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jack goldstone a us writer around sociologist specializing in many things including global population trends and also the cultural origins of economic growth it's great to have you with us here today thank you now even before that you were inception some skeptics were coming out and putting out arguments on why the euro wouldn't function and besides to economic arguments there were also saying the cultural differences were the huge problem between the different states saying that labor habits are different spending and saving practices are different and many other reasons so how much of all of this is actually playing in to the economic and political divide that we're seeing right now in the european union the euro was invented really as part of a program to overcome nationalism where nationalism is perhaps an excessive attachment to some of those cultural differences that you mentioned the problem

with the euro i don't think lies in the cultural differences it lies in the lack of a unified institutional framework for banking and financial decision making but have has the problems with the euro now magnified the cultural differences and the problems in country cultural differences well unfortunately when you have an economic crisis and national politicians try and find a solution it's always tempting to try and find a solution that respects the cultural differences because those are often the strongest feelings that people have in a crisis there are two ways to go with regard to the current euro crisis one is to build institutions for a european banking supervisor and a european financial administration and european leaders are working on these the other direction to go is to emphasize the differences among european countries and try and tailor. the way the euro functions to respond to those differences.

there will be some of that because we're seeing deals with spain and with greece we saw deals with ireland and portugal all of that does respond to those feelings of cultural difference but i think in the long run the whole goal of the euro is to minimize the impact of those cultural differences on people's standard of living and on their financial environment a couple of quick questions arise right away talking a little bit more on cultural differences yes we see different european leaders work on a common solution to save the or to save the unity of the european union but still it seems so heart to find an agreement is specially if we see how germany is reacting to greece and how the u.k. is opposing the e.u. financial policies for example so is it a lack of trust or is it yet once again the cultural differences that really come

in the way of their finding the common solution there are cultural differences but they're not just european national differences if that was the only issue then the united states as one nation would be able to solve its policy problems by agreeing on a solution as you know the united states right now is very divided between republicans and democrats who have different ideas about how to solve our economic problems and so very little is getting done in europe germans have a belief that the way to solve the problems is by more saving and more fiscal discipline the southern european countries believe the way to go forward is to promote economic growth and not worry so much at this moment about the debt those differences are very similar to those between american democrats an american republicans well from the latest of french president francois hollande has said that europe. must advance at several speeds so some believe that we would be seeing

the inevitable the emergence of the two tyreke europe i think there is a possibility i've written about that myself at the moment the levels of productivity in different european countries are large one can compensate for that with a unified set of financial structures but then that will take time for those structures to overcome the differences the instant way to say ok we have differences in productivity let's have a marked difference in the financial system for different countries and that would require splitting the euro whether it's a two tier system or a different access system or even perhaps in some extreme cases a return to national currencies and you've been bringing up the united states a lot we are going to have presidential we are going to have presidential election in the us and yes we are domestic economy very much in focus at this point and

although the united states economy is exposed to europe when you look at it willy hasn't taken a toll on it as much as one would expect why is that did open obama just get plain lucky well i don't want to argue about whether obama is lucky or not there's a lot of evidence that he is unlucky and there is a lot of evidence that he has good luck we'll find out which is true when the election actually occurs but as regards the american economy the obama administration spent a lot of money on stimulus indeed if you look at net spending in the united states it has been much stronger since the onset of the recession in two thousand and seven than in most european countries european countries have been living according to their belief in austerity so they have reduced government spending and they have raised taxes the united states was not able to raise taxes and did increase government. now there is an argument about which is the best approach to restore

growth i really believe what the american experience shows is that you shouldn't raise taxes during a recession you should increase government spending and the reason european countries have had greater trouble is they have done what i think shouldn't be done they followed a policy before the recession was over i remember president obama got a great deal of criticism in the very beginning when he actually went for the stimulus packages and for the injection of stimulus and to the american economy but then again and it worked out like you said it worked out better than it did in europe but then again can the measures that are taken to. fix the american economy be taken in hero ken going to say measures to fix you up as well or you do what you do need to have different approaches because it is two different things still there are different things europe essentially has a double problem they have how do we get southern european and northern european

economies to move in the same direction and for that i think the answer is don't pursue austerity pursue growth and then there's a second problem of once countries are all moving in the same direction can you fix the european financial system and create united structures so that this problem doesn't appear again as it may appear in the next economic difficulty if the current division among national financial systems isn't isn't fixed as the author of the over book on global population trends you have argued that the most important thing is really the distribution of population now that the rich economies are really out of steam and the global economic crisis god knows how long it will stay around will these sick commie sexual be capable of absorbing. even new scores of immigrants as they were. for the last century well i think there's

a third adjustment that europe has to make aside from responding to the existing crisis and improving the unity of financial structure and that is europe has to adjust to the reality of zero population growth. europe after all was the fastest growing part of the world for much of the nineteenth century and even into the twentieth century and yet we're looking at a twenty first century in which most european countries will have very little or no population growth that means the structure of welfare health care pensions housing all is going to have to change now i am seeing very hopeful signs in many european countries that they recognize becoming more open to immigration and doing a better job of integrating the recent immigrants that they already have are going to be very important for restoring economic growth so i don't think there's

a choice there i just think it's a question of how soon does europe accept the reality that its population needs to be supported by immigration and that that's going to provide more of a benefit not a threat keeping in mind everything that you've sat i mean if everything goes by your scenario. and america's still today being the best places on earth to leave according to living standards. will they be america and europe be able to sustain their living standards like they are today i think they'll be able to sustain them to a good degree because they have the technology and the capital but it will take sensible economic policies if europe and the us continue to spend way too much on public benefits like pensions and don't pay enough attention to research and education to raise the productivity of future workers then things will decline so

there is the risk that we got it wrong on the other hand there's no reason that european and american people and companies won't profit from the growth that takes place in places like china and india it's already a global economy so i think the prospects are good but let me also. say even though places like shanghai or mo by may not be as rich as london or paris they have their own attractions being at the center of something new and exciting and growing fast can we just as attractive as being in a place like zurich that has a lot of old but stable well jack goldstone thank you very much worse interview a pleasure to be here thank you very much. looking at some jokes you simply do not believe they come speak and goodness how they can wrong oh. it's an international sled dog race with

those driving the dogs. coming from as far away as a strand in canada and the us they come to russia and everybody is so very friendly they welcomed me with open arms and the scenery is so beautiful it's very much like a laska and so i felt at home the first black dog was brought here from australia now let's try and come to this remote russian village to take part in the race it's not surprising they love it this trail are amazing but even more amazing is the story of how racing first started here atoll it wasn't the tough. grazing who set the trail ablaze but a nun and four old friends who brought their dia to life. five years ago of a bill to dock kennel in the village kids from the local open h. came round to take care of the dogs and one day they state their life might seem

extreme to some the boys wake up at six to feed to the dogs before school in the evening they spend up to three hours training baffle legged friends but smother purse kibble also encourages her kids to become depth hands on the computer and internet the boys who regularly update their websites and they're in touch with the busy maga twenty four seven on the phone. but children are the most important thing my only interests not play any rule any more and regardless of whether part of schemas huskies window race or not she hopes the competition will take place in the village next year. but called these dogs and the children it really is not the winning but actually just the taking part that counts.

the headlines at odds he has billions in corporate donations make the us presidential campaign the most expensive ever some americans a belief whoever they elect will end up being wall street as wall street will be the way. russia's foreign minister heads out of international powers for refusing to negotiate with all sides in the syrian conflict saying that talking to us is the only way to stop the bloodshed. not in my backyard plans to build up the boss because protesters worried that the islamic group developing it is aiming to radicalize a local muslim. sporting action is next with kind. and

i would thank you for joining me for the latest for this monday and here's what's coming up. referee reportage chelsea lodge an official complaint against referee mark clattenburg after the nine month blues lost three two at home to manchester united. while marched to the top to sky lead the way in the russian premier league after the only man win two one at carrick to leapfrog on the sheet. and giant steps san francisco when baseball's world series for the second time in three years with a corneal sweep of the detroit tigers. first a football and chelsea have lodged an official complaint against referee mark clattenburg as it's alleged he used appropriate language to two of their players during the blues controversial three two defeat at home to manchester united on sunday the players reportedly thought his comments contain racial overtones well

the game at stamford bridge was full of incident jealousies fernando torres picked up his second yellow card for supposedly diving after branislav a valid which was given his marching orders for bringing down actually young while the blues had to come back from to kneel down before the dismissals but obviously and then there is then scores of the wind up united doctor seventy five minutes although he appeared to be offside although when news united up to second in the table one point behind chelsea. but elsewhere p.c. ses last minute strike gave new consulate to one when i will west brom so it won't be to second bottom southampton two one and everton came back in two goals down to draw two two with liverpool in the merseyside derby with the red strike at lewis warriors having a last minute window ruled out for offside. it's a wonderful finish and should have. we should have this is or this is good and it will sort of deserve to be in a brilliant one for us and stood. for streets but the same time and very proved

look at my young team today in a real cauldron of an atmosphere that he stood up to everything against a very very experienced team and it was a terrific straightforward force. and this is the top of the english premier league table both manchester city and united are just one point behind leaders chelsea so most of all their forces followed by everton and then passed so. far meanwhile says sky coach len it's lecky praised his team's second half performance after the army men went top after coming from behind two into one up the tech brazilian i also had to push the chechen side ahead igor they have to near post. but suki found that levelled matters midway through the first half with a neat volley. and then with just two minutes to go pointers a virgin blue headed home the winner finishing off a free kick by fellow sweet rasmus elm to send the army when a point clear at the top terex they stay for. the meanwhile and he slipped

a second after their seven game winning streak came to an end with a two one defeat it will be the home side to the fourth when it leads to i like his mean. policy to try a broad energy level with sevenths goal of the campaign. but a cracker from after twenty minutes well that proved to be really is when i just because i'm side now up to seven. and after an appalling started i was go if it formed there was no victory of a clearly a severe tough it was their fourth win in five games russia strike i like sounds like a forward with the score only in the first half and kevin quranic was the provider . so this is how the top team stand after thirteen games discovery fraud and top spot so these are three points. in the army men want last year's runners up spot tag office. tennis now and serena williams powered her way past maria sharapova to

win the season ending w t a championship it's the certain time the american has claimed the title and she did it without dropping a set in istanbul winner soon as the world number three didn't face a single breakpoint against the russian and hit eleven aces on her way to eight six four six three victory sharapova was never really in it she was often overpowered by williams who smoked forty winners to thirty and includes an impressive second half of the season for the american after losing in the first round of the french open she's going to win wimbledon limpid gold and the u.s. open but she was modest about her latest crack. it was important you know it was another step in my career. so like that's what i wanted to do and it was it was my main goal. you know i'm playing really great tennis second half of the year and you know she certainly played a really consistent today and served really well it in get a chance to see a breakpoint today. but you know overall if there's a few you know

a little moments where it could have you know found myself back in the margin and then she served extremely well and took those opportunities away but overall it's been a great week for me. juan martin del potro is the man of the moment on the men's tour the argentine overpowered world number one roger federer in a street set to claim the swiss indoors title involved but earl was hoping to win his home event for a sixth time in seven years and was broken just once in the opening set but still lost six four six seven seven six after almost three hours on court also one in vienna last week. now the san francisco giants have won their second baseball world series title in three years completing a four game sweep of the detroit tigers the two teams were tied. three apiece at the end of the ninth inning stretch but it was the giants who came to the winning score in the tenth ryan three zero and single to right field advancing to second

base and brandon crawford sacrificed racing's on a challenge single by marcus we tolerate. giants closer so derided by ben took to the man who struck out miguel cabrera to seal the win and the club's sevens all time world series can. you know for us to play like we did against this great club i couldn't be prouder of these guys and you know to be world champions and to have out of the last three years it's amazing i believe me i know it difficult to gauge a good here and i could be prouder of a group of guys that we're not. going to be denied and. now rory mcilroy has avenged his world goal final defeat by tiger woods earlier this month after the world number one beats the second ranked american by a single shot in an exhibition jewel in china the world's top two players not towards about eighteen holes with mcavoy but i mean that's the form of the coming up just short of the shanghai mosses title on sunday and the northern irishman led

by three shots off the two bodies on the opening three holes the twenty three year old never try old butts off to being greeted by a model on the twelfth tee was chipped in for an attempt to birdie putts a couple of bogeys later on during the day for the fourteen time major winner as woods needed to hold the birdie from the bunco on the final hole but he just missed and michael royal well he tapped into his pod to secure a five under round of sixty seconds blowing the point fire going to tiger made a few thirty six on the back nine and i just tried to keep my nose or trying to you know as it was it was a great exhibition i think everyone here enjoyed it and you know their want to come out and play they had a bunch of fun watching us you know play you know some pretty good golf today. i find it twice ok and with eight weeks gone the n.h.l. lockout remains the cales again as alexander ovechkin strikes house the number

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