international and world in the very heart of moscow. hello and welcome to technology update living in our computerized world everything is driven by the push to be both smaller and faster at the same time nowhere is

this more evident than with the crim dollar crim or supercomputers if you like the world's fastest from just a decade ago wouldn't even crack the top five hundred today super computers are actually a part of our everyday lives even if we aren't aware of it for example at places like russia's main media or logical center these powerful machines are put to the test every day to crunch unthinkable amounts of data in order to give us a better glimpse of what weather awaits us they can be used for planning flights more efficiently and for getting a jump on potentially dangerous storms before they're obvious in the skies above the performance of such complex calculator. operations per second the most recent addition to ross hydra meds arsenal here is capable of up to thirty five teraflops or thirty five trillion calculations per second with the number of data points constantly on the rise researchers are in constant need of more processing punch. every two years new systems appear that have the same form factor that is they take up the same amount of space the most important. they use the same amount of energy

but have twenty to thirty times more processing power than previous generation. computers as we know them got their start in one thousand nine hundred. eighty three that was followed by the a.b.c. computer which employed vacuum tubes to implement the switches over computers didn't become super until nine hundred sixty five with the c.d.c. sixty six hundred it's a slippery definition but its ability to put forth half times faster than anything before it led many to label it the first supercomputer at the same time engine years put the finishing touches on the p.s.m. six armed with a forty eight bit processor and ten megahertz clock speed it turned out one per second. before seymour krait came out with the first computer bearing his name and since then has been considered the father of supercomputing in the west on the other side of the iron curtain. the same status with ten processors. and fast forward to today and only a few dozen countries are capable of producing computers of truly super power the

us has been there probably will continue to be the top dog here accounting for around half the names in the most recent power following a tough time in the one nine hundred ninety s. russia has made a major resurgence over the past decade although it hasn't been a straight shot to the top the direction is clear more machines in the top five hundred and more power packed inside and recently one russian machine broke the top twenty. and since two thousand and nine moscow state university has been the proud possessor of a computer designed and put together by a russian company called ti platforms the level of supercomputer made a splash on the world computing stage by clocking in as the twelfth fastest set up on the globe since it was installed the fast paced processor has had several upgrade and remains the top machine in the country and the most recent list have hit a peak of one point seven pair of clubs or one point seven quadrillion calculations a second. but all that processing power doesn't come easy fueling the lightning fast tabulations are so. two point eight make

a watts of electricity which is enough to power several thousand homes a large chunk of that is eaten up by the massive cooling system you see here because of that it's record of the green list with the top five hundred according to. each unit of energy offering three hundred twenty two mega flops of. the one all the way to one hundred eighty six in the green list there are several ways to keep supercomputers under wraps seem like the simplest set up but it offers the worst results in terms of heat exchange much denser liquid to as a better way to launch the heat away these of rains from relatively rudimentary to struggle on the processors to a new i.b.m. system the water hot spots are perhaps the most radical attempt to harness the cooling qualities of liquids as the crate to a waterfall system and then refrigerator directly onto its servers. that idea failed to gain traction immediately but out here amongst the slowly melting snow in russia the notion of

a fully immersed cooling system may be coming out of hibernation for that however more than just the country's north and climate. there's a team of researchers working to make sure that the globe's most powerful possible located a few hours to the north east of moscow much of that work is going on here at the program systems institute compared to many of the country's other stored universities it may seem like a newcomer having been founded in one thousand nine hundred four but since that time it's established a reputation as one of the centers of high powered computer tech. and all sorts of heights for example they're equipped to print their own circuit boards and it even dabbled in cluster computing solutions but most interesting for our purposes is their work and they feel that supercomputers they're the head organisation in an international partnership developing better and better processing machines under the name skiff program institute works with around. other

institutes and research centers in russia and. over the past decade that partnership has resulted in increasing supercomputers including at least into the top five hundred by any. technological capabilities have progressed concerns have become more serious and require new solutions if you reduce any electronic device in size it means that all the heat produced by it will no longer dissipate in a large area instead be constrained to a very limited space as a result you have a huge amount of heat and a very small area while previously as several rank used to give off twenty kilowatts of energy today that figure is up as high as one hundred kilowatts that's a colossal amount to haze it's simply impossible to deal with that much heat using traditional cooling methods using a ventilated system. with that in mind they've turned to the extreme solution of police emerged cooling together with a company called the engineer an entire system that maximizes the advantage of

liquid based cooling some of you might be thinking hang on wires electronic circuits submerged in water but this is specially designed not to support it doesn't conduct electricity it's an inert dielectric chemical composition that's both nontoxic and hypoallergenic the exact recipe for this cooling concoction remains a tightly guarded secret but they feel the chilling capabilities of their immersed system speak for themselves. a typical cool server requires about as much energy for the cooling system as it does for carrying out calculations which means energy demands are increased by one hundred percent but our system only requires as little as five to seven percent additional energy in other words it is some fifteen or twenty times more energy efficient than traditional cooling systems. according to those involved this was a true partnership between stores on the business side and programs in terms of engineering and in their minds this kind of cooperation is ideal business focused people often have an idea for

a finished product in the real world collective will not get it to that point i do mix on the other hand are great at finding solutions to complex problems but not always envisioning how that will find its place in the market after two years of work the teams have an experimental model that shows just what's possible when you take a plunge with their immersed system. given how hot of a topic supercomputer cooling is in the business there's some competition to be the liquid cooled champs of russia for example those at the joint supercomputer center at the rush how to me of scientists have turned to a more restrained technological a free flowing fluids founded in one thousand nine hundred six the center has been and continues to host a number of super powerful processing machines. built with much different much larger supercomputers and thanks to seemingly never ending technological innovations in this field this year size of these great calculators has nestle reduced while the processing power has expanded exponentially the example of this trend is groups. just in time for the most recent ranking intel

processors and co processors with each node. installed here cranks up more than five hundred teraflops at peak capacity using a miser one hundred eighty one plots in total they came in as the most energy efficient supercomputer in the world. per watt. reason why the liquid cooled systems are better they are compact an energy efficient but. here's how we handle this let me show you how we service a computer note first we disconnect the liquid cooling system through a quick disconnect couplings. next disconnect the network interfaces and take the no doubt that's it after that you can do whatever you need. for example replace the memory chips or handle a power supply units but hard disk. that's everything. their plates that push running water over the various spots on each node as the water swish it draws

the heat out and pushes on through the rest of piping and the liquid cooling the resulting set up is both environmentally friendly and allows for denser arrangements. the liquid cooling system enables us to place blade servers very close together in the server rack raising the computer performance to run to one hundred eighty teraflops per rank this is a record achievement of our step no one has been able to emulate so far additionally buying liquid cooling technology were able to move up to one hundred kilowatts of heat from each rock. groups work is attracting international attention leading minds in green supercomputing like jack dongarra paying a visit at the start of april he had nothing but praise for the computer that showed the theoretical possibility of a tin pitiful green machine. thanks to the technology that we use that is the standardised components and cooling plate we can assure that our product is readily available in terms of delivery time pricing and so on decides by using cooling

plates other than a network of pipes with many intricate connections it is much easier to assemble the device and increase its reliability since there are fewer connection points there are fewer potential defects and problems that could arise. bearing that in mind step by step these noisy and somewhat clutter old machines are giving way to the new generation of super computers and their super efficient cooling systems with more orderly set ups and with none of the blustery ventilation systems it's hard to compete with the new the silent and more powerful new kids on the blog but any computer soup or not is pretty much useless without memory while the principles behind moore's law have worked and gradually expand capabilities over the years some of the biggest breakthroughs have common starts and fits. from vacuum tubes to transistors way back when and with computer market today another major shift is already underway. shakeups to the old world order and storage has been the decline of hard disk drives in the idea of internal moving parts flash memory drives are

taking over much coveted market share they're already ever present in smartphones and tablets. laptops but even before this technology has had its full day in the sun a potential challenger is on the rise searchers at the moscow institute of physics and technology are pioneering investigations into what's called resistive memory short ok to just north of the capital the facilities here have been home to some of the greatest scientific minds in the country. professors have been awarded nobel prizes for back to the top of the. holy grail of electronics the best of two worlds of storage. right now we are working on what's called a storage class memory device by combining the hot performance of random access memory this hybrid would also be nonvolatile like a conventional hard disk and devices at the moment resistive memory is the best chance of becoming the next generation storage memory device.

so here in the lab their goal is to create a switch that can be used for storing info. with a simple silicon wafer on top of that a layer of metal is added it could be different but here. is one electrode of the eventual device on top of that there are specialized oxide layers added practically atom by atom they've chosen hafnium oxide. aluminum particles from there they add a layer of titanium nitrate as the final bread for their memory sandwich the end result is a roughly one hundred nanometers which functions as an on off switch and has major advantages over flash. even though there are no. arrangement than ministers which consist of only three layers instead of the ministers the switch is split but the resistance of the layer. up to ten to write and rewrite and roughly one to read only

a fraction of those figures furthermore this futuristic tech can also handle more rewrites its effect of lifespan can be stacked layer upon layer vastly increasing density and therefore storage capacity lastly resistive memory is faster than flash offering the rewrite speeds of less than ten seconds. the theoretical basis for been wrist has actually been around since the one nine hundred seventy s. it was then identified as the fourth fundamental circuit element after the capacitor resistor and inductor but it took until two thousand and eight before it could be demonstrated in real life by hewlett packard the wait was so long because of the time dimensions of the bits involved electron microscopes have to be used to merely investigate what was done in the previous stages needed to analyze things like exactly how often the size the molecular structure of the oxide particles. will take quite a while before we start implementing this technology in actual devices but we're working on this right now and perhaps we're already able to compete with hewlett packard talk of the most than those who first launched flash memory on the market.

could eventually start replacing transistor based drives in the coming years given the interest in the topic all around it shouldn't be too surprising that the researchers here in the moscow institute of physics and technology aren't even the only ones in their own labs working on memristor prototypes home to something called the common use center other academics regularly stop by to work through the early stages of their own designs in fact the unique combination of materials being tried out here is exhibiting some very interesting qualities which could help create truly realistic artificial intelligence. could hold for the future a research is that. they not only manufacture the equipment necessary for him. gating informing them restores but they also study designs themselves the structure of choice here is titanium oxide sandwiched between two layers of platinum at the moment they're trying out different edging patterns to see which could revolutionize how we view electronic devices. are now are just simple to create

analogs of semantic connection. brain sciences that is the communication element between neurons have a certain feature used yesterday and if you accelerate them often they actually change. stead of one sign that says seven take no develops your more so that the old saying that practice makes perfect is definitely true. one has to recycle something nearest times in order to memorize it means memory says a capable of doing exactly the same thing as you did developing quite rapidly now using them we can make a thinking commitment as capable of learning back up orders for us to recruit you. know there's much still not fully understood about restores and just what their future holds for ours but as technology advances and with all the work that's going on just around the russian capital we may not be that far off machines that think just like we do and that's an interesting thought indeed.

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welcome back to technology updates much of what you've heard and seen today. it wouldn't be possible without one integral part of the process or when it comes down to it it's interviewed arrangement of circuitry is a foundation around which all other bits and pieces are built. so there are a handful of world famous brands out there but many of you out there may be indeed to learn that russia boasts its very own high tech center a professional technically part of moscow district has long been the place to go if you're interested in tiny transistor tech over this wasn't always possible it wasn't a full fledged close city during soviet times the movements of people and technology from the area were somewhat restricted over the course of the last two decades though that has opened up and blossomed into the home for many of the country's leading high tech firms some one hundred fifty companies and organizations including two institutes have set up shop in the special economic zone designed around the areas of knowledge base there are many of great examples you can point

to the stars is which is russia's leading maker of me thinks micro from sim cards to our if i d. text integrated circuits in two thousand and twelve the company launched a new ninety minute meter production line but that mccrone is able to produce thirty six thousand two hundred millimeter wave per year certainly something to boast about but why exactly does russia need its own mighty microelectronics producer for that there seems to be a very good answer. is an economic as well as a political industry in the world and some well known instances different countries have the export of certain microchips most recently the us prevented the export of microchips destined for ti platforms russian supercomputer manufacture. with that in mind there are certain industries that really need to have technological independence the most obvious examples air defense systems it's difficult to protect your own skies with your own hardware if nobody were willing to send you

the insides as the same with satellite navigation. is the only true alternative to g.p.s. with full global coverage achieved in two thousand. the space race may be as dead as the cold war microelectronic hardware can still be considered sensitive information despite the fact it's often intended only for peaceful purposes and a great place to find some of the. exhibitions like the new electronic show which took place in moscow in march of two thousand and thirteen hundreds of companies and thousands of specialist to see some of the latest trends in modern microelectronics there are a number of interesting ideas some updates of existing to others entirely new for the more innovative devices was offered by a processor make of it has come up with a revolutionary way to get at the age old problem of how to best organize operations. a process that is a unique device which was designed on the basis of a multicellular architecture and had never been implemented in a process of prior to our product. existing processes that account for

a large share of the market worldwide based on the whole newman architect of the architecture however is different the. process is out there parallel action is significantly limited operations are ordered information can only be exchanged by the memory not between control units themselves. much more free flowing and crucially information to be exchanged between operations directly that having to go through the memory and then multiplex quest to make its mark in the marketplace for processors with one of russia's most in both innovation. as a member of the start of the organization space cluster now. co-conspirator in a company called sputniks also a skolkovo residents in the business of developing the next generation of satellite technology they believe in a kind of lego type of satellite mean that everything should be standardized an easy to build a proper set of pieces even

a simple office space they've got just about everything they need at their testing stand they check to see just how well the sensors interact with the software to make adjustments automatic. but the hardware that eventually gets put on board their miniature earth orbiters will have to do with conditions slightly more testing in the air conditions here. we cannot use ordinary processes like intel and a.m.d. and space and other complicated technical systems there is no earthly atmosphere which would protect them from solar radiation and the temperature range is quite broad therefore special solutions are required so that the machine could operate and function for some time this process is designed in such a way as to enable the parallel processes inside it's to happen on a multitude of cells and if something happens to one of those cells it doesn't fail just slightly slows down the results it's hard to disrupt its work. current models under development the latest chip wasn't ready for action it's reportedly

undergoing the final checks ensure that it can handle any climactic conditions thrown at it including those beyond the temperate environs of earth's atmosphere with the help of interesting if not innovative design. of space operations shift from state organizations to smaller more nimble teams and the trust rather than pure performance in mind microelectronics a brand name that stretches back half a century has come up with a new chip that removes the worry about hidden holes in security. with its roots in the institute that built the top soviet super computers spark technology has become one of russia's top chip makers and their most recent offering is the elbrus two s. plus becomes of the clock speed five hundred megahertz two cores and post processing power of sixteen. unlike any risk based processors out there plus relies on a compiler to execute parallel operations more effectively with that in hand they've branched out and have bigger targets in sight. than one of them on a q board our attempt to make quite cheap affordable computer based on our latest

developments that is the two s. plus and. what we. computer the k m four l bruce produced by one of russia's leading computer hardware makers craft the first batch of them has already rolled off the production lines there at the touch screen and could run either linux or windows while they offer performance on par with world leaders many who turn to do so for another less important reason at the moment we see that our main clients are primarily state and situations and organizations that are concerned about security issues since we developed the system from top to bottom meaning motherboards compiler. libraries we have what we call credibility we can guarantee that our product doesn't have undeclared capabilities so those interested in security would find our product attractive because. at

every step along the way these engineers seem to have security in mind whether be choosing a tried and true company like me grown to handle the actual production. of it's a potentially malicious program from gaining direct access to the memory the moscow center of sparc technologies ensures that safety doesn't take a backseat to outright processing power however in the world of microelectronics it's certainly not all doom and gloom with transistor sizes continuing to shrink this high tech industry is confidently striding into the future. well that'll do it for this edition of technology update as well as for my time as your humble host i'll be bidding you do catch the latest next time with the rest of the team and until then enjoy the ride.

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well i'm sorry washington d.c. here's what's coming up tonight on the big sure. new information continues to pour out about the other plans of the boston terrorist intent to carry out if they hadn't been caught but despite this new information republicans are saying that zocor are starting have it was read his miranda rights too early in the interrogation process republicans right or should sorry have had been read his miranda rights even earlier also the tragic explosion in west texas should be a wake up call for all of us join us the importance of effective regulation some people would see.