hello and welcome said old europe dates is the end of all it's all but not the closing in moscow but luckily for us the sun hasn't finished everywhere so is the we pop culture go in search of a song winter is knocking at moscow's door but we're not ready to die alone johns just yet so we travel to europe to soak up some rays imbibes a culture and see what's going on in the world of technology fronts was europe's largest exporter of electricity last year but despite its opponents in power the country is still looking for new energy sources and even has to bring the power that drives the song down through words. there's a lot of energy in france and i'm not just talking about the street dunces the country ranks second in the world in terms of nuclear power stations but with growing environmental and safety concerns the sun may be setting on nuclear energy

as we know it so ministers from around the world have come to discuss a possible shift away from nuclear fission. there are currently one hundred eighty five nuclear power plants in europe and another seventeen on the way sun's almost a third of the total with fifty eight plants producing seventy eight percent of the country's energy needs all the stations have produced well over one million cubic meters of radioactive waste ninety percent of which is stored in three facilities this is where nuclear fusion comes in almost the difference. nuclear fission isn't normally found in nature it's the process by which heavy elements split to form lighter elements and has been created by mankind to make our stations and nuclear bombs. do typical reaction a neutron hits isotope which caused it to be stabilized and splits into small elements and neutrons giving off energy unfortunately it's also uses a lot. three months of radioactive waste which is incredibly hard to dispose of

safely nuclear fusion on the other hand is nature's atomic power you just have to look at the some of the stars to see it in action in this reaction hydrogen isotopes in this district here you combine to form a heavy isotope helium a single neutron and lots of energy because most importantly the fusion gives off hardly any radioactive waste. a slow the idea of eater was first discussed at an international forum in washington in one nine hundred seventy five together with the leader of the us thermo nuclear program we gave a report on things we could do together and on ways to do them back in one nine hundred seventy five we said we should work on what is known today as a technological platform this was it or this is what we said back in one nine hundred seventy five and all the work after that basically followed this plan which

you. really have suggests that general secretary got about twelve bring it up at the geneva superpower summit in one thousand nine hundred eighty five he discussed it with president reagan and the international thermonuclear experimental reactor project was born in europe france in particular was already looking to diversify its energy sources and joined the project along with japan in two thousand and six . to build run and decommission was signed and promised finally broke in two thousand and seven construction is now in full swing and gathering momentum every day. he says is also latin for the way symbolizing the way that she located in color russia in the south of france is one of the most ambitious international scientific collaboration is ever undertaken the e.u. india japan and china russia south korea and the u.s. representing over one half of the world's population all taking part in the project to make the holy grail of energy production. areality. but nuclear fusion won't

come easy given the ground work for the project is a feat in itself that each test site is the size of sixty football pitches making it one of the largest manmade level surfaces in the world the access roads from the poles have all been reinforced to support the weights of the deliveries and five thousand people are expected to be working on the site during the peak of construction cost the host country france is responsible for a lot of the infrastructure but the sheer size of the projects is too much for one country alone. since this is an international project it's very important to make sure we're all on the same page different countries will be providing different components and it's important that all the components is supplied at the right time compatibility issues need to be taken care of. nature has none of these problems and creates fusion a long time ago the temperature at the sun's course fifteen million degrees centigrade this combined with these huge mass and density create the perfect

conditions for fusion so perfect some fights that the fuse is six hundred twenty million tons of hydrogen every second construction is complete the real fun starts at the heart of the entire complex is this fusion reactor which will recreate the conditions in the sense of the sun. equally charged so to overcome and not to repulsion which happen so easily in the sun they need to be heated to over one hundred fifty million degrees in a vacuum at this temperature they form a possum which is confined to detroit old or donut shaped magnetic field an electric current through the plasma to help heat it on the walls of the chamber have to be built to withstand the intense heat and vacuum conditions and this magical device that can create stars is called talk a mock but it's not a new invention. is a russian acronym for toroidal chamber with magnetic coils and it was created in russia over sixty years ago. many of. people i'd spoken to mentioned

a young red army soldier when i asked them about the history of nuclear fusion so i went to the state library in moscow to find out more i was intrigued by this mysterious figure despite having received very little formal education before the outbreak of the second world war i developed a passion and the talent for nuclear physics. a little princess was the first person proposed from fun past in an electrostatic field in one hundred fifty votes his ideas in a letter to stalin but never received a reply but a second letter addressed to the central committee caused quite a stir and he's invited to moscow to discuss his ideas with soviet physicists andre sucker of an ego to tom and they were impressed by his originality and boldness some could have recommended that work canoe cliff fusion get started straight away but to find eleven inches i did using a circular magnetic field instead physicist eager to push outs of gave a talk in england where he revealed the soviet union's novel approach in progress the world was impressed the u.k. declassified its nuclear fusion research and international cooperation began in

earnest the first magnetic plasma containment device the t one was created in one thousand nine hundred fifty seven the t three which both sucker of and tom had been working on was completed in one thousand nine hundred sixty eight it's a huge record temperature levels and plasma confinement times and the talk about to become the dominant concept in fusion research after this talk of marks began to sprinkle all over the world. some of the most notable include the joints european taurus or jets in the u.k. which of the first controlled release of fusion power and holds the record for the most power produced this talk amount is currently being used to test a wall lining for. japan's j.t. sixty which holds the record for the highest plasma time density and temperature ratio on the c.s.t. on america which managed to heat the plasma to a mindblowing five hundred ten million degrees c. despite these advances no talk of mike has ever. keep the long salt breakeven point

where device releases the same amount of energy as it used to start the reaction. at the to is not a film or a nuclear power plant it's an experimental reactor at its purpose is to show everyone that all the major technological and physical problems have been sold and that thermo nuclear energy is now available as a source of electricity for industrial needs if you get a problem with. the alternatives the talk among the stellar rater was in the nine hundred fifty in the us and doesn't occur in through the plasma making it easy to operate however any deviation from the complex geometric form results in a significant reduction in plasma containing characteristics was a lot of progress has been made in germany in recent years with the find seventy six inertial confinement fusion uses dozens of high powered lasers to heat a compressed hygene fuel pellets and ignite a fusion reaction although exciting from a theoretical point of view it can be tricky to extract power from this method.

there's also the talk about turned out to be the most practical plasma confinement system. the fact that these days every decent university or laboratory has its own talk or marcus proves it. the first ever talk a mock to team one was built right at the code chatzky institute in moscow. the institute is named after a group of course shots of the russian domestic agencies also based here managing all aspects of the country's participation in the project the institute is now home says he wants distant descendant which was built almost forty years ago and is the largest talk among currently operating in russia that see time has generated around ninety thousand positive pulses which is way over its original designation despite its age old faithful still has a place in today's research and plays an important part in testing how plasma

interacts with electromagnetic waves for. firstly it will use this tocome up to test out new technologies once that does that we can apply them in a bigger scale secondly that we also use it to develop new diagnostic methods for this is not an easy task because in actual fact many of these diagnostic tools do not yet exist and millions are eager to develop them and some of these diagnostic tools will be developed here for the office and it's. the talk of markets located just behind these walls and take it from me it's quite something to see the possibility of naked eye but if you want to be able to control it you have to be able to monitor it and this is where the hope is being generator that generates a sense of being a neutral part schools through the plasma which because it's on the go a series of spectral changes the beaming comes out of the plasma sensors five optic cable the constant being is given a frame rate of about two hundred fifty per second with this filter to be in the

this box and through a series of lenses and it's finally picked up by the spectrometer to see. the spectrometer that send all this information to a computer which does the number crunching to calculate the spectral properties of the beam and these these properties that you calculate the heat and the concentration of the. the electric field strength and rotation speed of the past can also be worked from these measurements these are the most important. version of this laser system will eventually be fitted in the. one diagnostic system is far from enough. monitored closely. there are different types of diagnostics physical diagnostics technological diagnostics safety diagnostics give us a clear picture of the things happening inside the reactor. given the experimental

nature if. you will have around forty five diagnostic systems nine of which have been developed here in russia. institute three in the institute and three in the institute. the diagnostic systems range from lasers x. rays a neutron cameras to impurity monitors particle spectrometers and radiation. unfortunately we can't cover them all check out a few. institute is also working on these highly fields side reflects the system we sense michael. and use the extent to which they reflected to gauge the density and therefore the stability of the plasma a wide range of frequencies are used which allows them to take a cross-section and see that the distribution within this system is tested using this full. wave. but the main challenge different way frequency is done the same guide without distorting them you know this diagnostic technology the way it is

meant to be applied editor has never been used with the talk of mark. so we decided to start by installing diagnostics sensors inside the t ten and now we have collected a full. ray machine results. this is a full scale replica of the institute's diverted. the six ton device would be located just one point five meters away from the. business and only a two centimeter gap in the. diverts helps maintain the purity of the place an important role in ensuring the safety of the. camera registers the gamma radiation produced during the reaction this information to measure the confinements of the alpha particles generated during fusion alpha particles play a crucial role in producing a burning plasma which is

a self-sustaining reaction. if any power. to institute is also building these neutral particle. concentrations. musson energy. isotopes deviation from. the reactor this information allows a few levels to be adjusted accordingly. russia has been put in charge of supplying this dog gnostic system basically that's because we've been leaders in the application of these diagnostics nuclear installations for a number of decades now we've dozens of instruments operating on this principle and supplied them to our foreign partners. institute he's also located in st

petersburg and is heavily involved. so i went down. to see what they were up to. clearly make mission systems for. generate the huge electrical currents required to heat the plasma they also developed. to protect the super conduit. from overheating if the small explosive charge in the prior break could detonate causing a small a minion brings to expunge and completes a bypass circuits discharges the excess current in less than twenty microseconds kind of like a giant fuse. or we have a range of key technologies being developed for the ether that must be supplied on time some of the needed to ensure the experiment safety. among them the technology is related to the magnetic system the vacuum chamber the palace's the chamber elements. this panel is part of the inside wall of the talk a mark is made up of

lots of little tiles like this one. consists of a layer of tungsten copper drawings and the inside wall have over one million of them and six hundred thousand we made here in russia europe and japan also made these panels and the sun hits we tested in this chamber the chamber can heat into three thousand degrees c. but till its essence fifty hundred which is the exact same temperature as inside the talking mark. the inside wall of the reactor represents an immense engineering challenge the heat is subjected to the sequence of one hundred thousand light bulbs shining on one square meter the force exerted by the magnets could be compared to the way to fifty lorries and if this weren't enough. to grade the structural integrity of the wall this testing shaper contains an electron beam which imitates the heat load on the wall to ensure it's capable of dissipating all these heat over a relatively small area without fracturing so how can two stand with a melting point to three and a half thousand degrees based on temperatures of over one hundred million. most of

the pond schools are held in the plaza only few of them can escape the magnetic field and reach the first hole the talk of the density of the particles drops significantly which means that the if the wall is subjected to these also lowered the water cooling the juicing steam. which joins the turbines of gees electricity flows listeners of issues of which i don't this is a complicated task because we have to combine different materials into a single structure which should be able to operate for a decade or so being exposed to aggressive plasma you know his q. which we draw from soviet and russian researchers experience with modern materials moistening for example in high energy laser mirrors rocket nozzles. re-entry vehicle ferentz and thermal protection portion of what i was high energy radar stated on it separately. and this is why russia was able to achieve excellent

results in this area that it's going to receive. a lot of the money five hundred seventy five has to be adopted especially for. this laser welding machine is used to create seamless joints and each has stainless steel water cooling system traditional welding techniques there are no impurities in the well to all spouses of molten metal morning after the great. people. i would rather ask questions to people in positions of power instead of speaking on their behalf and that's why you can find my show larry king now right here on r.t.

question more. last time was a new alert animation scripts scare me a little league there is breaking news tonight and we are continuing to follow the breaking news please alexander's family cry tears of the war and it is great things out there that have read or get a quart of water found alive is a story made sort of movies playing out in real life. please.

please. please. please. little. little. little legal. little. cross talk rules and if it doesn't you can jump in anytime you want. little.

a lot of the work for me count out here in st petersburg and what better place to come than the institute which is the birthplace of nuclear physics in russia it is also home to the country's newest to the globe. himself which is a senior research at the ofer institute before moving to moscow to head his own lab as well as developing many diagnostic systems for he said the institutions also talk of its own it uses a device to study possible behavior as well as test repeating systems police not like any talk about we've seen before. the global sam is a spherical talk it's also the new east in russia i was built entirely in st

petersburg is more compartment traditional talk much so the money so located much closer to the plasma which greatly reduces the amount of energy required to confine it to shade from the chamber also makes the past mean currently more stable and an increase in efficiency is achieved by holding the postman much more centrally. despite the magnetic fields being generally we can this type of talk making it harder to reach required possible density is certainly not without its uses. as far as the energy industry is concerned research is a currently designing bridge reactor that's a mark or a spherical talk in our case is used as a source of false neutrons among likes a. there's no self-sustaining reaction and those votes in your home say used to irradiate spent unspent nuclear fuel. used in just six fission reactors.

isn't just providing a lot of technology to eat a lot of the money a function is being carried out here as well one of the country's speciality superconductors so that's why it's joined forces with five other countries to produce coils but he says. my next systems bush will provide a total of seventy three spools of superconducting my next a cable for each for the length of over eight hundred meters you would screw up but . we have very superconductors of extremists they will characteristics. does them get a. stable from sample the sample. is stable. and there are many stages to the money for it to process the same superconducting why is a producer that you pissed mechanical fire chief and then sent seven hundred fifty miles hits of patrols where they are cleaned and could steam chrome the why is it

then wont to produce trans which until now want five times to produce a caver first sentences the stick. is then about in a steel jackets and compressed the cable is loaded onto an eight and a half ton school for transportation. most of the money is will be assembled in the test giant money to simply facilitate apart from one which will be money function russia all in all eighteen superconducting to oil field and six political field goals essential solenoid on the sets of correction calls that can find shape and control the plasma inside the box and vessel. is an ancient russian city not only known for its picturesque beauty and rich history but its reputation for science the research and my. if a tree is known far outside russia's borders. the end of august this year. production facility. is responsible for producing nine out of the twenty four.

were invented in russia in one thousand nine hundred sixty four called the nice thing north of. physics. are used in the vast majority of the world. next to impossible. he says twenty four gyra trying to locate it in the secretary will be one hundred fifty meters away from. the electromagnetic waves the produce will be sensed while being waved right since the reactor helping keep the cosmic to the temperature necessary for fusion. we see as a regular customer since we've agreed to supply it with. the year two thousand and twenty the regular customer but we also hope to be able to sell to all three. of the contracts in the same period. gyro is locked into circle is taken from

so it's a pretty good name for a device that's based on the rotates emotional electrons. beams of electrons are accelerated towards a cavity where strong field is applied interaction between the rotating motion of the electrons and the field generates high frequency radio waves to travel in a straight line like an optical beam the high frequency waves excite the electrons in the customer causing it to talk a bit like a microwave heats water. also has a stabilizing effect on the pulse helping prolong the length of the reaction and therefore the energy produced all these benefits demand could pretty high at the moment. is from germany china and japan but in the meantime it looks like we have another such fight. that is. reading. the project therefore. i hope. i have the confidence.

its commitment to the project and also already there is a leading member of the project for results for sure. since the excess over the perfect before returning to france which gina visited the institute of applied physics where the artificial diamond windows for the produced the highly conductive resulting very little power loss and they don't look that bad either but i bet they don't come cheap the latest estimates place the final cost of the project at thirteen billion euros or so may say that the countries have simply blown the money away so the will see the benefits of the project for the next couple of decades the money put into it now represents a huge investment in the future energy security of the entire world is a sterling example of international cooperation at its best and of the peaceful use of nuclear power for the advancement of mankind and protection of the environment most of the money invested in

a project has already been through the technologies and materials developed which have countless uses already been such an endeavor into the unknown there's no doubt there's a long way to go for. the progress so far i'm sure fusion has a bright future but until then enjoy the ride. wealthy british style. time to write. market why not. come to. find out what's really happening to the global economy with mike's concert for a no holds barred look at the global financial headlines tune into cons

a report on. the mission and free critic a should free in-store charge is free to make germans three. three stooges free. download free broadcast quality video for your media projects a free media dog our teeth dot com. we're not psyched to have active camp at guantanamo where patients are forced to just come after a man or strike never turns the world's attention to the places that some. of our time.

i suspect. over might show that you know the price is the only industry specifically mentioning the constitution. that's because a free and open press is critical to our democracy schreck all those. well i'm. going to go on i'm sorry and on this show we reveal the picture of what's actually going on we go beyond identifying trying to rational debate real discussion critical issues facing america by the book go ready to join the movement then welcome to the big picture. well i'm tom hartman in washington d.c. and here's what's coming up tonight on the big picture. if you ask.