer mosquitoes here their skin to be released into the pork. place to seem pock is at the very heart of permafrost forty kilometers from the station. during the summer it can only be reached by boat the elks are transferred

to the motorboat with utmost care. is in office always at the wheel on such occasions. this is not the first time that he has used this small motor boat to transport tunnels. near the place where i live is the world's least accessible point economically speaking or the method of transport costs more than anywhere else we brought the mosque buffaloes by motor boat from bronco island. the young adults have become accustomed to humans and learn to trust them for that reason they patiently wait for the chance to go free. puc staff carry the animals by hand from the bank to the pen. but before they are led

into the wild it will go through a period of a climatized nation. people. so gaze him off believes that the bulls can survive in these rigorous conditions moreover they can radically change the landscape. with a good the should be an open landscape he would scatter tribes bush is for trees tiny brutes a lake sent the stream to grass why do they mow the grass in the parks you may ask that's because there were millions of herbivores in the old days you know that there where you have a cup ras was there staple food it's the sort of landscape that man is used to i'm comfortable here i'm trying to recreate the natural environment in which my distant ancestors lived. so cool the arctic steps existed in the north thousands of years ago an abundance

of food attracted numbness and other have with those. early man quickly followed suit. today most of the people living in this rugged region of mine precious metals. this is a gold mining field in chukotka in russia's far east ironically it is because of the gold industry that now myths have been found scraping off the top layer of permafrost in search of mineral wealth revealed these prehistoric names but sometimes they emerge naturally. you know people don't know why a permafrost sometimes looks to forms it's because there's

a foreign object lying underneath which has been there for tens or even hundreds of thousands of years and all the sudden permafrost begins spirit out in the end the object shows up in the midst of tundra. at a pace of several millimeters a year. over the course of many years the majority of unique prehistoric objects have been found in the permafrost they have been dug up in the russian far east altai on the southern europe's. these remains of a woolly rhino cave there bison among the five horse leg and a complete one year old mammoth all give us an idea of what these prehistoric animals look like. the fossils of primitive predators and herbivores provide unique material for studying animal d.n.a. from the ice age.

the number five to called kabul is widely different from all known fragments of prehistoric hoofed animals. scientists have concluded that it is the world's most complete mummy of a bison it is much better preserved than flew baby the famous mummy of a bison found in alaska. at the sum i am station i was in a sense this is a true scientific sensation such fines are absolutely unique that when something similar is found it is just fragments in most cases but this is a perfect carcass of a museum we can get an idea of what it looked like what was inside its body and what he ate shortly before his death and much more.

the next scientific expedition to this cold harsh environment may well result in another sensational find remains of a cave lion been found close to the site where the chilcote kubel died.

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on r t the world's finances got a grim forecast from the i.m.f. as europe's debt. credit downgrade the u.s. is accused of being too hasty with cuts we've got the latest ahead. also just before the palestinians appealed for a seat at the u.n. israeli military forces against pro palestine supporters probably all the rest is coming from the other side. growing fears of violence as his lady said just take the into the own hands and march towards palestinian villages join me in a few moments and i'll bring you more. to new york president obama seeks to post libya's new leadership of the general assembly by pointing out progress in the country but nonetheless questions over whether nato his actions in libya complied with the u.n. resolution loom large. and there's been such an amount of bad news recently that the market didn't really react on the downgrade of the swing.