same time nowhere is this more evident than with the crandall ikram or supercomputers if you like the world's fastest from just a decade ago wouldn't even crack the top five hundred today super computers are actually a part of our everyday lives even if we aren't aware of it for example at places like russia's main media or logical center these powerful machines are put to the test every day to crunch unthinkable amounts of data in order to give us a better glimpse of what weather awaits us they can be used for planning flights more efficiently and for getting a jump on potentially dangerous storms before they're obvious in the skies above the performance of such complex calculators as measured in flops or floating operations per second the most recent addition to rose hydra meds arsenal here is capable of up to thirty five teraflops or thirty five trillion calculations per second with the number of data points constantly on the rise researchers are in constant need of more processing punch. every two years new systems to pair that have the same form factor that if they. the same amount of space and most

importantly they use the same amount of energy but have twenty to thirty times more processing power than previous generation. computers as we know them got their start in one thousand nine hundred. eighty three that was followed by the a.b.c. computer which employed vacuum tubes to implement the switches over computers didn't become super until nine hundred sixty five. sixty six hundred it's a slippery definition but its ability to perform tasks ten times faster than anything before. the first supercomputer at the same time engineers put the finishing touches on the six. hertz clock speed they turned out per second. before craig came out with the first computer bearing his name because they considered the father of supercomputing in the west side of the iron curtain.

with tin processor. and fast forward to today and only dozen countries are capable of producing computers of truly superpower the us has been there probably will continue to be the top dog here accounting for around half the names in the most recent power following a tough time in the one nine hundred ninety s. russia has made a major resurgent over the past decade although it hasn't been a straight shot to the top the direction is clear more machines in the top five hundred. more power packed inside and recently one russian machine broke the top twenty five. and since two thousand and nine moscow state university has been the proud possessor of eastern europe most powerful computer designed and put together by a russian company called t. platforms the level most of supercomputer made it splashed on the world computing stage by clocking in as the twelfth fast to set up on the globe since it was installed the fast paced processor has had several upgrades and remains the top machine in the country and the most recent list have hit a peak of one point seven petta flops or one point seven quadrillion calculations

a second. but all that processing power doesn't come easy fueling the lightning fast tabulations are some two point eight make a watts of electricity which is enough to power several thousand homes a large chunk of that is eaten up by the massive cooling system you see here because of that it's reported the supercomputer almost never runs at full power as a result moscow state university is low on those of the plummets in the world standing when you take energy efficiency into consideration the so-called green list rates the top five hundred according to how many calculations they squeeze out of each unit of energy offering three hundred twenty to make a collapse of processing light per watt the low one also falls all the way to one hundred eighty six in the green list there are several ways to keep supercomputers as heat under wraps every insulation may seem like the simplest set up but it offers the worst results in terms of heat exchange much denser liquid than have been moved to as a better way to wash the heat away these of rains are relatively rudimentary to strong along the processors to a new i.b.m.

system that pumps warm water around c.p.u. hotspots perhaps the most radical attempt to harness the cooling qualities of liquids is the great to what used a waterfall system to pump an inert refrigerant directly with servers. that idea failed to gain traction immediately but out here amongst the slowly melting snow in russia the notion of a fully immersed cooling system may be coming out of hibernation. for that house. need to rely on more than just the country's north and climate. there's a team of researchers working to make sure that the globe's most powerful processors don't get too hot to handle. located a few hours to the north east of moscow much of that work is going on here at the program systems institute compared to many of the country's other stored universities and may seem like a new comer having been founded in one thousand nine hundred four but since that time though it's a stablished a reputation as one of the centers of high powered computer tech. these eggheads

holders in all sorts of parts for example they're equipped to print their own circuit boards and even dabbled in cluster computing solutions but most interesting for our purposes is their work in the field of supercomputers there the head organisation in an international partnership developing bigger and better processing machines under the name skiff program systems institute works with around two dozen other institutes and research centers in russia and belarus over the past decade and that partnership has resulted in increasingly sophisticated generations of supercomputers including at least five make it into the top five hundred by annual rankings but its technological capabilities have progressed old concerns have become more serious and require new solutions and if you would use any electronic device in size it means that all the heat produced by it will no longer dissipate in a large area. to be constrained to a very limited space as a result you have a huge amount of heat and a very small area while previously as several right. used to give off twenty

kilowatts of energy today that figure is up as high as one hundred kilowatts that's a colossal amount to haze it's simply impossible to deal with that much heat using traditional cooling methods using a ventilated system. with that in mind they've turned to the seemingly extreme solution of police emerged cooling together with a company called the engineer an entire system that maximizes the advantage of liquid based cooling now some of you might be thinking hang on wires electronic circuits submerged in water but don't worry this coolant is specially designed not to interact with server boards it doesn't conduct electricity it's an inert dielectric chemical composition that's both non toxic and hypoallergenic and the exact recipe for this cooling concoction remains a tightly guarded secret but they feel the chilling capabilities of their immersed system speak for themselves. a typical air cooled server requires about as much energy for the cooling system as it does for carrying our calculations which means

energy demands are increased by one hundred percent but our system only requires as little as five to seven percent addition energy in other words it is some fifteen or twenty times more energy efficient than traditional air cooling systems. according to those involved this was a true partnership between stores on the business side and program systems institute in terms of engineering and in their minds this kind of cooperation is ideal business focused people often have an idea for a finished product in the real world but let the technical know how to get it to that point i get to mix on the other hand are great at finding solutions to complex problems but not always envisioning how that will find its place in the market after two years of work the teams have an experimental model that shows just what's possible when you take a plunge with their immersed system. given how hot of a topic supercomputer cooling is in the business there's some competition to be the liquid cooled champs of russia for example those at the joint supercomputer center

at the russian academy of sciences have turned to a more restrained but no less technological use of free flowing fluids founded in one thousand nine hundred six the center has been and continues to host a number of super powerful processing machines this engine was originally built with much different much larger supercomputers and nine who are thanks to seemingly never ending technological innovations in this field this year size of these great calculators has massively reduced while the processing power has expanded exponentially the latest example of this trend is already groups in vs ten p. installed last autumn just in time for the most recent rankings. of the very latest intel processors and co processors with two of each on each node in vs ten p. installed here cranks up more than five hundred teraflops at peak capacity using a miserly one hundred eighty one kilowatts in total they came in as a thirty as most energy efficient supercomputer in the world got nearly two thousand make a flops per watt one reason why the liquid cooled systems are better is that they

are compact an energy efficient but what about maintenance here's how we handle this let me show you how we service a computer note first we disconnect the liquid cooling system through a quick disconnect couplings. next disconnect. the network interfaces and take the no doubt that's it after about you can do whatever you need for example replace the memory chips or handle a power supply units the hard disk and so on that's everything. good inside the server racks there are plates that push running water over the various generating spots on each node as the water swishes by it draws the heat out and pushes it on through the rest of the piping and out of the liquid recoup apparatus the resulting set up is both environmentally friendly and allows for denser arrangements of the liquid cooling system unable sus to place blade servers very close together in the server rack raising the computer performance to run one hundred eighty teraflops

per rank this is a record achievement of ours that no one has been able to emulate so far additionally by using liquid cooling technology we're able to effectively remove up to one hundred kilowatts of heat from each rock. r.c.s. groups work is attracting international attention with lean minds in green supercomputing like jack dongarra paying a visit at the start of april he had nothing but praise for the computer that showed the theoretical possibility of a ten page of green machine thanks to the technology that we use that is the standardised components and cooling plate we can ensure that our product is readily available and very convenient in terms of delivery time permitting and so on decides by using cooling plates rather than a network of pipes with many intricate connections it is much easier to assemble the device and increase its reliability since there are fewer connection points there are fewer potential defects and problems that could arise. bearing that in mind step by step these noisy and somewhat cluttered old machines are giving way to

the new generation of super computers and super efficient cooling systems with more orderly set ups and with none of the blustery ventilation systems it's hard to compete with the nearly silent and more powerful new kids on the blog but in the computer. is pretty much useless without memory while the principles behind moore's law have worked and gradually expand capabilities over the years some of the biggest breakthroughs have common starts and fits from vacuum tubes to transistors way back when and looking at the consumer computer market today another major shift is already underway. to the. decline of hard disk drives in the idea of internal moving parts flash memory drives are taking over much coveted market share their already ever present in smartphones and tablets. laptops but even before this technology has had its full day in the sun a potential challenger is on the rise. technology pioneering investigations

into what's called memory. just north of the capital. in the country. back to the topic of the. best of. right now we're working on what's called a storage class memory device by combining the high performance of random access memory this hybrid would also be nonvolatile like a conventional hard drive disk and be much faster and less expensive than magnetic devices at the moment memristor based resistive memory has the best chance of becoming the next generation storage memory device. so here in the lab their goal is to create a switch that can be used for storing info the hours long process begins with a simple silicon wafer on top of that a layer of metal is added it could be any number of different ones but here they've

chosen platinum this one's one electrode of the eventual device on top of that there are specialized oxide layers added practically atom by atom for this they've chosen hafnium oxide. aluminum particles from there they add a layer of titanium nitrate as the final slice of bread for their memory sandwich the end result is a roughly one hundred nanometers thick memristor which functions as an on off switch and has major advantages over flash. even though there are no moving mechanical parts. which consist of three layers instead of the switch is split by changing the resistance of the oxide layer. and. the fraction of. furthermore this futuristic tech can also handle rewrites its effective lifespan. vastly increasing density and therefore storage capacity

lastly. the theoretical basis has actually been around since the one nine hundred seventy s. it was then identified as the fourth fundamental circuit element after the capacitor resistor and inductor but it took until two thousand and eight before it could be demonstrated in real life by. because of the tiny dimensions of the bits involved electron microscopes have to be used to get what was done in the previous stages needed to analyze things like exactly how. the half. structure of the particles. it will take quite a while before we start implementing this technology in actual devices but we're working on this right now and perhaps we're already able to compete with. them those who first launched flash memory on the market. could eventually start replacing transistor based drives in the coming years given the interest in the

topic it shouldn't be too surprising that the researchers here in the physics and technology only. prototype. something called the common use center other academics. to work through the early stages of their own design in fact the unique combination of materials being tried out here is exhibit. which could help create truly realistic artificial intelligence. could hold for the future a research. necessary. the structure of. between two layers of. different patterns which could revolutionize how we view electronic devices. are possible to create analogs of semantic connection. brain sign ups is that is that

communication elements between have a feature she asked you if you activate them often they actually change. one sign apps that take no develops so that the old saying that practice makes perfect is definitely true. one has to recycle something nearest times in order to memorize it means memory is a capable of doing exactly the same thing as you did developing quite rapidly now using them we can make a thinking cognitive element base that's capable of learning darker orders for us to recruit you. know there's much still not fully understood about ministers and just what their future holds for ours but as technology advances and with all the work that's going on just around the russian capital we may not be that far off from machines that think just like we do and that's an interesting thought indeed.

you know how sometimes you see a story and it seems so for life you think you understand it and then you glimpse something else and you hear or see some other part of it and realize everything you thought you knew you don't know i'm tom hartman welcome to the big picture. wealthy british style. time to rise. markets why not come to. find out what's really happening to the global economy

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about international and world in the very heart of moscow. welcome back to technology update much of what you've heard and seen today wouldn't

be possible without one integral part of the process or when it comes down to it it's intricate arrangement of circuitry is a foundation around which all of the bits and pieces are built. and there are a handful of world famous brands out there that many of you out there may be intrigued to look at russia boasts its very own high tech center of processor production technically part of moscow there's a little pride to strip has long been the place to go if you're interested in tiny transistor to cover this wasn't always possible what wasn't a full fledged close city during soviet times the movements of both people and technology from the area were somewhat restricted over the course of the last two decades though as a linux that has opened up and blossomed into the home for many of the country's leading high tech firms some one hundred fifty companies and organisations including two institutes have set up shop in the special economic zone designed around the areas knowledge base there are a good many of the great examples we could point to but one of the stand out stars is made good on which is russia's leading baker of many things like rope from sim

cards to our if i d. text. degraded circuits in two thousand and twelve the company launched a new ninety nanometer production line with that is able to produce thirty six thousand two hundred millimeter wave per year certainly something to boast about but why exactly does russia need its own mighty microelectronics producer for that there seems to be a very good answer. we need to micro electronics is an economic as well as a political industry in the world in some well known instances different countries have bar at the export of certain microchips most recently the us prevented the export of microchips destined for ti platforms a russian supercomputer manufacture. with that in mind there are certain industries that really need to have technological independence the most obvious example is an air defense systems would be difficult to protect your own skies with your own hardware if nobody were willing to send you the insides as the same with satellite

navigation. the only two alternatives are g.p.s. with full coverage in two thousand and eleven while the space race baby is dead is the cold war microelectronic hardware can still be considered sensitive information despite the fact that it's often intended only for peaceful purposes. and a great place to find some of the very latest in homegrown tech exhibitions like the new electronic show which took place in moscow in march of two thousand and thirteen hundreds of companies and thousands of specialists to see some of the latest trends in modern microelectronics there are a number of interesting ideas some updates of existing to others entirely new for the more innovative devices was offered by a processor make of that has come up with a revolutionary way to get the age old problem of how to best operations. process is a unique device which was designed on the basis of a multicellular architecture and had never been implemented in a process of prior to our product. existing process. that account for

a large share of the market world wide based on the whole newman architecture architecture however is different sort of the. process is out there parallel action is significantly limited operations are information can only be exchanged by the memory not between control themselves. much more free flowing and crucially information should be exchanged between operations directly without having to go through the memory and quest to make its mark in the marketplace for processors. in both innovation. as a member of the startup from the organization space cluster now. co-conspirator in a company called sputniks also a resident in the business of developing the next generation of satellite technology they believe in a kind of lego type of satellite meaning that everything should be standardized an

easy to build with a proper set of pieces even if they're simple office space they've got just about everything they need at their testing stand they check to see just how well the sensors interact with the software to make adjustments automatically but the hardware that eventually gets put on earth will have to do with condition slightly more testing in the air conditioned rooms here. we cannot use ordinary processes like intel and a.m.d. and space and other complicated technical systems there is no earthly atmosphere which would protect them from solar radiation and the temperature range is quite broad. therefore special solutions are required so that the machine could operate and function that for some time this process is designed in such a way as to enable the parallel processes inside it to happen on a multitude of cells and if something happens to one of those cells it doesn't fail just slightly slows down as a result it's hard to disrupt its work. current models under development the latest

multi-client chip wasn't ready for action it's reportedly undergoing the final checks to ensure that it can handle any climactic conditions thrown at it including those that temper environs of earth's atmosphere for the help of multiclass interesting if not innovative design when it should be at the front of the pack and ship from giant state organizations to smaller more nimble teams were some users know it's all about trust rather than pure performance with that in mind a micro-electronics a brand name that stretches back half a century has come out with a new chip that removes the worry about hidden holes in security. with its roots in the institute that built the top soviet super computers the moscow center of sparc technologies has become one of russia's top microchip makers and their most recent offering is elbrus two s. plus becomes of the clock speed of five hundred megahertz two cores and post processing power of sixteen flops unlike many risk based processors out there plus

relies on a compiler to execute parallel operations were affected by the with that in hand they've branched out and have bigger targets in sight. than one of them on a cube or days our attempt to make quite a cheap affordable computer based on our latest developments that is the two s. plus. the board forms the basis for a brand new computer take a m four l. bruce produced by one of russia's leading computer hardware makers craft the first batch of them has already rolled off the production lines they're equipped with a touch screen and could run either linux or windows while they offer performance on par with world leaders many have turned to elbow. do so for another no less important reason at the moment we see that our main clients are primarily state and situations and organizations that are concerned about security issues since we developed the system from top to bottom. motherboards compiler. libraries. we have what we'd call credibility. we can guarantee that our

product doesn't have undeclared capabilities so those interested in security would find our product attractive. at every step along the way these engineers seem to have security in mind whether it be choosing a tried and true company like me prone to handle the actual production or writing in a special secure mode which prevents a potentially malicious program from gaining direct access to the memory the moscow center of sparc technologies ensures that safety doesn't take a backseat to outright processing power over in the world of microelectronics is certainly not all doom and gloom the transistor sizes continuing to shrink this high tech industry is confidently striding into the future. well that'll do it for this edition of technology update as well as for my time as your humble host i'll be bidding you do because the latest next time with the rest of the team and until then enjoy the ride.

more news today. again flared up. these are the images the world has been seeing from the streets of canada. giant corporation to rule the day.

thank you. international at the very heart of moscow.

time same saxon for tom hartman in washington d.c. here's what's coming up tonight on the big picture. today the house approved legislation that if signed by president obama will put an end to all the flight delays caused by the sequester our elected representatives can find a way to make their trips home for recess a bit easier to they scrap together a plan to keep toddlers in school we'll talk about this and more internet's big picture rumble also why are extroverts favored in american society and are there any cultures across the globe that value introversion more time lask author and lecturer susan cain tonight's conversations with great minds.