country is still looking for new energy sources and even has to bring the power that drives the song don't think there's a lot of energy in france and i'm not just talking about the street dunces the country ranks second in the world in terms of nuclear power stations but with growing environmental and safety concerns the sun may be setting on nuclear energy as we know it so many sis from around the world have come to discuss a possible shift away from nuclear fission. there are currently one hundred eighty five nuclear power plants in europe and another seventeen on the way france is almost a third of the total with fifty eight plants producing seventy eight percent of the country's energy needs only stations have produced well over one million cubic meters of radioactive waste ninety percent of which is stored in three facilities this is where nuclear fusion comes in almost the difference. nuclear fission isn't normally found in nature it's the process by which heavy elements split to form lighter elements and has been created by mankind to make poa stations and nuclear

bombs. typical reaction a neutron hits isotope which caused it to destabilize and splits into small elements and neutrons giving off energy. fortunately it's also uses a large amounts of radioactive waste which is incredibly hard to dispose of safely nuclear fusion on the other hand is nature's atomic power you just have to look at the some of the stars to see it in action in this reaction hydrogen isotopes in this case tritium and uteri and combine to form a heavy isotope helium a single neutron and lots of energy because most importantly fusion gives off hardly any radioactive waste. the idea of eater was first discussed at an international forum in washington in one nine hundred seventy five together with the leader of the us thermo nuclear program we gave a report on things we could do together. he's to do them back in one nine hundred

seventy five we said we should work on what is known today as a technological platform this was it or this is what we said back in one nine hundred seventy five and all the work after that basically followed this plan. of suggests that general secretary got about twelve bring it up at the geneva superpower summit in one thousand nine hundred eighty five he discussed it with president reagan and the international nuclear experiment to react to project was ball in europe france in particular was already looking to diversify its energy sources and joined the project along with japan in two thousand and six the cream and to build run and the commission was signed and dramas finally broken in two thousand and seven construction is now in full swing and gathering momentum every day. he says is also latin for the way symbolizing the way the g locating cataracts in the south of france is one of the most ambitious international

scientific collaboration is ever undertaken the e.u. india japan china russia south korea and the u.s. representing over one half of the world's population all taking part in the project to make the holy grail of energy production a reality. but nuclear fusion won't come easy given the ground work for the project is a feat in itself that each test site is the size of sixty football pitches making it one of the largest manmade level surfaces in the world to access roads from the poles of all the lean force to support the weight of the deliveries and five thousand people are expected to be working on the site during the peak of construction as the host country france is responsible for a lot of the infrastructure but the sheer size of the projects is too much for one country alone. since this is an international project it's very important to make sure we're all on the same page different countries will be providing different components and it's in. that all the components are supplied at the right time

compatibility issues need to be taken care of. nature has none of these problems and creates fusion a long time ago the temperature at the sun's core is fifteen million degrees centigrade this combined with its huge mass and density create the perfect conditions for fusion so perfect in fights that it fuses six hundred twenty million tons of hydrogen every second once construction is complete the real fun starts at the heart of the entire complex is this fusion reactor which will recreate the conditions in the center of the sun here on earth due to human tritium are equally charged so to overcome the not sure which happens so easily in the sun they need to be heated to over one hundred fifty million degrees in a vacuum at this temperature they form a plasma which is confined to the to avoid all or donut shaped the only magnetic field an electric current is going through the plasma to help heat it on the walls of the chamber had to be built to withstand the intense heat in vacuum conditions

and this magical device that can create stars is called a talker mark but it's not a new invention. is a russian acronym for toroidal chamber with magnetic coils and it was created in russia over sixty years ago many of the people i'd spoken to mention the young red army soldiers when i asked them about the history of nuclear fusion so i went to the state library in moscow to find out more i was intrigued by this mysterious figure despite having received very little formal education before the outbreak of the second world war i developed a passion and the talent for nuclear physics. alexandrians it was the first person proposed to fund passing an electrostatic field in one hundred fifty wrote a letter to stalin but never received a reply but the second letter addressed to the central committee caused quite a stir and he's invited to moscow to discuss his ideas with soviet physicists andre sucker of tom and they were impressed by his original boldness sucker of recommended the. cliff you should get started straight away but you find. using

a secure magnetic field instead physicist eager to cause shouts of gave a talk in england where he revealed the soviet union's novel approach in progress the world was impressed by the u.k. declassified nuclear fusion research and international cooperation began in earnest the first magnetic plasma containment device the t one was created in one thousand nine hundred fifty seven the t. three which both tom had been working on was completed in one nine hundred sixty eight it's achieved record temperature levels and plasma confinement times and the talk about to become the dominant concept in fusion research after this talk of marks began to sprinkle all over the world. some of the most notable include the joints european taurus or jets and u.k. which if the first controlled release of fusion power and holds the record for the most power produced this talk amount is currently being used to test. japan's j c

sixty which holds the record for the highest possible time density and temperature ratio and c.s.t. on america which managed to heat the plasma to a mindblowing five hundred ten million degrees c. despite these advances no talk of mike has ever achieved a long salt breakeven point where device releases the same amount of energy as it's used to start the reaction so. it's a is not a nuclear power plant it's an experimental reactor at its purpose is to show everyone that all the major technological and physical problems have been so thermo nuclear energy is now available as a source of electricity for industrial needs it's a problem with. the alternatives to talk among the stellar rates it was in one thousand nine hundred fifty in the us and doesn't run a current through the plasma making it easy to operate however any deviation from the complex geometric form results in a significant reduction in pleasant. taming cards or mistakes was

a lot of progress has been made in germany in recent years with the bengal strine seven takes initial confinement fusion uses dozens of high powered lasers to heat a compressed tight ship fuel pellets and ignite a fusion reaction although exciting from a theoretical point of view it can be tricky to extract power from this method. as well so the talk turned out to be the most practical plasma confinement system. the fact that these days you know every decent university or laboratory has its own talk a market proves it. the first ever talk of mock the team one was built right ahead that could just as keep institutes in moscow. the institute is named after eagle of course shots of the russian domestic agencies also based here managing all aspects of the country's participation in the project. he's now home says he wants distant descendant which was built almost forty years ago and is the largest

currently operating in russia the teatime has generated around ninety thousand positive pulses which is way over its original designation despite its age old faithful still has a place in today's research and plays an important part in testing how plasma interacts with electromagnetic waves for each. firstly it will use this tocome up to test out new technologies once that does that we can apply them in a big scale secondly that we also use it to develop new diagnostic methods for me this is not an easy task because in actual fact many of these diagnostic tools do not yet exist and millions are eager to develop them and some of these drug gnostic tools will be developed here for the office and it's. the talk i'm like is located just behind these walls and take it from me it's quite something see the possibility of naked eye but if you want to be able to control it you have to be able to monitor it and this is why the happy being generator that generates

a sense of being a neutral part schools through the plasma which cause it's on the go a series of spectral changes the beaming comes out of the plasma sensors five optic cable the constant being is given a frame rate of about two hundred fifty per second with this filter the beam then goes through this box and through a series of lenses and it's finally picked up by the spectrometer to see. the spectrometer this and all this information to a computer which does the number crunching to calculate the spectral properties of the beam and these these properties that you calculate the heat and the concentration of the. the electric field strength and rotation speed of the past can also be worked from these measurements these are the most important. version of this laser system will eventually be fitted in the reactor but one diagnostic system is far from enough every aspect to be monitored closely.

there are different types of diagnostics. physical diagnostics. technological diagnostics and then there are safety diagnostics that give us a clear picture of the things happening inside the reactor we were. given the experimental nature of the reality will have around forty five diagnostic systems nine of which have been developed here in russia three in the institute three in the institute and three in the institute. the diagnostic systems range from lasers x. rays a neutron cameras to impurity monitors particle spectrometers and radiation. unfortunately we can't cover them all but we managed to check out a few. institute is also working on these highly fields side reflect the system we sense michael. and use the extent to which they reflected to gauge the density and therefore the stability of the plasma

a wide range of frequencies they used which allows them to take a cross-section and see the density distribution within this is tested using this full scale mockup of the wave. but the main challenge the sending different way frequencies down the same guide without distorting them this diagnostic technology the way it is meant to be applied editor has never been used with the talk of mark . so we decided to start by installing diagnostic sensors inside the t ten and now we have collected a full. results. this is a full scale replica of the. system from. the six ton device would be located just one point five meters away from the. business and only a two centimeter gap in the. diverts helps maintain the purity of the plays an important role in ensuring the safety of the.

gamma radiation produced during the reaction this information to measure the confinement of the alpha particles generated during fusion. a crucial role in producing a burning which is a self-sustaining reaction. if any power. to institute is also building this neutral particle. concentrations. in energy. isotopes any deviation from. this information allows a few levels to be adjusted accordingly. russia has been put in charge of supplying this dog gnostic system basically that's because we've been leaders in the application of these diagnostics nuclear installations for

a number of decades now we've dozens of instruments operating on this principle and supplied them to our foreign partners. institute is located in st petersburg and is heavily involved. so i went down. to see what they were up to. make mission systems for that. generate the huge electrical currents required to heat the plasma they also developed. from overheating if this happens a small explosive charge in the pirate bay could detonate causing a small and medium brings to expand and complete to bypass circuits which discharges the excess current in less than twenty microseconds kind of like a giant fuse. or we have a range of key technologies being developed for the heater that must be supplied on time some of the needed to ensure the experiment safety. among them the technology

is related to the magnetic system the vacuum chamber the palaces the chamber elements. this panel is part of the inside wall of the talk a mock is made up of lots of little tiles like this one. consists of a layer of tungsten papa. and the inside wall have over one million of them and six hundred thousand we made here in russia europe and japan also made these panels and the sun hits recessed in this chamber the chamber can heat into three thousand degrees c. but still it's less than fifty hundred which is the exact same temperature as inside the talk of. the inside wall of the reactor represents an immense engineering challenge the heat is subjected to the sequence of one hundred thousand light bulbs shining on one square meter on the force exerted by the magnets could be compared to the way to fifty lorries and if this weren't enough the neutral. degrades the structural integrity of the wall this testing shaper contains an

electron beam which imitates the heat load on the wall to ensure it's capable of dissipating all this heat over a relatively small area without fracturing so how can two stand with a melting point to three and a half thousand degrees based on temperatures of over one hundred million. most of the pond schools are held in the plasma only a few of them can escape the magnetic field and reach the first hole the talk of the density of the particles drops significantly which means that the fates attention the wall is subjected to these also lowered the water cooling the water juicing steam. tricity. this is a complicated task because we have to combine different materials into a single structure which should be able to operate for a decade or so being exposed to aggressive plasma. we draw from soviet and russian researchers experience with modern materials for example high energy laser mirrors

rocket nozzles. vehicle fairing and thermal protection high energy radars. and this is why russia was able to achieve excellent results in this area. a lot of the money has to be adopted especially for. this laser welding machine is used to create seamless joints and. traditional welding techniques there are no impurities in the weld of molten metal. after the break. up of. reality speaking its mind in training to pursue a number of policy departures regarding its relationship with washington refraining from a coveted seat on the united nations security council the saudis are furious over

washington stance on syria and the failure to support a meaningful peace process for the palestinians the kingdom of saudi is going out on its own but where. with the plentiful supply was terrible to say the i'm very hard to make out to let once again a little money or a plot that never had sex with the target their lives let alone. listen to the i'm

. a. a lot of the work for eats as we count out here in st petersburg and what better place to come than the e.o. for institutes which is the birthplace of nuclear physics in russia it is also home to the country's newest talk of the global. church of himself which is a senior research at the ofer institute before moving to moscow to head his own lab as well as developing many diagnostic systems for each at the institutions also built to talk a mark of its own it uses a device to study plasma behavior as well as tests of all delivery heating systems

please not like any talk we've seen before. the global sam is a spherical talk among it's also the new eastern russia and was built entirely in st petersburg it's more compact lynch additional talk marks so the money so located much closer to the plasma which greatly reduces the amount of energy required to confine it the shape of the chamber also makes the past main currently more stable and an increase in efficiency is achieved by holding the puzzler much more centrally. despite the magnetic fields being generally we can this type of talk a mark making it harder to reach required positive density is certainly not without its uses. as far as the energy industry is concerned research is a currently designing a hybrid reactor that's a token mark or a spherical talk i'm back in our case it's used as a source of false neutrons among like say there's no self-sustaining reaction and those false neutrons they used to radiate spent unspent nuclear fuel with the like

what's normally used in classic fission reactors. isn't just providing a lot of technology for a lot of the money a function is being carried out here as well one of the country's speciality is the simple so that's why it's joined forces with five other countries to produce. six systems bush will provide a total of seventy three spools of superconducting my next a cable for each for the length of eight hundred meters. we have very. stable from sample to sample. is stable. and there are many stages to the money for it to process the same superconducting produce so that you passed mechanical five. seven hundred fifty miles heats up and

they are cleaned and. the why is it then want to put you strong which in turn around five times to produce a case of first sentences that. is then about in a steel jackets and compressed the cable is loaded onto an eight and a half to spool the transportation. to the minus will be assembled in the test giant money to. a pulp from one which will be money for russia. eighteen superconducting to oil field and six field goals essential solenoids on the sets of correction the confined shape and control the plasma the side the budget vessel. is an ancient russian city not only known for its key beauty and rich history but its reputation for science the research. is known far outside russia's borders.

is responsible. producing nine out of the twenty four gyros. were invented in russia in one thousand nine hundred sixty four now called the nice thing north good at least you took pride physics. no used in the vast majority of talk of marx throughout the world as heating the person without them will be next to impossible . he says twenty four jara trying to locate it in a separate building one hundred fifty meters away from the reactor the electromagnetic waves the producer be sent by a long way for guys in syria to help in the cosmic to the temperature necessary for fusion. we see each as a regular customer since we've agreed to supply it with knowing. the year two thousand and twenty there are a regular customer but we also hope to be able to sell to all three. under other

contracts in the same period. gyro is locked into circle untrimmed is taken from electron so it's a pretty good name for a device that's based on the rotates emotional electrons image. beams of elections are accelerated towards a covered c where strong when they see field is applied the interaction between the rotating motion of the electrons and the most basic field generates high frequency radio waves to travel in a straight line like an optical beam the high frequency waves excite the electrons in the customer causing it to talk a bit like a microwave heats water enjoy it also has a stabilizing effect on the puzzler helping prolong the length of the reaction and therefore the energy produced so that all these benefits demand for jerry jones is pretty high at the moment. of orders from germany china and japan but in the meantime it looks like we have another satisfied customer. reviewing.

the project therefore. i hope i have the confidence. this quarter. it's a project and or a soul or it is there is a living river over the project there for the south for sure. since the excess over the first act before returning to france which gina visited the institute of applied physics where the artificial diamond windows for the gyro transiting produced highly conductive results in very little policy and they don't look about body either but i bet they don't come cheap the latest estimates place the final cost of the project at thirteen billion euros so may say that the countries have simply blown the money away so those see the benefits of the project for the next couple of decades the money put into it now represents a huge investment in the future energy security of the entire world he said is a sterling example of international cooperation at its best and of the peaceful use

of nuclear power for the advancement of mankind and protection of the environment most of the money invested in the project has already been recruited through the technologies and materials developed which have countless uses already with the project been such an endeavor into the unknown there's no doubt there's a long way to go for. the progress so far i'm sure fusion has a bright future but until then enjoy the ride. as you don't know if you don't panic or. responds to roos. most everyone in my life that i cared about their goal much and then. i came askin well.

i was set national champion in track and field and also i was able to go and qualify for the olympic games. you know nine hundred eighty eight i started to experiment with that the drugs i had lost all the financial means that i. was really on the street. black market kids. great. interest she. took the right on the scene took. the first strike. and i think butcher. on a recorder splitter and an instrument. to

be in the know. on. the olympic torch is on its epic journey to such. one hundred twenty three days. through two thousand nine hundred ton two cities of russia. relayed by fourteen thousand people or sixty five thousand kilometers. in a record setting trip by land air sea and others face. a leg torch relay. on r t r c dot com. i just want to keep building allowing saudi arabia qatar and iran to fund millions and millions of pounds worth of building of mosques in this country where they have them addresses where cover and we have a hundred. four to sixteen year old children who have been schooled in these

atrocities which is encouraging complete non integration within the society legal. purposes. little. live

. close. lipped. please. on the money with the business of russia is this please please please . drama is the trying to be ignored. stories others refuse to notice. food since changing the world. to pictures of today's. older from around the globe. dropped.

to. america's national security agency is exposed listening in on the phone conversations are all but thirty five world leaders further complicating relations between the u.s. and its allies. we are not i mean we don't really mean we don't want to be. hard to from the n.s.a. spying scandal elite is also faced with the flow of refugees from war torn states which hospital putting pressure on a number of european countries plus. they wanted to put a period before and it pretty much work american protesters a rage against police brutality as an authorial spring call walks away with cash compensation almost equal to what his victims received.