sixty six hundred it's a slippery definition but its ability to perform tasks ten times faster than anything before it led many to label the first super computer at the same time engineers put the finishing touches on the six. processor hertz clock speed they turned out one per second. before seymour craig came out with the first computer bearing his name and since then has been considered the father of supercomputing in the west and the other side of the iron curtain. the same status with ten processors. and fast forward to today and only dozen countries are capable of producing computers of truly superpower the u.s. has been and probably will continue to be the top dog here accounting for around half the names in the most recent brain power following a tough time in the one nine hundred ninety s. russia has made a major resurgence over the past decade although it hasn't been a straight shot to the top the direction is clear more machines in the top five hundred and more power packed inside and recently one russian machine broke the top

twenty. and since two thousand and nine moscow state university has been the proud possessor of eastern europe most powerful computer designed and put together by a russian company called ti platforms the love of supercomputer made a splash on the world computing stage by clocking in as the twelfth fast to set up on the globe since it was installed the fast paced processor has had several upgrades and remains the top machine in the country and the most recent list have hit a peak of one point seven pair of clubs or one point seven quadrillion calculations a second. but all that processing power doesn't come easy fueling the lightning fast tabulations are some two point eight make a watts of electricity which is enough to power several thousand homes a large chunk of that is eaten up by the massive cooling system you see here because of that it's reported the supercomputer almost never runs at full power as a result moscow state university plummets in the world standing when you. take

energy efficiency into consideration the so called green list rates the top five hundred according to how many. of each unit of energy offering three hundred twenty two of processing might be. all the way to one hundred eighty six in the green list there are several ways to keep supercomputers under wraps seem like the simplest set up but it offers the worst results in terms of heat exchange with. the heat away. to a new. hot spots. to harness the cooling qualities of liquids as the crate. system refrigerant directly onto its servers. that idea to gain traction immediately but out here amongst the slowly melting snow in russia the notion of a fully immersed cooling system may be coming out of hibernation. for that however

more than just the country's north and climate. there's a team of researchers working to make sure that the globe's most powerful processors don't get too hot to handle. located a few hours to the north east of moscow much of that work is going on here at a program institute compared to many of the country's other stored universities it may seem like a newcomer having been founded in one thousand nine hundred four but since that time though it's established a reputation as one of the centers of high powered computer tech. for example they're equipped to print their own circuit boards and even dabbled in cluster computing solutions but most interesting for our purposes is their work in the field of supercomputers they're the head organisation in an international partnership developing bigger and better processing machine under the name program systems institute works with around two other institutes and research center. in

russia and. over the past decade that partnership has resulted in increasingly sophisticated generations of supercomputers including at least five make it into the top five hundred by annual ranking. technological capabilities have progressed concerns have become more serious and require new solutions if you reduce any electronic device in size it means that all the heat produced by it will no longer dissipate in a large area instead be constrained to a very limited space as a result you have a huge amount of heat and a very small area while previously as several rank used to give off twenty kilowatts of energy today that figure is up as high as one hundred kilowatts that's a colossal amount to haze it's simply impossible to deal with that much heat using traditional cooling methods using a ventilated system. with that in mind they've turned to the extreme solution of police emerged cooling together with a company called stuart engineer an entire system that maximizes the advantage of

liquid based cooling now some of you might be thinking hang on wires electronic circuits submerged in water but this coolant is specially designed not to interact with server boards it doesn't conduct electricity it's an inert dielectric chemical composition that's both non toxic and hypoallergenic the exact recipe for this concoction remains a tightly guarded secret but they feel the chilling capabilities of their immersed system speak for themselves. a typical cool requires about as much energy for the cooling system as it does for carrying out calculations which means energy demands are increased by one hundred percent but a system only requires as little as five to seven percent additional energy in other words it is some fifteen or twenty times more energy efficient than traditional cooling systems. according to those involved this was a true partnership between on the business side and program systems in terms of engineering and in their minds this kind of cooperation is ideal business focused

people often have an idea for a finished product in the real world the technical know how to get it to that point academics on the finding solutions to complex problems but always envisioning how that will find its place in the market after two years of work the teams have an experimental model what's possible when you take a plunge with their system. given how hot of a topic supercomputer in the business there's some competition to be liquid cooled . for example those at the supercomputer center at the russian academy of sciences have turned to a more restrained technological a free flowing fluids founded in one thousand nine hundred six the center has been and continues to host a number of super powerful processing machines. built with much different much larger supercomputers and thanks to seemingly never ending technological innovations in this field the sheer size of these great calculators has massively reduced while the processing power has expanded exponentially example of this trend

groups. just in time for the most recent ranking. processors and co processors with each node. more than five hundred capacity using a one hundred eighty one killed in total. energy efficient supercomputer in the world. per watt. reason why the liquid cooled systems are better they are compact an energy efficient but. here's how we handle this let me show you how we service a computer note first we disconnect the liquid cooling system through a quick disconnect couplings. next disconnect. network interfaces and take the no doubt that's it. you can do whatever you need for example replace the memory chips or handle a power supply units. that's everything. inside the server racks

there are plates that push running water over the various generating spots on each node as the water swish it draws the heat out and pushes it on through the rest of the piping and. the resulting set up is both environmentally friendly and allows for denser arrangements. the liquid cooling system enables us to place blades very close together in the server rack raising the computer performance to run one hundred eighty teraflops per rank this is a record achievement of our step no one has been able to emulate so far additionally by using liquid cooling technology were able to effectively remove up to one hundred kilowatts of heat from each rock. groups work is attracting international attention. computing like jack dongarra pay a visit at the start of april he had nothing but praise for the computer that showed the theoretical possibility of

a green machine. thanks to technology that we use the standardized components and cooling plate we can ensure that our product is readily available and very convenient in terms of delivery time pricing and so on besides by using cooling plates rather than a network of pipes with many intricate connections it is much easier to assemble the device and increase its reliability since there are fewer connection points there are fewer potential defects and problems that could arise. that in mind step by step these noisy and somewhat cluttered old machines are giving way to the new generation of super computers and their super efficient cooling systems with more orderly set ups and with none of the blustery ventilation systems it's hard to compete with the new the silent and more powerful new kids on the blog but any. soup or not is pretty much useless without memory while the principles behind moore's law have worked and gradually expand capabilities over the years some of the biggest breakthroughs have come in starts and fits moving from vacuum tube to

transistors way back when and looking at the consumer computer market today another major shift is already underway one of the biggest shake ups to the old world order in storage has been the decline of hard disk drives moving on from the idea of internal moving parts flash memory drives are taking over much coveted market share they're already ever present in smartphones and tablets of muscle their way into all truth in laptops but even before this technology has had its full day in the sun a potential challenger is on the rise researchers at the moscow institute of physics and technology are pioneering investigations into what's called resistive memory or memristor is for short ok to just north of the capital the facilities here have been home to some of the greatest scientific minds in the country no less than eight former professors have been awarded a nobel prizes go back to the topic of this is called the holy grail of electronics they combine the best of two worlds of storage. right now we are working on what's called a storage class memory device by combining the high performance of random access

memory this hybrid would also be nonvolatile like a conventional hard drive disk and be much faster and less expensive than magnetic devices at the moment memristor based resistive memory has the best chance of becoming the next generation storage class memory device. so here in the lab their goal is to create a nano sysfs which they can be used for storing info the hours long process begins with a simple silicon wafer on top of that a layer of metal is added it could be any number of different ones but here they've chosen platinum this one's one electrode of the eventual device on top of that there's specialized oxide layers added practically atom by atom for this they've chosen hafnium oxide doped or imbued with aluminum particles from there they add a layer of titanium nitrates. the fine slice of bread for their memory sandwich the end result is a roughly one hundred nanometers thick memristor would function as an on off switch and as major advantages over flash. even though there are no moving mechanical

parts flash memory cells with their. arrangement. which consist of three layers instead of the switch is split by changing the resistance of the layer. to write and read write and roughly one to read the fraction of. furthermore this futuristic tech can also handle rewrites its effective lifespan can be stacked layer upon layer vastly increasing density and therefore storage capacity lastly resistive memory faster than flash to rewrite speeds of less than ten seconds. the theoretical basis for has actually been around since the one nine hundred seventy s. it was then identified as the fourth fundamental circuit element after the capacitor resistor and inductor took until two thousand and eight before it could be demonstrated in real life by hewlett packard the wait was so long because of the tiny dimensions of the piece involved microscopes have to be used to investigate

what was done in the previous stages needed to analyze things like exactly how oxygen vacancies formed in the hafnium. their structure of the particles. it will take quite a while before we start implementing this technology in actual devices but we're working on this right now perhaps we're already able to compete with. those first launched on the market. for replacing based drives in the coming years given the interest in the topic it shouldn't be too surprising that the researchers here in the physics and technology even the only ones in their own labs working on memristor prototypes come to something called the common use center other academics regularly to work through the early stages of their. own design in fact the unique combination of materials being tried out here is existing very interesting for quality which could help create truly realistic artificial intelligence. into just what ministers could hold for the future

a research is that. they not only manufacture the equipment necessary for investigating and forming new restaurants but they also study designs and sells the structure of choice here is. sandwiched between two layers of platinum at the moment they're trying out different etching patterns to see which could revolutionize how we view electronic devices. are no or yes possible to create analogs of semantic connection. brain sign ups is that is that communication elements between neurons have a certain feature used she asked you if you activate them often they actually change. stead of one sign apps take no develops more so than the old saying that practice makes perfect is definitely true one has to recycle something nearest times in order to memorize it. memristor isn't capable of doing exactly the same thing they're developing quite rapidly now using them we can make

a thinking cognitive element base that's capable of learning stuck up orders you. know there's much still not fully understood about ministers and just what their future holds for ours but as technology advances and with all the work that's going on just around the russian capital we may not be that far off from machines that think just like we do and that's an interesting thought indeed. the nonproliferation treaty stands as one of the most important international agreements ever signed still it shows the treaty is under threat from such countries as direct do some countries get a free pass while others are punished even though they are in complete compliance.

and. oh. i think going down of the sun and good morning we will remember that we will. still be unmade is that going to be a big money in stevia to see what is both a cultural contemporary i don't take no logic to serve the auditoriums so join me to almost say honored c m a the second as we bring you the glitz the glamour and

the best of the best in the performing arts trying. to team. to build a. mission to teach.

about international and world in the very heart of moscow.

welcome back to technology update much of what you've heard and seen today wouldn't be possible without one integral part of the process or when it comes down to it its intricate arrangement of circuitry is the foundation around which all other bits and pieces are built. and there are a handful of world famous brands out there but many of you out there may be intrigued to learn that russia boasts its very own high tech center of processor production technically part of moscow there's a limited district has long been the place to go if you're interested in tiny transistor tech over this wasn't always possible what wasn't a full fledged closed city during soviet times the movements of both people and technology from the area were somewhat restricted over the course of the last two decades though is a linux that has opened up and blossomed into the home for many of the country's leading high tech firms some one hundred fifty companies and organisations including two institutes have set up shop in the special economic zone designed around the areas knowledge base there are a good many of the great examples we could point to but one of the standout stars

is me grown which is russia's leading baker of many things like rope from sim cards to our if i d. tax to. integrated circuits in two thousand and twelve the company launched a new ninety nanometer production line with that mccrone is able to produce thirty six thousand two hundred millimeter wave per year certainly something to boast about but why exactly does russia need its own microelectronics producer for that there seems to be a very good answer. we need to micro electronics is an economic as well as a political industry in the world in some well known instances different countries have bar at the export of certain microchips most recently the us prevented the export of microchips destined for ti platforms a russian supercomputer manufacture. with that in mind there are certain industries that really need to have technological independence the most obvious examples is an air defense systems would be difficult to protect your own skies with your own

hardware if nobody were willing to send you the insides as the same with satellite navigation. is the only true alternative to g.p.s. with full global coverage achieved in two thousand and eleven the space race baby is dead is the cold war that hardware can still be considered since information despite the fact that it's often intended only for peaceful purposes. and a great place to find some of the very latest in homegrown tech that exhibitions like the new electronic show which took place in moscow in march of two thousand and thirteen hundreds of companies and thousands of specialists to see some of the latest trends in modern microelectronics there are a number of interesting ideas some updates of existing to others entirely new for the more innovative devices was offered by a processor make of that has come up with a revolutionary way to get the age old problem of how to best organize operations. a process is a unique device which was designed on the basis of a multi so architecture and had never been implemented in

a process of prior to our product. existing processes that at. counts for a large share of the market worldwide based on the whole newman architecture our architecture however is different. from most processors out there parallel action is significantly limited operations or rank ordered information can only be exchanged by the memory not between control units themselves. so much more free flowing and crucially information should be exchanged between operations directly that having to go through the memory and then multiplex quest to make its mark in the marketplace for processors they've teamed up with one of russia's most invoke innovation. as a member of the start of the organization space cluster now has found a willing coconspirator in a company called sputniks also a skolkovo resident sputniks is in the business of developing the next generation of satellite technology they believe in

a kind of lego type of satellite meaning that everything should be standardized an easy to build with a proper set of pieces even if they're simple office space they've got just about everything they need at their testing stand they check to see just how well the sensors interact with the software to make adjustments automatically but the hardware that eventually gets put on board their mentor earth orbiters will have to do with condition slightly more testing in the air conditioned rooms here. we cannot use ordinary processes like intel and a.m.d. and space and other complicated technical systems or there is no earthly atmosphere which would protect them from solar radiation and the temperature range is quite broad therefore special solutions are required so that the machine could operate and function for some time this process is designed in such a way as to enable the parallel processes inside it to happen on a multitude of cells with it and if something happens to one of those cells it doesn't fail just slightly slows down as

a result it's hard to disrupt its work through store. current models under development the latest. chip wasn't ready for action it's reportedly undergoing the final checks to ensure that it can handle any climactic conditions including the temper environs of earth's atmosphere the help of interesting if not innovative design should be at the front of the pack and space operations shift from giant state organizations to smaller more nimble teams. though it's all about trust rather than pure performance with that in mind microelectronics brand name that stretches back half a century has come out with a new chip that removes the worry about hidden holes in security. with its roots in the institute that built the top supercomputers. technologies has become one of russia's top chip makers and their most recent offering is the elbrus two s. plus becomes of the clock speed of five hundred megahertz two cores and processing power of sixteen. unlike many risk based processors out there plus relies on

a compiler to execute parallel operations more effectively with that in hand they've branched out and have bigger targets in sight. our attempt to make quite a cheap affordable computer based on our latest developments that is the. bridge the board forms the basis for a brand new computer the k. in for. produced by one of russia's leading computer hardware makers craft the first batch of them has already the production lines with the touch screen and could run either linux or windows for performance on par with world leaders. do so for another no less important reason the moment we see that our main clients are primarily state and situations. that are concerned about security issues since we develop a system from top to bottom. motherboards compiler. libraries

. we have what we'd call credibility. we can guarantee. product doesn't have undeclared capabilities so those interested in security would find our product attractive because. at every step along the way these engineers seem to have security in mind whether it be choosing a tried and true company like me grown to handle the actual production or writing in a special secure mode which prevents a potentially malicious program from gaining direct access to the memory the moscow center of spark technologies ensures that safety doesn't take a backseat to outright processing power over in the world of microelectronics is certainly not all doom and gloom the transistor sizes continuing to shrink this high tech industry is confidently striding into the future. well that'll do it for this edition of technology update as well as for my time as your humble host i'll be bidding you do but catch the latest next time with the rest of the team and until then enjoy the ride.

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able to build a. mission to teach me. the international in the very heart of moscow. a deadly fire at a psychiatric hospital outside moscow kills thirty eight people leaving only three

survivors to report from the scene momentarily. toxic uncertainty the u.s. says it suspects with quote from various degrees of confidence the syrian government has used chemical weapons now the u.k. has joined the allegation citing a limited but growing evidence. and terror alert you when you k. official sound the alarm over young europeans recruited to join islam is to rebels in syria claiming they pose a serious threat when they return home.