relations per second with the number of data points constantly on the rise researchers are in constant need of more processing punch. every two years new systems appear that have the same form factor that is they take up the same amount of space and most importantly they use the same amount of energy but have twenty to thirty times more processing power than previous generation. computers as we know them got their start in one thousand nine hundred. eighty three that was followed by the a.b.c. computer which employed vacuum tubes to implement the switches over computers didn't become super until nine hundred sixty five with sixty six hundred it's a slippery definition but its ability to perform tasks ten times faster than anything before. the first supercomputer at the same time engineers put the finishing touches on the six. hertz clock speed. per second. before crate came out with the first computer and since then has been

considered the father of supercomputing in the west and the other side of the iron curtain. with tin processor. and fast forward to today only dozen countries are capable of producing computers of truly superpower the us has been there probably will continue to be the top dog here accounting for around half the names in the most recent power following a tough time in the one nine hundred ninety s. russia has made a major resurgence over the past decade although it hasn't been a straight shot to the top the direction is clear in the top five hundred and more power packed inside and recently one russian machine broke the top twenty. since two thousand and nine the university has been the proud possessor of eastern europe most powerful computer designed and put together by a russian company called t. platforms the law of supercomputer made a splash on the world compute. stage by clocking in as the twelfth pass to set up

on the globe since it was installed the fast paced processor has had several upgrades and remains the top machine in the country and the most recent list have hit a peak of one point seven pair of clubs or one point seven quadrillion calculations a second. but all that processing power doesn't come easy fueling the lightning fast tabulations are some two point eight make a watts of electricity which is enough to power several thousand homes a large chunk of that is eaten up by the massive cooling system you see here because of that it's reported the supercomputer almost never runs at full power as a result moscow state university plummets and the world standing when you take energy efficiency into consideration the so-called green list rates the top five hundred according to how many calculations they squeeze out of each unit of energy offering three hundred twenty two mega flops of processing light per watt. calls all the way to one hundred eighty six in the green list there are several ways to keep supercomputers this heat under wraps may seem like the simplest set up but it

offers the worst results in terms of heat exchange much denser liquid than have been looked to as a better way to launch the way of rain some relatively rudimentary tubes strung along the processors to a new i.b.m. system that pumps warm water around hot spots are perhaps the most radical attempt to harness the cooling qualities of liquids as the great to what used a waterfall system to pump and then refrigerator directly onto its servers. now that idea failed to gain traction immediately but out here amongst the slowly melting snow in russia the notion of a fully immersed cooling system may be coming out of hibernation. for that however more than just the country's north and climate. there's a team of researchers working to make sure that those most powerful processors don't get too hot to handle. located a few hours to the north east of moscow much of that work is going on here at the program systems institute. compared to many of the country's other stored

universities it may seem like a newcomer having been founded in one thousand nine hundred four but since that time though it's established a reputation as one of the centers of high powered computer tech. and all sorts of pies for example they're equipped to print their own circuit boards and even dabbled in cluster computing solutions but most interesting for our purposes is their work in the field at supercomputers they're the head organisation in an international partnership developing bigger and better processing machine under the name skiff program systems institute works with around two dozen other institutes and research centers in russia and. over the past decade that partnership has resulted in increasingly sophisticated generations of supercomputers including at least five make it into the top five hundred by annual ranking. technological capabilities have progressed concerns have become more serious and require new solutions if you reduce any electric device in size it means that all the heat

produced by it will no longer dissipate in a large area. to be constrained to a very limited space as a result you have a huge amount of heat and a very small area called previously as several rank used to give twenty kilowatts of energy today that figure is up as high as one hundred kilowatts that's a colossal amount he said simply impossible to deal with that much heat using traditional cooling methods using a ventilator system. with that in mind they've turned to the extreme solution of police emerged cooling together with a company called engineer an entire system that maximizes the advantage of liquid based cooling some of you might be thinking hang on wires electronic circuits submerged in water but this coolant is specially designed not to interact with server boards it doesn't conduct electricity it's an inert dielectric chemical composition that's both non toxic and hypoallergenic than the exact recipe for this concoction. tightly guarded secret but they feel the chilling capabilities of their

emersed system speak for themselves which is a typical air cooled server requires about as much energy for the cooling system as it does for carrying out calculations which means energy percent but our system requires as little as five to seven percent additional energy in other words it is some fifteen or twenty times more energy efficient than traditional air cooling systems. according to those involved this was a true partnership between the business side and program systems in terms of engineering and this kind of cooperation is ideal business focused. finished product in the real world the technical know how to get it to that point i get to mix on the other hand are great at finding solutions to complex problems but not always envisioning how that will find its place in the market after two years of work the teams have an experimental model what's possible when you take a plunge with their system. given how hot of

a topic supercomputer in the business there's some competition to be liquid cooled . for example those at the joint supercomputer center at the russian academy of sciences have turned to a more restrained technological a free flowing fluids founded in one thousand nine hundred six the center has been and continues to host a number of super powerful processing machines. built with much different much larger supercomputers and thanks to seemingly never ending technological innovations in this field the sheer size of these great calculators has massively reduced while the processing power has expanded exponentially the example of this trend is groups. just in time for the most recent ranking. intel processors and co processors with each node. more than five hundred capacity using a miserly one hundred eighty one killed in total became an energy efficient

supercomputer in the world. reason why the liquid cooled systems are better they are compact an energy efficient but maintenance here's how we handle this let me show you how we service the computer note first we disconnect the liquid cooling system through quick disconnect couplings. next disconnect the. interfaces and take the no doubt that's it after about you can do whatever you need for example replace the memory chips or handle a power supply units but hard disk and so on that's everything. good inside the server racks there are plates that push running water over the various generating spots on each node at water swishes it draws the heat out and pushes it on through the rest of the piping and the liquid. the resulting set up is both environmentally friendly and allows for denser arrangements of the liquid cooling system enables us

to place blade servers very close together in the server rack raising the computer performance to run one hundred eighty teraflops per rank this is a record achievement of our step no one has been able to emulate so far additionally by using liquid cooling technology we're able to effectively remove up to one hundred kilowatts of heat from each rock. groups work is attracting international attention but leading minds in green supercomputing like jack dongarra paying a visit at the start of april he had nothing but praise for the computer that showed the theoretical possibility of a tin pail green machine. thanks to the technology that we use that is the standardised components and cooling plate we can ensure that our product is readily available and very convenient in terms of delivery time pricing and so on decides by using cooling plates rather than a network of pipes with many intricate connections it is much easier to assemble the device and increase its reliability since there are fewer connection points

there are fewer patel defects and problems that could arise. bearing that in mind step by step these noisy and somewhat cluttered old machines are giving way to the new generation of super computers and their super efficient cooling systems with more orderly set ups and with none of the blustery ventilation systems it's hard to compete with the nearly silent and more powerful new kids on the blog but any computer. is pretty much useless without memory while the principles behind moore's law have worked and gradually expand capabilities over the years some of the biggest breakthroughs have come in starts and fits from vacuum tubes to transistors way back when and looking at the consumer puter market today another major shift is already underway. to the. storage has been the decline of hard disk drives. internal moving parts flash memory drives are taking over much coveted market share they're already ever present in smartphones and tablets. laptops but even before

this technology has had its full day in the sun a potential challenger is on the rise. in technology are pioneering investigations into what's called resistive memory for short ok to just north of the capital have been home to some of the greatest scientific minds in the country. professors have been awarded a nobel prize back to the topic of the. best of two worlds of storage. right now what's called a storage class memory device by combining the high performance of random access memory this hybrid would also be like a conventional hard drive disk and be much faster and less expensive than magnetic devices at the moment memristor based resistive memory has the best chance of becoming the next generation storage memory device. so here

their goal is to create a switch that can be storing info process begins with a simple silicon wafer on top of that a layer of metal is. different ones but here. on top of that there are specialized oxide layers added practically atom by atom they've chosen hafnium oxide. aluminum particles from there they add a layer of titanium. as the final slice of bread for memory sandwich the end result is a roughly one hundred nanometers thick memristor which functions as an off switch and has major advantages over flash. even though there are no moving mechanical parts flash memory cells with their. arrangement. which consist of three layers instead of the switch is split by changing the resistance of the. fraction of those figures furthermore this futuristic tech can also handle rewrites

its effective lifespan can be stacked layer upon layer vastly increasing density and therefore storage capacity lastly resistive memory flash offering a rewrite speeds of less than ten seconds. the theoretical basis for has actually been around since the one nine hundred seventy s. it was then identified as the fourth fundamental circuit element after the capacitor resistor and inductor but it took until two thousand and eight before it could be demonstrated in real life by. the way it was so long because of the tiny dimensions of the bits involved electron microscopes have to be used to merely investigate what was done in the previous stages needed to analyze things like exactly how oxygen vacancies formed in the half. their structure of the oxide particles. it will take quite a while before we start implementing this technology in actual devices but we're working this right now and perhaps we're already able to compete with hewlett

packard than those who first launched flash memory on the market for me to. eventually start replacing transistor based drives in the coming years given the interest in the topic it shouldn't be too surprising that the researchers here at the institute of physics and technology even the only ones in their own labs working prototype something called the common use center other academics regularly . stopped by to work through the early stages of their own design in fact the unique combination of materials being tried out here is exhibiting some very interesting which could help create truly realistic artificial intelligence. further looking into just what ministers could hold for the future of research is that. they not only manufacture the equipment necessary for investigating informing the rest but they also study designs themselves the structure of choice here is. sandwiched between two layers of platinum in the trying out different etching

patterns to see which could revolutionize how we view electronic devices. are no use possible to create analogs of semantic connection. brain sign ups is that is that communication elements between neurons have a certain feature used she asked you if you activate them often they actually change. stead of one sign apps take no develops so that the old saying that practice makes perfect is definitely true one has to recycle something numerous times in order to memorize it and use memory stick is incapable of doing exactly the same thing as you did developing quite rapidly now using them we can make a thinking cognitive element base that's capable of learning. now there's much still not fully understood about ministers and just what their future holds for ours but as technology advances and with all the work that's going on

just around the russian capital we may not be that far off from machines that think just like we do and that's an interesting thought indeed. admission free accreditation free in-store charges free. range month three. free studio time free. download free blog video for your media projects a free media dog tom. sometimes you see a story and it seems so you think you understand it and then you glimpse something else you hear or see some other part of it and realized everything you thought. i'm tom harpur welcome to the big picture.

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the spanish find out more visit. welcome back to technology update much of what you've heard and seen today wouldn't be possible without one integral part of the process or when it comes down to it it's intricate arrangement of circuitry is a foundation around which all other bits and pieces are built. and there are a handful of world famous brands out there but many of you out there may be intrigued to learn that russia boasts its very own high tech center of processor production technically part of moscow district has long been the place to go if

you're interested in tiny transistor tech over this wasn't always possible it wasn't a full fledged closed city during soviet times the movements of both people and technology from the area were somewhat restricted over the course of the last two decades. has opened up and blossomed into the home for many of the country's leading high tech firms some one hundred fifty companies and organisations including two institutes have set up shop in the special economic zone designed around the area knowledge base there a good many of the great examples we could point to. which is russia's leading. from sim cards to our if i integrated circuits in two thousand and twelve the company launched a new ninety nanometer production line with able to produce thirty six thousand two hundred millimeter wave per year certainly something to boast about but why exactly does russia need its own. producer that there seems to be a very good answer. we need to micro electronics is an economic as well as

a political industry in the world. well known instances different countries have barred the export of certain microchips most recently the us prevented the export of microchips destined for t. platforms a russian supercomputer manufacture. with that in mind there are certain industries that really need to have technological independence the most obvious examples air defense systems would be difficult to protect your own skies with your own hardware if nobody were willing to see the insides as the same with satellite navigation. the only true alternative to g.p.s. coverage achieved in two thousand and eleven. is the cold war microelectronic hardware can still be considered sensitive information despite the fact that it's often intended only for peaceful purposes. and a great place to find some of the very latest in homegrown tech exhibitions like the new electronic show place in moscow in march of two thousand and thirteen

hundreds of companies and thousands of specialists to see some of the latest trends in modern microelectronics there are a number of interesting ideas some updates of existing to others entirely new for the more innovative devices. a process or make of that has come up with a revolutionary way to get the age old problem of how to best operations. process is a unique device which was designed on the basis of a multicellular architecture and had never been implemented in a process of prior to our product. existing processes that account for a large share of the market worldwide based on the whole newman architecture our architecture however is different to the. processes out there parallel action is significantly limited operations or information can only be exchanged by the memory not between control. much more free flowing and crucially information

could be exchanged between operations directly without having to go through the memory and quest to make its mark in the marketplace for processors. in innovation. as a member of the start of the organization space cluster now. co-conspirator in a company called sputniks also a resident in the business of developing the next generation of satellite technology they believe in a kind of lego type of satellite meaning that everything should be standardized an easy to build with a proper set of pieces even there simple office space just about everything they need at their testing stand they check to see just how well the sensors interact with the software to make adjustments automatically but the hardware that eventually gets put on earth will have to do with condition slightly more testing in the air conditioned rooms here. we cannot use ordinary processes intel and

a.m.d. and space and other complicated technical systems there is no earthly atmosphere which would protect them from solar radiation and the temperature range is quite broad therefore special solutions are required so that the machine could operate and funk. after some time this process is designed in such a way as to enable the parallel processes inside it's to happen on a multitude of cells and if something happens to one of those cells it doesn't fail but just slightly slows down as a result it's hard to disrupt its work. current models under development the latest chip wasn't ready for action it's reportedly undergoing the final checks to ensure that it can handle any climactic conditions thrown at it including those beyond the temperate environs of earth's atmosphere the help of interesting if not innovative design should be at the front of the pack as space operations shift from giant state organizations to smaller more nimble teams. though it's all about trust

rather performance with that in mind microelectronics a brand name that stretches back half a century has come out with a new chip that removes the worry about hidden holes in security. with its roots in the institute that built the top supercomputers. technologies has become one of russia's top microchip makers and their most recent offering is elbrus two s. plus becomes of the clock speed of five hundred megahertz two cores and post processing power of sixteen. unlike many risk based processors out there plus relies on the compiler to execute parallel operations more effectively with that in hand they've branched out and have bigger targets in sight. the model cube board is our attempt to make quite a cheap affordable computer based on our latest developments that is the best plus . the board forms the basis for a brand new computer the k. in for. produced by one of russia's leading computer hardware makers craft the

first batch of them has already rolled off the production lines there equipped with the touch screen and could run either linux or windows while they offer performance on par with world leaders many have turned to do so for another no less important reason the moment we see. the that our main clients are primarily state institutions and organizations that are concerned about security issues since we developed the system from top to bottom. motherboards compiler. libraries. we have what we'd call credibility we can guarantee that our product doesn't have undeclared capabilities so those interested in security would find our product attractive because. at every step along the way these engineers seem to have security in mind whether be choosing a tried and true company like me grown to handle the actual production or writing

in a special secure mode which prevents a potentially malicious program from gaining direct access to the memory. of sparc technologies ensures that safety doesn't take a backseat to outright processing power over in the world of microelectronics is certainly not all doom and gloom the transistor sizes continuing to shrink this high tech industry is confidently striding into the future. well that'll do it for this edition of technology update as well as for my time as your humble host i'll be bidding you do but the latest next time with the rest of the team and until then enjoy the ride. they all see themselves as dying swans in their dreams. but only one in the cells and will ever make it to the till. they're ready

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humans and. this is why you should care watch only on the dot com. this week's top stories plus today's headlines this is the weekly on our team

russian security services reportedly wiretapped one of the suspected boston bombers talking about jihad we look at how politics may have been. acting on the. u.s. and u.k. claim that there is evidence syria used chemical weapons against the rebels calls for intervention from lawmakers the u.n. says these allegations have not yet been proved. join the european union. the outcome of this weekend's election in iceland is likely to put an end to the country's pursuit of a new membership as a recent poll shows trust in the blog. and official number of guantanamo.