i'm christine for. the faraway line from where human life is ruled by nature. of planet earth is scarcely preserved by the per. inch ramona modes lie hidden in the deep permafrost. and for those of you with them restored times are still not over. if. he is he gave. his name. says.

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before it's paralyze mother down one of the most extreme regions of russia you can get to the most remote parts of to costa and you're cuccia from here. these researches are off to what may well turn out to be a sensation they know that something unusual has been found on the banks of one of the rivers in the country's north the scientists want to see whether the find is indeed as unique as they have been led to believe if it turns out to the truth the scientific community will get an intriguing glimpse to what life on earth was like thousands of years ago. expedition will travel across western chukotka northeast and your kuta a wealth of remains of extinct animals dating back to the ice age is hidden beneath the permafrost

a number of fossils tusks of people found here. however the find that the researches are after is something special a prehistoric bison completely mummified by nature. of which some forty mummified animal remains have been found in the world since biology became a science two hundred years ago some twenty of them are more or less in good condition all the others are just fragments legs skulls and the like are only two bison have been found over the years one in alaska and the other here you know from what i've seen much more is left of this one this is why it is more valuable for research because. some time ago geologists found in a ray of mammoth fossils in this out of the way part of russia. it was the world's first and most large scale expedition of its kind scientists believe the area is full of relics from the late pleistocene e pok that period came to an end some eleven thousand years ago at approximately

the same time the last remaining mammoths died out on the rest of the continent leaving behind their tusks for mankind. material which is this organic to tissue called then seeing is really remarkable stuff. for a few and this is a large front tooth for a mammoth. it was an extraordinary animal the people who live thousands of years ago were aware of its useful properties. they use the stuff to make the first tools utensils even works of awesome people have always been fascinated by the material before. which of course courageous village of a new risk has a population of about five hundred and just situated on the banks of the molly and lily river. nearly all the villages that spend the brief summer in the tundra anti-god tending reindeer hunting and fishing from here the expedition heads for the site where the primitive bison was found snippets of

id to show to do what the man who steers the boat tells it was the propeller made brush against the river bed in shallow places prefer happens don't panic the people know the lay of the land well and they'll tell you what to do if need be it's good you. could here you can easily get around by water people mostly use like white boats for the purpose of explorers should be aware of the difficulties that local rivers have in store. there are geologists biologists and paleontologists among expedition members travelling to this remote cold environment has been a cherished ambition for many of them. since its formation several thousand years ago the mallee and we river has kept many secrets about the ice age in a way it's banks. it's the blade across the there is an abundance of animal fossils

here even if people were to come from all over to pick them up it would take several years to finish the job. the expedition camps out on a patch of land by the river. the cliff where the bison mummy was found is across its some local saw the animal when they were travelling past the place by boat at that moment a huge chunk of permafrost collapsed into the water to reveal the mom of five corpse to find was immediately reported to fyodor should love skiing he is officially licensed to collect paleontological objects in this area it was fielder who organized the expedition and prepared a camp for field research. she would then you know she today i think that we need to inspect the place and just relax a bit before we would like to move to that side because a technical story the beauty will do it you work in the evening everybody will come

up with a plan of their own and we'll correct everything with critique you. tagging along with the expedition is our county should love skiing both the son of the organizer and the youngest member of the group but all the others arrived he had already gathered a huge number of ancient fossils found in the area the group has taken a lively interest collection. this is a bison horn. will preserve because it was kept in a natural freezer. thanks a lot of credit let me show you how well done. work like that for another two days and then we'll send you back hard. at the moment this one squad interesting it's a mammoth it's tensile points are divided into three sections which points to its very old age such plates are often found in early elephants. the only mammoth is an extinct member of the elephant family during the ice age

woolly mammoths lived in most areas of eurasia or north america there is no trunks were smaller than those of modern day elephants but their tusks were much larger. it is speculated that such mammoths lived in groups led by older females current theory suggests that they became extinct key to climate change and the hunting. the last moments left in the late pleistocene epoch. today visitors are free to take a stroll in a park dating back to the place to see an era it's the result of the efforts of scientists. in fenced off one hundred sixty square kilometers of forest tundra shrubs lakes and swamps the park is situated seventy kilometers from the expedition's field camp in your courses ne the arctic ocean is only one hundred fifty kilometers away. the question of the water in the bog that was here fifteen

years ago never dried up today there is grass year so horses because the grass when it is the least twenty twenty five centimeters long if you are for bison is fourteen centimeters it can be assumed therefore the bison nibbled at the lower grass level as the trail behind a horse's. zimm of a mr reconstruct what he calls the mammoth step this ecosystem was predominant in the arctic of the late place to seen huge herds of large herbivores such as mammoths really rhinos running their horses bison used to graze here. why many of the species died out approximately ten thousand years ago is still unclear another ice age came to an end around the same time it gave way to swamps

and to address the ecosystem of mt steps in the north had completely changed and she would you think today's climate to you would suit mammoth steps admirably and seen my mind's eye animals creating pastures for themselves when you needed these wars and bison haven't seen one another for twelve thousand years but their genetic memory tells them after just a couple months of that they do you know one another i need i will recall the memories too are there they come that's the listening we want to build you are everything around here. two members of the expedition i live missy and feel the shuttle back of their job is to look for a mammoth tusks eleven fielder are together almost all the time when it comes to looking for fossils they part ways neil one wants to share his secrets with the other. of course there is steep slopes oh along the bank everybody knows that

mammoth tells can be found here although many people are on the lookout few actually find any you have got some secrets to keep what you need and his job is determination. the first step is a careful inspection of the steep slopes from a boat to molly and is a tributary of the river column on each spring rain water from melted snow flood the tributary over flowing water washes the bank away forcing permafrost to be treat as a result big chunks of rock tumble down into the water to expose ice bound missions deep inside. the world not first of all you must know what it looks like. you should look forward everywhere. i dream about finding a mammoth goal or perhaps my aim here of after all others have found such things.

only people whose job is looking for tusks know the telltale signs of where the high shallow waters of the best place for tots come to. with a great stroke of luck has found a tusk of impressive size. this one is easy to carry it only weighs about thirty kilograms. the. brain has brought work at the burial sites to an abrupt halt life in the camp has come to a standstill. wealthy british scientists. tirelessly.

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there was a lot of sunshine in the grass and i was close stronger with each passing day. when the i.c. nice with the bison being found melted away mummified animal was instantly moved into an ice house and we can show that we're about to enter a unique place it's a gift to people from the northern climates permafrost makes it possible to store food which if it's a remarkable place there's nothing special about this small ice house but it is unique nonetheless and now we get to see something even more exciting in science. the corridor and cells of the ice house will hollowed out by hand inside an enormous ice formation the walls and floor i'm a device each year they're sprayed with water ventilation is checked at the same time this makes it possible to maintain the low temperature and humidity.

experion usually warm this summer in chicago. the permafrost flare began to degrade and rapidly melt away and we feared we might lose the bison buried in it. consequently members of might seem to get to this ice house as fast as possible. what with. specialists instantly try to find out what caused the animal's death bisons tail stands upright instead of being pressed against the body is in direct sign may indicate that it quickly suffocated many others have theories of their own . sure there might have died when the spinal cord or skull was suddenly fractured. in other words it might have been buried under falling rock or. also it could have fallen through a crack and. still when we were moving it into this cell i was saddened to see that

one of its horns have been severely damaged i do you know rourke there's a crack at the bottom of the boat. and that means that the skull must have suffered a serious injury. either this happened after its death or it was the cause of it started. chances are something helped it landed a natural trap. that's possible and we know that lions were around here at the time it's true permafrost has done an excellent job of preserving the bison soft tissues and even characteristic smell. pretty strong smell there yes it smells like a cow fantastic you know. as far as can be see there are no major injuries of the bisons body according to a tentative assessment the bison die join the pleistocene period its body has spent around thirty thousand years on the forest. floor the scientists are delighted to

see that here the bison is in the sort of environment that existed thousands of years ago. some of them are working on the bank today. he would know they're out to get as much information as they can when they're on the frontline as it were. the summer heat has radically changed the shape of the cliff where the prehistoric bison was found two scientists have lunch at that boat not far off on the five burial place. would be with me this is where the nominally poison was found we need to establish when and how the animal delayed and the natural environment it was typical of that. period where to begin with you will agree to be. the cleft contains clay with peach streaks in it this is the best material a radio carbon measurements radio carbon dating will help establish the period of when the bison lived clay accumulated during cold periods where as pete formed the

air when the climate became warmer. or she was disturbed this is pete here you can find anything you like draws insects and little twigs such bird was more than. the bison may have been in a bog like this one and you. might be and will need to find out whether this kind of piece. is also on the other side of the bank with a. camel do you think the ripples in this formation date back to those times i'm sure they do it highlights the relief of the period between the period when our bison lived. in a lake with riddle's and that the bison was in a nice situation in one of the pete's top players one thing is crystal clear it was not a natural death otherwise insects would be eaten up with my son's body scientists speculate that after the bison died most quickly enveloped as polly and saved it

from predators the natural deep freeze prevented it from decomposition. was was not . disposable the tell of might have been swept away by floodwaters and brought him up three years and she would be surprised if most of being too weak to resist the flood i thought for when they saw you i thought also the small amount of points to a building process is about watching it with that the voice is body was in fact in a swamp it is going to go actually so emotive droned it feel like you. ancient fossils tusks found in this area are unique materials. this is a standard but workshop it contains a wealth of natural specimens and manmade they can reach. the moment we revere mammoth tusks more than any other bones with their valuable

if only because they were underground for thousands of years before somebody chanced upon them or them would you know and the objects we make from them will survive for hundreds of years to delight people. therefore we treasure mammoth tusks. but don't call this concept forward to make the stakes a full tea cup cannot be done all compositions are unique works of ott it is impossible to fake or imitate each object costs a lot of money all of the world's monex connoisseurs and both the collectors untrue dish and all figurines of mammoths made from tusks the moment mammoth tusks and fossils are preserved in permafrost out of the woody frozen earth begins following the test be composers. since the thought i should be but tusks are residing in permafrost like this one are absolutely intact because when the wood sort of just.

this is one of the permafrost areas so gazing off the scientist founded the northeastern research station the rocky bank of the colin myler river it takes four and a half hours by air to get to you and their city is enough laboratory attracts scientists college students from all over the world. they are interested in zim of studies of come of frost anomalous undervalue the fact that the station is far removed from civilization nearly every summer college students come here from the united states to work on various international projects. where they live is that for a claim or own as well but where you go to school over the city this is a bit different than that and that's the lack. of.

twice to seen park is one of said gazing offs most ambitious projects in recent years he has been doing his best to bring in various species of ovals. these young elks are in for a long journey from a small pen to freedom. but. easier if you take away the shell k. there you go. future. ahead of him looking forward bess it take that back well to our viewers if they've been around for a month one of the else was very sick and we have to work hard to know our seemed back to health. now that there are fewer mosquitoes here there are skin to be released into the pork ok cool.

place to seem pock is at the very heart of permafrost forty kilometers from the station. during the summer it can only be reached by boat the elks are transferred to the motor boat with utmost care. zim off is always at the wheel on such occasions. this is not the first time that he has used the smallness of boat to transport tunnels. the place where i live is the world's least accessible point economically speaking or the method of transport costs more than anywhere else we brought the must buffaloes by motor boat from bronco island. the young adults of become accustomed to humans and learn to trust them for that reason they patiently wait for the chance to go free. park staff carry the animals

by hand from the bank to the pen. but with full their lead into the wild they will go through a period of a climatized nation. to hold. off the leaves that the devil was conceived by in these rigorous conditions moreover they can radically change the landscape. all over a could and should be an open landscape with scatter tribes who shoes for trees tiny brusa lakes and streams of grass why do they mow the grass and quarts you may ask that's because there were millions of early wars in the old days you know that there was a brass was there staple food that's the sort of landscape that man is used to i'm comfortable here no i'm trying to recreate the natural environment in which my distant ancestors lived.

so cool the arctic steps existed in the north thousands of years ago an abundance of food to try to numb a certain other have those here early man quickly followed suit. today most of the people living in this rugged region of mine precious metals. this is a gold mining field in chukotka in russia's far east ironically it is the cause of the gold industry that now months of being found scraping off the top layer of permafrost in search of mineral wealth revealed these prehistoric mains but sometimes they emerge naturally.

he noted that people don't know why permafrost sometimes looks to forms it's because there's a foreign object lying underneath which has been there for tens or even hundreds of thousands of years and all the sudden permafrost begins spirit out in the end the object shows up in the midst of tundra edging for the place of several millimeters a year. over the course of many years the majority of unique prehistoric objects have been found in the permafrost they have been dug up in the russian far east altai on the southern europe. these remains of a woolly rhino cave bear bison among the five horse legs and a complete one year old mom of all give us an idea of what these prehistoric animals look like. the fossils of primitive predators provide unique

material for studying animal d.n.a. from the ice age. the mummified two called kabul is widely different from all known fragments of prehistoric hoofed animals. scientists have concluded that it is the world's most complete mummy of a bison it is much better preserved than flu baby the famous mummy of a bison found in alaska. at the summer. this is a true scientific sensation such fines are absolutely unique when something similar is found it is just fragments in most cases but this is a perfect color as a for boys or we can get an idea of what it looked like what was inside its body and what it a child had before his death and much more. the

next scientific expedition to this cold harsh environment may well result in another sensational find remains of a cave lying been found close to the site where the trail culpable. wealthy british style. market finance got.