one thirty pm in moscow these iraqi headlights are red cross calls to be allowed to evacuate the wounded in syria and bring in medicine with moscow adding its voice for a daily ceasefire human rights groups find the u.s. kept sending afghan detainees to prisons where evidence of torture had been discovered this despite a ban of such transfers last july claims of new abuse had already surface u.k. construction workers demand justice if they find out police helped lead them out of the legal blacklist after campaigning for safer jobs up next a look at why despite agreeing to disarm some nuclear states continue ignoring

treaties they've signed stay with us. the follow up from the french tests went beyond the polynesian islands it caused outrage in new zealand which took the lead in the anti-nuclear movement and became a black sheep among western countries yes unlike any other country new zealand refused to rely on nuclear weapons for its security but here nuclear technology is there it's the law. i think a lot of the young people feel trapped i bet is it instinctually policy that people will come complacent and feel that and so on recife there are these other issues i mean a lot of people to say people in the peace movement has to be sent out it means gravy it's the sounds of it it's what people think. even in new zealand it's difficult to find young people concerned about this issue they are more sensitive to the melting of the antarctic and he wants to revitalize the aging pacifist movement and i'm

working at peace foundation in my role as the used outreach coordinator. but recently i meet taxi to the pacific youth pistol and facing all these amazing people from twenty seven different countries in the pacific and i felt for the first time in my life that new zealand was not remote and that we were big you know he had to. sort things out the pacific garden country. i was pushed out. the basics of just mother she's been around during peace activist last starts in my blood and i feel a sponsor for the sea to continue that way. i have this funny memory of mum buying a crane piece sticking to it put on it when the news of the rainbow warrior and the fake terrorism. however on a part that was on

a peaceful mission and really sort of shocked while tears living in a safe country i think it's the younger generation that teaching the next generation a legacy of hunt really there's a saying that we have given young people especially on actually policy because this treaty is since we actually passed the law and we want to young people to know about the law because any was only four when the law was passed. from the old tyson's hands i could see a fix to just say most workers. and that's. what. i have here is. that things were. not on the surface when the family say they knew that the it's all right. listening to the stories both people that mum and. peacemakers in israel and they've done cause me hard and i think that i've seen what ordinary citizens can do to make

a difference and i feel that i can try. to prevent the young people from feeling a sense of powerlessness the pacifists remind them of the long crusade that made their country nuclear free and either confirm or deny you can feel the pride in me that we had governments and politicians prepared to go on those boats to go out there and actually protest it was something we did as ordinary citizens working with governments you've got a partnership model is an unusual i think right around the world. to notice it took another twelve years to get along a government that actually ran on a nuclear ticket and won. and then it was consolidated by the stupidity of the french in thinking but they would somehow stop this problem by bombing the rainbow warrior and what it did instead was it absolutely cemented it hope. it's important to remember that the british and australia on aboriginal

lamed for that that came from near actually came over to new zealand not just from what was happening by the french and to even. the british preceded the french from the pacific beginning in one nine hundred fifty two they tested their way into the very restricted. by the u.s.s.r. . with the assistance of the australian and new zealand military here is even just fiction studied. the results demonstrated the presence of elevator. actions and if i can use. so they're basically saying i have suffered daily damage . when we spoke recently as a national conference here on disarmament when the daughter of one of the likely to st trinian's spycatcher father was too ill to speak and she talked about growing up with that fear of having a child born formed even in new zealand because of the effects of radiation from.

exposed to nuclear to some of this in fact. that i'm lucky. i have three children. and i don't live with the thing. i was through was normal until i until i got disco and it's on the mess around so it would appear. and i said because it's a mother's a take. and then i'll say i and my mom tried to stop nuclear. because it happened just. proclaimed as a mixed navy commander now working at the department for security theater back in the one nine hundred seventy s. when i was in and submarine helicopters i was required to train my

air crew in using was neutered up bob we were given. if we ever had to release it but from a helicopter we could not escape for it doesn't exist so it was a suicide mission i asked a few questions i was reassured that we probably would never really have to use it if it shocked me but i was ambitious no one else was complaining i were told that this is the only way that britain could keep independence i realize that. only later many years later of. this was completely untrue. as a new conference against nuclear weapons i was looked upon with great school by the . peace movement in britain i tried to explain first i was not a psychopath my friends were not psychopaths and we were professional military men . who thought very deeply about what we did but i did agree with them the nuclear

weapon master it was an aberration. i'm trying to think. he had a conscience to do something about it and i can i can imagine a crowd around its merits. and i just can't imagine and i think i'm so now so passionate about what he does that i just said not to rob well it's the ultimate cautionary tale but probably say nothing like cover it. always tend to overdo it because you really understand you know which he wrote spain proposed the pentagon. those will fail don't worry we have everyone well trained we have plenty of safety systems there can not be a accidental start of an open air war but no through weapons are built to be

used the risk is not zero that something might be going off by mistake especially with the thousands of nuclear weapons on hair trigger alert l.e.o.'s done in russia in the united states. i think it's eleven upon make bombs accidentally. we dropped off of strain we have dropped one nuclear weapon in a marsh here in the united states now still there was never a thought that we knew if you kill or weapons are such a huge issue with such high risks associated with on that there's a natural tendency to play both sides usually they say they're coming back but at the same time they maintain extremely high numbers of weapons. given the number of near misses we are lucky to still be here the activists are convinced that an

accident is pending ok and that the only valid security system is the total abolition of nuclear weapons and ninety six when we began to swell project idea there was a stream if you see i'm going to clean it with friends and we go in everywhere else in the world to try going to the world course we could get the conscience of the ordinary citizen around the world saying these are against the moral conscience of people it's an illegal to use nuclear weapon tomorrow and the drain was easy to get it through the u.n. and into the world court and that eventually these weapons would be declared illegal as we had done in our country and thank goodness that we were dreamers and i'm realistic and. we will post the sense of how this could happen but the real sources are international law a pattern treaties customary international law and the general principles of law recognized by the legal systems of the world. that way categorical on the banning

of nuclear weapons and the legality of nuclear weapons the fact that nuclear weapons cannot be used either by way of a strike or by way of threat you know to mostly. threat or use of force. by means of nuclear weapons and that these bomb treaty article two of the united nations charter and article fifty one. is unlawful. nucular deterrence says we have nuclear weapons but our goal is not to use them. and our goal is to have them at our disposal. this means that we are not in the realm of the real we are in the realm of the virtual need don't know we're here in history whether it is

contrary to international law or even to have in one's assonance this rippon because the purpose of the weapon is to use it i that as a threat or as an actual weapon the nuclear powers or alliances like nato still rely on nuclear deterrence which is threat and so the fight continues i was on a panel with a senior advisor to the british government about nuclear policy and he's pro nuclear. and we were debating about. the well court opinion and whether nuclear deterrence was legal and he was extremely cynical he said that . it was a mistake to go into the courts but governments would ignore it and that's true they have. and the other thing he relied on all the time was he said and of course we never actually will have to use them and this to me is the heart of the problem

but the people who promote you're going to terence is that if they try to plan will ever use the names terms doesn't work that we're in it would argue that terence does mean use of state is a use of a nuclear weapon to actually threaten to use them and that's when you need to that will cause the first time you want to get that threat here and the spinning it was the south pacific you know is in the activist that i get to have threesome clued in their original question is if you have to give a threat then the. nuclear states could barguti well we're only relying on terence which is a threat and so when architectures i waited for him and. me to from here is going to go back to the court process was mentioned. at the time the judges think we need unanimously on the requirement for total nuclear disarmament the activists are fighting talbott opinion on. this based on. what i understand that the law is and others wanting to do is to use the unanimous

part of the opinion and i wanted to say to news on how can we make that stronger how can we you know what are they doing that state practice that is still illegal. is that your understanding of it is i mean that they're looking for some new lever to put more pressure on the your states to comply and design completely not just to reduce yes on nuclear weapons in fact it's reverse since the world court says and the americans particularly have come out and said that. they see new roles for nuclear weapons and so we're back to almost like a sort of cold war situation again but with the war on terror instead and so it's going to be far more difficult to get governments to put their heads over the parapet of the nonproliferation treaty does provide a framework for the threat of destruction inspections for the cold war assigning

sinar states a bit greedy think good phrase if it's terminal a limited nuclear weapons and i'm not moved up to that and now of course we focus on regulations by which those who are like policemen on the word scene and talk of the nuclear powers they are violating this very law which they want other countries to observe now where if a policeman but it's the law you cannot expect the rest of the world to come play be a lot of the only system that would work would be one better is perceived to be nondiscriminatory and fair and equally applied to all countries one approach that is followed these days is you know dividing the world between friends called them court good countries and court and court bad or rogue countries or evil to do with that approach doesn't work it doesn't pay too much to remember that in the one nine hundred eighty three dabbles then in iraq was

a friend of the west. pretty much the right intelligence agency and the invasion of iraq would spur nuclear proliferation and her. for good reasons these are the only deterrent others have and nobody's going through the united states where. you are spending goes much of the rest of the world from north and spending so you only read some of the turning. point and. the activists are understandably anxious as a result of the nuclear posture review in this classified u.s. military documents the security guarantees that protected countries without nuclear weapons against a nuclear offensive are cancelled a strategy of action is being adopted in addition to deterrence so the arsenals must be upgraded to make it easier to use france and britain have responded with

surprising enthusiasm to this nuclear renaissance that the united kingdom is going to pretend that it needs nuclear weapons for its survival or its security who is attacking the united kingdom some have got the very strange idea that because there's terrorists in the world we need to have nuclear weapons can they use nuclear weapons against terrorists and it will that not be rather like shooting musk eaters with camels i think the british would make a much bigger splash in the history of the world if they decided that they let the program expire we are still fighting the poli war between britain and france because when i finally cornered. any senior british military man these days and ask him why do you need nuclear weapons they say every time it's nothing to do with security it's nothing to do

with the russians it's due to the french we cannot allow france to be the only european nuclear power. and there is this fear but britain will become like president if they wanted free they would be of no consequence in the world. even though i do this where it i constantly get overwhelmed minute discussion that we were having talking about the reality of next here we pins on the streets sometimes i just want to curl up a list i've had enough. and lose heart at the same time i think. something has to be time and a fireman to persist that i can do something i well. i mean now that's generations without the middle of the woods and things and prices and now you guys but among the people for. a movie night go out there because he's such. a also for just

names on fridays to get the song you mentioned if you can sign it and i was ashamed . that belonging enthusiasm which comes from. proceeds you go on and people solidarity emerges from it which i don't think exists so much among young people not it's not it just. doesn't it's before the invasion of iraq there were millions of people protesting and still you know there's a million people around and i'm here to say winter water so i mean it's not necessarily it's you go to commits the public street maybe or because certainly we're going to be afraid here we're going to be here and what i think we really should really try to trace and i think the mobilization that would occur would be huge many steps here like no one's taking you or anything like that because it's kind of a feeling it's still there to kind of pace. it so there but i also think that

a lot of young people that aspect might be interested in some of these issues but not complacent and they're overwhelmed by all of us here is a member of the media and we don't. need the support the peace movement can say to humanity you know if you keep spending a trillion dollars a year on weapons of venture you're going to blow everybody up you can you know people are dying from these weapons but until we actually see it people don't don't wake up to it. in two thousand and six canadian activists trying to drum up public interest in nuclear disarmament worldwide military expenditures had risen to more than one trillion dollars this was a traumatic event for those who took to the streets during the cold war. and you know clearly from the early ninety's. it's probably. as the largest and most effective nonviolent and smooth that history and successful m m of the united states was moving towards sharp increase in offensive

nuclear capacity arms and it was forced to back down and fight of the reagan administration has forced them to talk to the rhetoric of the peace movement and in order to continue with their programs that's we're out of the store we're just wonderful and we're not playing tackle any woman who richest going to be able to eliminate nuclear weapons if you measured the peace movement by the number of people who march in one thousand nine hundred to the one million marched and central park in new york at the height of the cold war. last year there were forty thousand who marched at the heat review conference of the nonproliferation treaty well the big difference in numbers true. last it's. significantly but the lesson there are some clear.

treatable things i want to. say the importance of nuclear proliferation the very latest. there even though we're concerned with what a surprise to discover a fifteen year old concerned by the outcome of the nonproliferation treaty is name is rafael even though. i'd just like to say that you and your speeches right now sir let me ask. you to. make the case. rights to one side actually found out that it was three different people who really made that clear to me speakers. and. it's heart beat and i watched it smash were very last stages of use paper all the way from new york. she is an activist disarmament educator producer your advisor on the list just keeps going is there a warm welcome for kathleen. ok the effectiveness of

a social movement is sometimes very surprising and hard to track but it also depends on the creativity of the of the social movements themselves in the activist involved with ideas and images and stories and that's why we sailed with boats in the nuclear tests they've kind of surmised that all the weapons used in the second world war are equivalent to three megatons that includes the two nuclear weapons used here steam and other saki all the bombs in the bullets. that represents all of the firepower of the second world war ok so now i'm going to give you another sound and this second sound is the equivalence firepower of the world's nuclear arsenal today.

the only way forward that would make sense and would stop this mad rush for seeking the capability to make nuclear weapons is for those countries that have nuclear weapons to find a way to give them up and to rely full security on non-nuclear means. when i say

america rushed over the past couple of weeks five or six countries have indicated that made might be interested in developing a capability to enrich uranium australia canada ukraine kazakhstan south africa. these countries that's sad why should they be left behind canada is interested in the small level of richmond very far away from a nuclear weapons capability but the technology for enrichment nonetheless is the same we sometimes for for to work as a latent proliferation you put in place all the technologies to make nuclear weapons but you stop at a much lower level. orders today as part in all this we were third world good with our dedication to peacekeeping as a percentage of gross domestic product and now drop down to late. we used to be

leading the world in the battle against nuclear proliferation and we were little leading countries in the world in the battle against the weaponization of space canada has very little space in which to. make progress because. it's a member of nature and nature is a neutral lots just like matthew but the sun alters clearly mania for portugal but there's bolasie military policy has been changed dramatically and we canadians are big trouble in terms of birth historical commitment to peace and to serve women. ever. thing is in place to proceed with disarmament one hundred eighty eight countries committed to disarm they said a shining message that goodwill could prevail but so far the governments choose to spend billions perfecting this terminal threat rather than fighting poverty or global warming. to future generations heirs to the thousands of bombs be as lucky

as their parents will be live without seeing a nuclear explosion either by accident or by design maybe maybe not. but until the treaties and international law are on. the bond between.