second in the world in terms of nuclear power stations but with growing environmental and safety concerns the sun may be setting on nuclear energy is reno it's so many says from around the world have come to discuss a possible shift away from nuclear fission. there are currently one hundred eighty five nuclear power plants in europe and another seventeen all the way france has almost a third of the total with fifty eight plants producing seventy eight percent of the country's energy needs only stations have produced well over one million cubic meters of radioactive waste ninety percent of which is stored in three facilities this is where nuclear fusion comes in almost the difference. nuclear fission isn't normally found in nature it's the process by which heavy elements split to form lighter elements and has been created by mankind to make poa stations a nuclear bomb. typical reaction a neutron hits isotope which caused it to destabilize and splits into small elements and neutrons giving off energy. fortunately it's also produces

a large amounts of radioactive waste which is incredibly hard to dispose of safely nuclear fusion on the other hand is nature's atomic power you just have to look at the some of the stars to see it in action in this reaction hydrogen isotopes in this case. combine to form a heavy isotope helium a single neutron and lots of energy because most importantly the fusion gives off hardly any radioactive waste. a slow the idea of eater was first discussed at an international forum in washington in one nine hundred seventy five together with the leader of the us thermo nuclear program we gave a report on things we could do together and on ways to do that back in one nine hundred seventy five we said we should work on what is known today as a technological platform this was it or this is what we said back in one thousand nine hundred. five and all the work after that basically followed this plan which

you. really have suggested that general secretary got about twelve bring it up at the geneva superpower summit in one thousand nine hundred eighty five you discussed it with president reagan and the international expansion to react to project was ball in europe france in particular was already looking to diversify its energy sources and join the project along with japan in two thousand and six the agreement to build and decommission was signed and dramas finally broke in two thousand and seven construction is now in full swing and gathering momentum every day. he says is also latin for the way symbolizing the way the g. located in the south of france is one of the most ambitious international scientific collaboration is ever undertaken the e.u. india japan and china russia south korea and the u.s. representing over one half of the world's population all taking part in the project

to make the holy grail of energy production a reality. but nuclear fusion won't come easy given the ground work for the project is a feat in itself that each test site is the size of sixty football pitches making it one of the largest manmade level surfaces in the world to access roads from the poles have all been reinforced to support the weight of the deliveries and five thousand people are expected to be working on the site during the peak of construction as the host country france is responsible for a lot of the infrastructure but the sheer size of the projects is too much for one country alone. since this is an international project it's very important to make sure we're all on the same page different countries will be providing different components and it's important that all the components are supplied at the right time compatibility issues need to be taken care of. nature has none of these problems and creates fusion a long time ago the temperature at. the sun's core is fifteen million degrees

centigrade this combined with its huge mass and density create the perfect conditions for fusion so perfect in fights that it fuses six hundred twenty million tons of hydrogen every second once construction is complete the real fun starts at the heart of the entire complex is this fusion reactor which will recreate the conditions in the sense of the sun here on earth due to human tritium are equally charged so to overcome the not sure which happens so easily in the sun they need to be heated to over one hundred fifty million degrees in a vacuum at this temperature they form a plasma which is confined to detroit old or donut shaped the only magnetic field and electric current is run through the plasma to help heat it on the walls of the chamber had to be built to withstand the intense heat in the vacuum conditions and this magical device that can create stars is called talk amok but it's not a new invention. is a russian acronym for toroidal chamber with magnetic coils and it was created in

russia over sixty years ago many of the people i've spoken to mentioned a young red army soldier when i asked them about the history of nuclear fusion so i went to the state library in moscow to find out more i was intrigued by this mysterious figure despite having received very little formal education before the outbreak of the second world war i developed a passion and the talent for nuclear physics. alexandrian said it was the first person proposed from fun passing an electrostatic field in one hundred fifty wrote his ideas in a letter to stalin but never received a reply but the second letter addressed to the central committee caused quite a stir and he's invited to moscow to discuss his ideas with soviet physicists andre sucker of tom and they were impressed by his original boldness sucker of recommended that work canoe cliff fusion get started straight away but you find. using a circular magnetic field instead of physicist eager to cause shouts of gave a talk in england where he revealed the soviet union's novel. in progress the world

was impressed the u.k. declassified its nuclear fusion research and international cooperation began in earnest the first magnetic plasma containment device the team was created in one thousand nine hundred fifty seven the teeth three which both sucker of and tom had been working on was completed in one thousand nine hundred sixty eight it's a huge record temperature levels and plasma confinement times and the talk about to become the dominant concept in fusion research after this talk amounts began to sprinkle all over the world. some of the most notable include the joints european taurus or jets and the u.k. which is chief of the first controlled release of fusion power and holds the record for the most power produced this talk is currently being used to test a wall lining for. japan's j.t. sixty eight which holds the record for the highest possible time and temperature ratio on the t.f.t. on america which means to heat the plasma to a mindblowing five hundred ten million degrees c.

despite these advances no talking mike has ever achieved a long salt breakeven point where device releases the same amount of energy as it's used to stop the reaction so it. is not a nuclear power plant it's an experimental reactor at its purpose is to show everyone that all the major technological and physical problems have been so. thermo nuclear energy is now available as a source of electricity for industrial needs it's a problem with. the alternatives to the stellar rates it was in one thousand nine hundred fifty in the us and doesn't run a current through the plasma making it easy to operate however any deviation from the complex geometric form results in a significant reduction in plasma containment characteristics was a lot of progress has been made in germany in recent years with a bend in seventy six inertial confinement fusion uses dozens of high powered lasers to heat a compressed hydrogen fuel. i need ninety fusion reaction although exciting from

a theoretical point of view they can be tricky to extract power from this method. turned out to be the most practical plasma confinements system. these days you know every decent university or laboratory has its own talk proves it. the first ever talk a mock to team one was built right at the could chose to ski institute in moscow. the institute is named after a group of course shots of the russian domestic agencies also based here managing all aspects of the country's participation in the project. he's now home says he wants distant descendant which was built almost forty years ago and is the largest talk among currently operating in russia the teatime has generated around ninety thousand positive pulses which is way over its original designation despite its age

old faithful still has a place in today's research and plays an important part in testing how plasma interacts with electromagnetic waves for. firstly it will use this tocome up to test out new technologies once that does that we can apply them in a big scale secondly that we also use it to develop new diagnostic methods for me this is not an easy task because in actual fact many of these diagnostic tools do not yet exist and millions are eager to develop them and some of these diagnostic tools will be developed here but the facility. is located just behind these walls and take it from me it's quite something see the possibility of naked eye but if you want to be able to control it you have to be able to monitor it and this is where the hope is being generator that generates a sense of being a neutral part schools through the plasma which of course it's on the go a series of spectral changes the beaming comes out of the plasma sensors five optic cable the constant being is given

a frame rate of about two hundred fifty per second with this filter to be in the this box and through a series of lenses and it's finally picked up by the spectrometer to see. the spectrometer that send all this information to a computer which does the number crunching to calculate the spectral properties of the being and these these properties that you calculate the heat and the concentration of the. the electric field strength and rotation speed of the. measurements these are the most important. and it. will eventually be fitted in the. one diagnostic system is far from enough. be monitored closely. there are different types of diagnostics physical diagnostics. technological diagnostics and then there are safety diagnostics give us

a clear picture of the things happening inside the reactor. given the experimental nature if. you will have around forty five diagnostic systems nine of which have been developed here in russia. institute three in the institute and three in the institute. the diagnostic systems range from lasers x. rays a neutron cameras same purity monitors particle spectrometers and radiation. unfortunately we can't cover them all check out a few. institute is also working on these highly fields side reflects the system we sense michael. and use the extent to which they are reflected to gauge the density and therefore the stability of the plasma a wide range of frequencies are used which allows them to take a cross-section and see the density distribution within this system is tested using this form of the wave. but the main challenge different way frequency is done the

same guide without distorting them this diagnostic technology the way it is meant to be applied editor has never been used with the talk of mark. so we decided to start by installing diagnostic sensors inside the t ten and now we have collected a full. re-image diagnostic results. this is a full scale replica of the e.o. for institutes divert. the six ton device would be located just one point five meters away from the. business and only a two centimeter gap in the. diverts helps maintain the purity of the plays an important role in ensuring the safety of the. vertical gamma ray camera registers the gamma radiation produced during the reaction this information used to measure the confinements of the alpha particles generated during fusion alpha particles

play a crucial role in producing a burning plasma which is a self-sustaining reaction. if any power. to institute is also building these neutral particle. concentrations. ionizers them. energy. isotopes deviation from. the reactor this information allows a few levels to be adjusted accordingly. russia has been put in charge of supplying this diagnostic system basically that's because we've been leaders in the application of these diagnostics nuclear installations for a number of decades now we've dozens of instruments operating on this principle and supplied them to our foreign partners. institute he's also located in st

petersburg and is heavily involved. so i went down. to see what they were up to maxime he's currently working on pas make mission systems for the reactor. generate the huge electrical currents required to heat the plasma they're also developing. to take control. from overheating if the small explosive charge in the prior break could detonate causing a small of a million brings to expunge and completed by prosecutes which discharges the excess current in less than twenty microseconds kind of like a giant fuse. or we have a range of key technologies being developed for the ether that must be supplied on time some of the needed to ensure the experiment safety. among them the technology is related to the magnetic system the vacuum chamber. system and some chamber elements would have. this panel is part of the inside wall of the talk a mark is

made up of lots of little tiles like this one each tile consists of a layer of tungsten copper i'm wrong and the inside wall have over one million of them and six hundred thousand we made here in russia europe and japan also made these panels and the sun them hits recessed in this chamber the chamber can heat into three thousand degrees c. but still it's less than fifty hundred which is the exact same temperature as inside the talk of. the inside wall of the reactor represents an immense engineering challenge the heat is subjected to the sequence of one hundred thousand light bulbs shining on one square meter the force exerted by the magnets could be compared to the way to fifty lorries and if this weren't enough. to grade the structural integrity of the wall this testing shaper contains an electron beam which imitates the heat load on the wall to ensure it's capable of dissipating all this heat over a relatively small area without fracturing so how can two stand with

a melting point of three and a half thousand degrees based on temperatures of over one hundred million. most of the pond schools are held in the plasma only a few of them can escape the magnetic field and reach the first roll the talk of the density of the particles drops significantly which means that the fates attention the wall is subjected to see is also lower. juicing steam which drives a turbine to produce electricity. this is a complicated task because we have to combine different materials into a single structure which should be able to operate for a decade or so being exposed to aggressive plasma which we draw from soviet and russian researchers experience with modern materials for example high energy laser mirrors rocket nozzles. vehicle fairing and thermal protection high energy radars. and this is why russia was able to achieve excellent results in

this area that. the money has to be adopted especially for. this laser welding machine is used to create seamless joints an. additional welding techniques there are no impurities in the weld. metal. after the break. sigrid laboratory to mccurdy was able to build a most sophisticated robot which fortunately doesn't sound anything turns mission to teach music creation why it should care about humans and. this is why you should care only. to speak your language

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a lot of the work for each day as we count out here in st petersburg and what better place to come than the e.o. for institute which is the birthplace of nuclear physics in russia it is also home to the country's newest talk of the global. church of himself which is a senior research at the ofa institute before moving to moscow to head his own lab as well as developing many diagnostic systems for he said the institute has also built a talk of its own it uses a device to study plasma behavior as well as test reheating systems place not like any talk that we've seen before. the global sam is a spherical talk it's also the newest in russia i was built entirely in st petersburg it's more compartment traditional talk much so the money so located much

closer to the plasma which greatly reduces the amount of energy required to confine it the shape of the chamber also makes the past main currently more stable and an increase in efficiency is achieved by holding the puzzler much more centrally. despite the magnetic fields being generally we can this type of talk in march making it harder to reach required possible density is certainly not without its uses. as far as the energy industry is concerned research is a currently designing a hybrid reactor that's a token mark or a spherical talk i'm back in our case it's used as a source of false neutrons among like say there's no self-sustaining reaction and those false neutrons say used to irradiate spent unspent nuclear fuel with the like what's normally used in fission reactors.

isn't just providing a lot of technology a lot of the money of production is being tried out here as well one of the country's speciality superconductors so that's why it's joined forces with five other countries to produce. systems bush will provide a total of seventy three spools of superconducting my next a cable for each for the length of eight hundred meters. we are very pleased with this approach. from sample the sample. is stable. and there are many stages to the money for it to process the same superconducting producer that you pissed mechanical five. seven hundred fifty miles hits at the well they are cleaned and. the why is it then won't produce trans which in turn

around five times to produce a cable first sentences the stick. is then about in a steel jackets and compressed the cable is loaded onto an eight and a half to school for transportation. to the money it will be assembled in the test giant money to simply facilitate a puff of which will be money for russia. eighteen superconducting to oil field and six field goals essential solenoids on the sets of correction the confined shape and control the placement inside the box and vessel. is an ancient russian city not only known for its beauty and rich history but its reputation for science the research and manufacturers is known far outside russia's borders. production facility. is responsible. producing nine out of the twenty four.

were invented in russia in one thousand nine hundred sixty four now called a nice north good institute for pride physics. know used in the vast majority of talk of marx throughout the world as heating the puzzle without them will be next to impossible. he says twenty four gyra trying to locate it in a separate building one hundred fifty meters away from. the electromagnetic waves the producer he sends trial waveguides into the reactor helping the cosmic to the temperature necessary for fusion. we see each as a regular customer since we've agreed to supply it with knowing georgia trolls for the year two thousand and twenty the regular customer but we also hope to be able to sell to all three. under other contracts in the same period. gyro is latin for circle untrimmed is taken from electron so it's a pretty good name for a device that's based on the rotates emotional electrons in

a jar of beams of elections are accelerated towards a cavity where strong when they see field is applying the interaction between the rotating motion of the electrons and the most basic field generates high frequency radio waves to travel in a straight line like an optical beam the high frequency waves excite the electrons in the customer causing it to talk a bit like a microwave heats water enjoy it also has a stabilizing effect on the puzzler helping prolong the length of the reaction and therefore the energy produced so that all these benefits demand could jerry jones is pretty high at the moment and he's currently working on orders from germany china and japan but in the meantime it looks like we have another such five customer. review for. the project therefore. i hope i have as a core for this. this quarter. and. it's

a project and. there is a leading member of the project therefore is out. of access over the first before returning to france jima visited the applied physics where the artificial diamond windows for the produced highly conductive results in very little power and they don't. they don't come cheap the latest estimates place the final cost of the project at thirteen billion euros so may say that the countries have simply blown the money away so those see the benefits of the project for the next couple of decades the money now represents a huge investment in the future energy security of the entire world. example of international cooperation at its best and of the peaceful use of nuclear power for the advancement of mankind and protection of the environment most of the money invested in the project has already been through the technologies the materials

developed which have countless uses already. known there's no doubt there's a long way to go for. the progress so far i'm sure fusion has a bright future but until then enjoy the right. at one time i saved money to hire a hitman to shoot me dead from the next building through the open window. i searched through the internet typing things like i'm looking for you i'm waiting for you before i wrote i'm waiting for you i'm looking for you i didn't care at all what this man would be like deprived disabled. with you know you won't know the battery is true. i love everything about him i have grown

to love every here everyone interesting that kids can actually be healthy years and other guys who drink beer in a bench i've always promised that if she ever realizes it's too much for her and she decides to leave me i will accept her decision without criticism because it's her choice. choose your language. make it with. some of. the concerns to. choose the opinions that you. choose the stories that imply you. choose to accept.

it's homage. to structure. one hundred twenty three days. through two things you might remember two cities of russia. relayed by fourteen thousand people or sixty five those who kill him. in a record setting trip by a man. made. a living torch relay. on r t v dot com. look people want to eat and they would be worried if when we looked. when we saw a different islamic leaders iranian president in. europe for the woman's womb this is not things that. you can just go along and you can listen to the. country he was

. in the speech he says it's. paid. and. he says within twenty years every m.p. in this country. which is. government and then he says we. are minister of this country. now that's why he.

e.u. leaders lack of trust in relations with the e.u. was soft on the national security agency was experienced listening in on the phone conversations of thirty five heads of state. these are not i mean. apart from the n.s.a. spying scandal either leaders are also faced with the flow of refugees from walking states which has been putting pressure on the number of european countries but also coming up. why don't you put a period to people or and pretty much work on american protesters or rage against a police brutality as notorious cop walks away with cash compensation almost to what his victims receive.