international and world in the very heart of moscow. hello and welcome to technology update living in our computerized world everything is driven by the push to be both smaller and faster at the same time nowhere is this more evident than with the crim dollar crim or supercomputers if you like the world's fastest from just a decade ago wouldn't even crack the top five hundred today super computers are

actually a part of our everyday lives even if we aren't aware of it for example it is like russia's main media logical center these powerful machines are put to the test every day to crunch unthinkable amounts of data in order to give us a better glimpse of what weather awaits us they can be used for planning flights more efficiently and for getting a jump on potentially dangerous storms before they're obvious in the skies above the performance of such complex calculators as measured in flops or floating operations per second the most recent addition to rose hydra meds arsenal here is capable of up to thirty five teraflops or thirty five trillion calculations per second with the number of data points constantly on the rise researchers are in constant need of more processing punch. every two years new systems appear that have the same form factor that is they take up the same amount of space and most importantly they use the same amount of energy but have twenty to thirty times more processing power than previous generations. computers as we know them got

their start in one thousand nine hundred. eighty three that was followed by the a.b.c. computer vacuum tubes to implement the switches over computers didn't become super until nine hundred sixty five with sixty six hundred it's a slippery definition but its ability to perform tasks ten times faster than anything before it led many to the first super computer at the same time engineers put the finishing touches on the six. processor hertz clock speed. per second. similar crate came out with the first computer bearing his name and since then has been considered the father of supercomputing in the west side of the iron curtain. with ten processors. and fast forward to today only a few dozen countries are capable of producing computers of truly superpower the u.s. has been there probably will continue to be the top dog here accounting for around

half the names in the most recent power following a tough time in the one nine hundred ninety s. russia has made a major resurgence over the past decade although it hasn't been a straight shot to the top the direction is clear more machines in the top five hundred and more power packed inside and recently one russian machine broke the top twenty. since two thousand and nine university has been the proud possessor of eastern europe most powerful computer designed and put together by a russian company called t. platforms the love of supercomputer made a splash on the world computing stage by clocking in as the twelfth fastest set up on the globe since it was installed the fast paced processor has had several upgrades and remains the top machine in the country and the most recent list have hit a peak of one point seven petta flops or one point seven quadrillion calculations a second. but all that processing power doesn't come easy fueling the lightning fast tabulations are some two point eight make a watts of electricity which is enough. power several thousand homes

a large chunk of that is eaten up by the massive cooling system you see here because of that it's reported the supercomputer almost never runs at full power as a result moscow state university plummets and the world standing when you take energy efficiency into consideration the so-called green list rates the top five hundred according to how many calculations they squeeze out of each unit of energy offering three hundred twenty to make a collapse of processing light per watt. also all the way to one hundred eighty six in the green list there are several ways to keep supercomputers this under wraps seem like the simplest set up but it offers the worst results in terms of heat exchange much denser liquid to as a better way to launch the heat away these of rains from relatively rudimentary to the processors to a new i.b.m. system that pumps warm water around hot spots perhaps the most radical attempt to harness the cooling qualities of liquids as the great to what used a waterfall system that pumped in your refrigerator directly onto its servers. that

idea to gain traction immediately but out here amongst the slowly melting snow in russia the notion of a fully immersed cooling system may be coming out of hibernation. for that however more than just the country's north and climate. there's a team of researchers working to make sure that the globe's most powerful processors don't get too hot to handle. located a few hours to the north east of moscow much of that work is going on here at a program systems institute compared to many of the country's other stored universities it may seem like a newcomer having been founded in one thousand nine hundred four but since that time though it's established a reputation as one of the centers of high powered computer tech. has had their fingers in all sorts of pies for example they're quick to print their own search and even dabbled in cluster computing solutions but most. for our purposes is their

work in the field supercomputers ahead organization in an international partnership developing bigger and better processing machines under the name skift program systems institute works with around two dozen other institutes and research centers in russia and. over the past decade that partnership has resulted in increasingly sophisticated generations of supercomputers including at least five make it into the top five hundred by annual ranking. technological capabilities have progressed concerns have become more serious and require new solutions if you reduce any electronic device in size it means that all the heat produced by it will no longer dissipate in a large area to be constrained to a very limited space as a result you have a huge amount of heat and a very small area called previously as several rank used to give off twenty kilowatts of energy today that figure is up as high as one hundred kilowatts that's a colossal amount a haze it's simply impossible to deal with that much heat using traditional cooling

methods using a ventilated system. with that in mind they've turned to the extreme solution of police emerged cooling together with a company called engineer an entire system that maximizes the advantage of liquid based cooling now some of you might be thinking hang on wires electronic circuits submerged in water but this coolant is specially designed not to interact with server boards it doesn't conduct electricity it's an inert dielectric chemical composition that's both non toxic and hypoallergenic the exact recipe for this concoction remains a tightly guarded secret but they feel the chilling capabilities of their immersed system speak for themselves which is a typical cool requires about as much energy for the cooling system as it does for carrying out calculations which means energy demands are increased by one hundred percent but a system only requires as little as five to seven percent additional energy in other words it is some fifteen or twenty times more energy efficient than

traditional a cooling systems. according to those involved this was a true partnership between on the business side and program systems in terms of engineering and this kind of cooperation is ideal business focused people often have an idea for a finished product in the real world the technical know how to get it to that point academics on the other hand are great at finding solutions to complex problems but not always envisioning how that will find its place in the market after two years of work the teams have an experimental model what's possible when you take a plunge with their system. given how hot of a topic supercomputer in the business there's some competition to be liquid cooled . for example those at the joint supercomputer center at the russian academy of sciences have turned to a more restrained technological a free flowing fluids founded in one thousand nine hundred six the center has been and continues to host

a number of super powerful processing machines. built with much different much larger computers and thanks to seemingly never ending technological innovations in this field this year size of these great calculators has massively reduced while the processing power has expanded exponentially example of this trend groups. just in time for the most recent rankings. process. each node. more than five hundred capacity using a one hundred eighty one killed in total. energy efficient supercomputer in the world. per watt. the liquid cooled systems are better if they are compact an energy efficient but. here's how we handle this let me show you how we service a computer note first we disconnect the liquid cooling system through quick

disconnect couplings. next disconnect the new. work interfaces and take the no doubt that's it. you can do whatever you need for example replace the memory chips or handle a power supply units. that's everything. get inside the server racks there are plates that push running water over the various generating spots on each node as the water swish it draws the heat out and pushes it on through the rest of the piping and. the resulting set up is both environmentally friendly and allows for denser arrangements. the liquid cooling system enables us to place blade servers very close together in the server rack raising the computer performance to run one hundred eighty teraflops per rank this is a record achievement of our step no one has been able to emulate so far additionally by using liquid cooling technology were able to effectively remove up to one hundred kilowatts of heat from each rock. work is attracting international

attention. computing like jack dongarra pay a visit at the start of april he had nothing but praise for the computer that showed the theoretical possibility of a ten page green machine thanks to the technology that we use that is the standardized components and cooling plate we can ensure that our product is readily available and very convenient in terms of delivery time pricing and so on by using cooling plates rather than at work of pipes with many intricate connections it is much easier to assemble the device and increase its reliability since there are fewer connection points there are fewer potential defects and problems that could arise. that in mind step by step these noisy and somewhat cluttered old machines are giving way to the new generation of super computers and their super efficient cooling systems with more orderly set ups and with none of the blustery ventilation systems it's hard to compete with the new the silent and more powerful

new kids on the blog but any. computer is pretty much useless without memory while the principles behind moore's law have worked and gradually expand capabilities over the years some of the biggest breakthroughs have come in starts and fits from vacuum tube to transistors way back when and looking at the consumer computer market today another major shift is already underway. to the. storage has been the decline of hard disk drives. internal moving parts flash memory drives are taking over much coveted market share there already ever present in smartphones and tablets. laptops but even before this technology has had its full day in the sun a potential challenger is on the rise searches of the. technology are pioneering investigations into what's called resistive memory for short ok to just north of the capital the facilities here have been home to some of the greatest scientific minds in the country. professors have been. back to the topic of.

storage. storage class memory device by combining the high performance of random access memory this hybrid would also be like a conventional hard drive disk and be much faster and less expensive devices at the moment memristor based resistive memory has the best chance of becoming the next generation storage memory device. so here their goal is to create a switch that can be restoring info. on top of that. it could be different ones but here. on top of that there's specialized oxide layers added practically atom by atom they've chosen hafnium oxide. aluminum particles from there they add

a layer of titanium. nitrate as the final slice of bread for their memory sandwich the end result is a roughly one hundred nanometers thick memristor which functions as an on off switch and has major advantages over flash. even though there are no moving mechanical parts flash memory cells with their. arrangement in ministers' which consist of three layers instead of the ministers a switch is split by changing the resistance of the oxide layer. to write and read write and roughly one to read only a fraction of those figures furthermore this futuristic tech can also handle rewrites its effective lifespan can be stacked layer upon layer vastly increasing density and therefore storage capacity lastly resistive memory is faster than flash offering a rewrite speeds of less than ten seconds. the theoretical basis for been wrist been around since the one nine hundred seventy s.

it was then identified as the fourth fundamental circuit element after the capacitor resistor and inductor but it took until two thousand and eight before it could be demonstrated in real life by hewlett packard the wait was so long because of the tiny dimensions of the bits involved electron microscopes have to be used to merely investigate what was done in the previous stages needed to analyze things like exactly how oxygen vacancies formed in the hafnium. like the structure of the oxide particles. it will take quite a while before we start implementing this technology in actual devices but we're working on this right now and perhaps we're already able to compete with hewlett packard those who first launched flash memory on the market because it's good for me to. eventually start replacing transistor based drives in the coming years given the interest in the topic all around it shouldn't be too surprising that the researchers here in the moscow to do physics and technology aren't even the only ones in their own labs working on memristor prototypes something called the common

use center other academic. regularly stopped by to work through the early stages of their own designs in fact the unique combination of materials being tried out here is exhibiting some very interesting for quality which could help create truly be a list of artificial intelligence. further looking into just what the riches could hold for the future a researcher. who they not only manufacture the equipment necessary for investigating informing the restaurateurs but they also study them selves the structure of twists here is titanium oxide sandwiched between two layers at the moment they're trying out different etching patterns to see which could revolutionize how we view electronic devices. are no or yes possible to create analogs of semantic connection. brain sign ups is that is that communication elements between neurons have a certain feature used she asked you if you activate them often they actually change. stead of one sign that says seven take no develops your more so that the

old saying that practice makes perfect is definitely true one has to recycle something numerous times in order to memorize it and use memory stick is incapable of doing exactly the same thing as you did developing quite rapidly now using them we can make a thinking cognitive element base that's capable of learning back up orders for us to recruit you. know there's much still not fully understood about memristor years and just what their future holds for ours but as technology advances and with all the work that's going on just around the russian capital we may not be that far off from machines that think just like we do and that's an interesting thought indeed.

you know sometimes you see a story and it seems so. you think you understand it and then you glimpse something else here's part of it and realized everything is ok. i'm tom harpur welcome to the big picture. news sigrid laboratory to was able to build a most sophisticated robot which fortunately dorna found anything mission to teach creation why it should care about humans and. this is why you should care

only dog call. about international and world in the very heart of moscow.

welcome back to technology update much of what you've heard and seen today wouldn't be possible without one integral part of the process or when it comes down to it its intricate arrangement of circuitry is the foundation around which all other bits and pieces are built. and there are a handful of world famous brands out there but many of you out there may be intrigued to learn that russia boasts its very own high tech center of processor production technically part of moscow there's the integrated district has long been the place to go if you're interested in tiny transistor tech over this wasn't always possible what wasn't a full fledged closed city during soviet times the movements of both people and technology from the area were somewhat restricted over the course of the last two decades though it was a learning curve that has opened up and blossomed into the home for many of the country's leading high tech firms some one hundred fifty companies and organisations including two institutes have set up shop in the special economic zone designed around the areas knowledge base there are a good many of the great examples we could point to but one of the standout stars

is make good on which is russia's leading baker of many things like rope from sim cards to are if i do. integrated circuits in two thousand and twelve the company launched a new ninety nanometer production line with that mccrone is able to produce thirty six thousand two hundred millimeter wave per year certainly something to boast about but why exactly does russia need its own mighty microelectronics producer for that there seems to be a very good answer. we need to micro electronics is an economic as well as a political industry in the world in some well known instances different countries have barred the export of certain microchips most recently the us prevented the export of microchips destined for ti platforms a russian supercomputer manufacture. with that in mind there are certain industries that really need to have technological independence the most obvious examples air defense systems would be difficult to protect your own skies with your own hardware

if nobody were willing to send you the insides as the same with satellite navigation. is the only true alternative to g.p.s. with full global coverage achieved in two thousand and eleven while the space race maybe is dead is the cold war microelectronic hardware can still be considered sensitive information despite the fact that it's often intended only for peaceful purposes. and a great place to find some of the very latest in homegrown tech exhibitions like the new electronic show which took place in moscow in march of two thousand and thirteen hundreds of companies and thousands of specialists to see some of the latest trends in modern microelectronics there were a number of interesting ideas some updates of existing to others entirely new the more innovative devices was offered by a processor make of it has come up with a revolutionary way to get at the age old problem of how to best organize operations. opera's says the unique device which was designed on the basis of a multicellular architecture and had never been implemented in

a process of prior to our product. existing. processes that account for a large share of the market worldwide based on the whole newman architecture our architecture however is different. from most processors out there parallel action is significantly limited operations or rank ordered information can only be exchanged by the memory not between control units themselves. much more free flowing and crucially information to the exchange between operations directly that having to go through the memory and then multiplex quest to make its mark in the market place for processors they've teamed up with one of russia's most innovation . as a member of the start of the organization space cluster now has found a willing coconspirator in a company called sputniks also a skulk of the residents in the business of developing the next generation of satellite technology they believe in

a kind of lego type of satellite meaning that everything should be standardizing easy to build with a proper set of pieces even their simple office space they've got just about everything they need at their testing stand they check to see just how well the sensors interact with the software to make adjustments automatically but the hardware that eventually gets put on board their miniature earth orbiters will have to do with conditions slightly more testing in the air conditioned rooms here. we cannot use ordinary processes like intel and a.m.d. and space and other complicated technical systems there is no earthly atmosphere which would protect them from solar radiation and the temperature range is quite broad and therefore special solutions are required so that the machine could operate and function for some time this process is designed in such a way as to enable the parallel processes inside it's to happen on a multitude of cells with it and if something happens to one of those cells it doesn't fail just slightly slows down as

a result it's hard to disrupt its work to store current models under development. the latest chip wasn't ready for action it's reportedly undergoing the final checks to ensure that it can handle any climactic conditions including those beyond the. earth's atmosphere the help of interesting if not innovative design should be at the front of the pack as space operations shift from giant state organizations to smaller more nimble teams. though it's all about trust rather than pure performance with that in mind microelectronics brand name that stretches back half a century has come out with a new chip that removes the worry about hidden holes in security. in the institute that built the top supercomputers. technologies has become one of russia's hot chip makers and their most recent offering is the elbrus two s. plus becomes of the clock speed of five hundred megahertz two cores and post processing power of sixteen. unlike many risk based processors out there plus

relies on a compiler to execute parallel operations more effectively with that in hand they've branched out and have bigger targets in sight. the model cube our attempt to make quite a cheap affordable computer based on our latest developments that is the best plus . the board forms the basis for a brand new computer. produced by one of russia's leading computer hardware makers craft the first batch of them has already the production lights with a touch screen and could run either linux or windows for performance on par with world leaders many do so for another no less important reason the moment we see that our main clients are primarily state and situations. that are concerned about security issues since we develop a system from top to bottom. compiler.

libraries. we have what we call credibility. we can. t. that our product doesn't have undeclared capabilities so those interested in security would find our product attractive because. at every step along the way these engineers seem to have security in mind whether be choosing a tried and true company like meat grown to handle the actual production or writing in a special secure mode to prevent a potentially malicious program from gaining direct access to the memory the moscow center of spark technologies ensures that safety does take a backseat to outright processing power over in the world of microelectronics is certainly not all doom and gloom with transistor sizes continuing to shrink this high tech industry is confidently striding into the future. well that'll do it for this edition of technology update as well as for my time as your humble host i'll be bidding you do but the latest next time with the rest of the team and until then enjoy the ride.

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today's news and the stories of the week on r.t. the f.b.i. reportedly gets a russian wiretap one of the alleged boston terrorist talks jihad we look at why the u.s. might have dropped the board brushes warnings two years ago. the u.s. and britain cite evidence of the syrian government using chemical weapons to me that he's a shouldn't that the rhetoric sounds all too familiar of what preceded western intervention in iraq. no jobs no hope new green figures from falling soon spade while the e.u. why despair leaves cool on joining the struggling union. and one hundred guantanamo prisoners and no one hunger strike that's the official number more than doubling since the military tried to break the months.