i'm not just talking about the street dunces the country ranks second in the world in terms of nuclear power stations but with growing environmental and safety concerns the sun may be setting on nuclear energy as we know it so many says from around the world have come to discourse of possible shift away from nuclear fission . there are currently one hundred eighty five nuclear power plants in europe and another seventeen on the way france is almost a third of the total with fifty eight plants producing seventy eight percent of the country's energy needs only stations have produced well over one million cubic meters of radioactive waste ninety percent of which is stored in three facilities this is where nuclear fusion comes in almost the difference. nuclear fission isn't normally found in nature it's the process by which heavy elements split to form lighter elements and has been created by man kind to make poa stations and nuclear bombs. typical reaction a neutron hits isotope which caused it to destabilize and splits into small

elements and neutrons giving off energy unfortunately its also uses a large amounts of radioactive waste which is incredibly hard to dispose of safely nuclear fusion on the other hand is nature's atomic power just have to look at the some of the stars to see it in action in this reaction hydrogen isotopes in this case tritium and uteri and combined to form a heavy isotope helium a single neutron and lots of energy because most importantly fusion gives off hardly any radioactive waste. a slow the idea of eater was first discussed at an international forum in washington in one nine hundred seventy five together with the leader of the us thermo nuclear program we gave a report on things we could do together and on ways to do that back in one nine hundred seventy five we said we should work on what is known today as a technological platform this. this is what we said back in nine hundred seventy

five and all the work after that basically followed this plan. of suggests that general secretary got about twelve bring it up at the geneva superpower summit in one thousand nine hundred eighty five he discussed it with president reagan and the international experimental react to project was ball in europe france in particular was already looking to diversify its energy sources and join the project along with japan in two thousand and six the agreement to build run and decommission was signed and dramas finally broke in two thousand and seven construction is now in full swing and gathering momentum every day. he says is also latin for the way symbolizing the way that she locating cataracts in the south of france is one of the most ambitious international scientific collaboration is ever undertaken the e.u. india japan and china russia south korea and the u.s.

representing over one half of the world's population all taking part in the project to make the holy grail of energy production a reality. but nuclear fusion won't come easy given the ground work for the project is a feat in itself that each test site is the size of sixty football pitches making it one of the largest manmade level surfaces in the world to access roads from the poles of all be reinforced to support the weight of the deliveries and five thousand people are expected to be working on the site during the peak of construction as the host country france is responsible for a lot of the infrastructure but the sheer size of the projects is too much for one country alone. since this is an international project it's very important to make sure we're all on the same page different countries will be providing different components and it's important that all the components are supplied at the right time compatibility issues need to be taken care of. nature has none of these problems. and crites fusion

a long time ago the temperature at the sun's core is fifteen million degrees centigrade this combined with its huge mass and density create the perfect conditions for fusion so perfect in fights that it fuses six hundred twenty million tons of hydrogen every second once construction is complete the real fun starts at the heart of the entire complex is this fusion reactor which will recreate the conditions in the center of the song here on earth due to human tritium are equally charged so to overcome the not sure which happens so easily in the sun they need to be heated to over one hundred fifty million degrees in a vacuum at this temperature they form a plasma which is confined to detroit old or donut shaped the only magnetic field and electric currents is going through the plasma to help heat it on the walls of the chamber have to be built to withstand the intense heat in vacuum conditions and this magical device that can create stars is called to talk a mark but it's not a new invention. is a russian acronym for toroidal chamber with magnetic coils and it was created in

russia over sixty years ago many of the people i've spoken to mention the young red army soldiers when i asked them about the history of nuclear fusion so i went to the state library in moscow to find out more i was intrigued by this mysterious figure despite having received very little formal education before the outbreak of the second world war i developed a passion and a talent for nuclear physics. alexandrians here was the first person proposed from fun passing an electrostatic field in one hundred fifty wrote a letter to stalin but never received a reply but the second letter addressed to the central committee caused quite a stir and was invited to moscow to discuss his ideas with soviet physicists andre sucker of tom and they were impressed by his originality and boldness son could have recommended that work canoe cliff fusion get started straight away but you find they're using a secure magnetic field instead physicists eager to push outs of. gave

a talk in england where he revealed the soviet union's novel approach in progress the world was impressed the u.k. declassified its nuclear fusion research and international cooperation began in earnest the first magnetic possum a containment device the team was created in one thousand nine hundred fifty seven the teeth three which both tom had been working on was completed in one nine hundred sixty eight it's a huge record temperature levels and plasma confinement times and the talk about to become the dominant concept in fusion research after this talk amounts began to sprinkle all over the world. some of the most notable include the joints european tourists or jets in the u.k. which if the first controlled release of fusion power and holds the record for the most power produced this talk is currently being used to test a wall lining for. japan's j c sixty which holds the record for the highest possible time density and temperature ratio and c s t on america which managed to

heat the plasma to a mindblowing five hundred ten million degrees c. despite these advances no talk of mike has ever achieved the long sought breakeven point where device releases the same amount of energy as it's used to start the reaction. be to is not a thermo nuclear power plant it's an experimental reactor that it's purpose is to show everyone that all the major technological and physical problems have been so thermo nuclear energy is now available as a source of electricity for industrial needs it's a problem with. the alternatives to the stellar rates it was in one thousand nine hundred fifty in the us and doesn't run a current through the plasma making it easy to operate however any deviation from the complex geometric form results in a significant reduction in plasma containment characteristics was a lot of progress has been made in germany in recent years with a dental strine seven takes initial confinement fusion uses. of high powered lasers

to heat a compressed hydrogen fuel pellets and ignite a fusion reaction although exciting from a theoretical point of view it can be tricky to extract power from this math it. turned out to be the most practical plasma confinements system. these days yet every decent university or laboratory has its own talk a market proves it. the first ever talk of mock the team one was built right stay at the could institute in moscow. the institute is named after. the russian domestic agencies also based here managing all aspects of the country's participation in the heats have projects. now holmes says he wants distant descendant which was built almost forty years ago and is the largest talk among currently operating in russia that see time has generated around ninety thousand positive pulses which is way over its original designation despite its age old

faithful still has a place in today's research and plays an important part in testing how plasma interacts with electromagnetic waves for the task. firstly it will use this tocome up to test out new technologies once that does that we can apply them on a bigger scale secondly that we also use it to develop new diagnostic methods for me this is not an easy task because in actual fact many of these diagnostic tools do not yet exist and millions are eager to develop them and some of these diagnostic tools will be developed here but what our facility is the is located just behind these walls and take it from me it's quite something see the possibility of naked eye but if you want to be able to control it you have to be able to monitor it and this is why they have these being generated. to generate a sense of being a neutral part schools through the plaza which because it's on the go a series of spectral changes to be human comes out of the plasma sensors five optic

cable the constant being is given a frame rate of about two hundred fifty per second with this filter being the go through this box and through a series of lenses and it's finally picked up by the spectrometer to see. the spectrometer that send all this information to a computer which does the number crunching to calculate the spectral properties of the beam and it is these properties that you calculate the heat and the concentration of the. the electric field strength and rotation speed of the can also be worked out from these measurements these are the most important. and. fitted in the. one diagnostic system is far from enough. monitored closely. there are different types of diagnostics. physical diagnostics. technological

diagnostics safe diagnostics give us a clear picture of the things happening inside the reactor. given the experimental nature of the reality will have around forty five diagnostic systems nine of which have been developed here in russia. institute three in the institute and three in the institute. the diagnostic systems range from lasers x. rays a neutron cameras to impurity monitors particle spectrometers and radiation. and fortunately we can cover them all check out a few. is also working on these high fields side reflect the system we sense michael. and use the extent to which they reflected to gauge the density and therefore the stability of the plasma a wide range of frequencies are used which allows them to take a cross-section and see the density distribution within this system is tested using

this full wave. but the main challenge different way frequencies down the same guide without distorting them this diagnostic technology the way it is meant to be applied editor has never been used with the talk of mark. so we decided to start by installing diagnostic sensors inside the t ten and now we have collected a full. re-image results. this is a full scale replica of the. ring system for. the six ton device would be located just one point five meters away from the. business and only a two centimeter gap in. the diverts helps maintain the purity of the place an important role in ensuring the safety of the. gamma radiation produced during the reaction this information to measure the

confinement of the alpha particles generated during fusion. play a crucial role in producing a burning plasma which is a self-sustaining reaction. if any power. to institute is also building these neutral particle. concentrations. and energy. isotopes deviation from. this information allows a few levels to be adjusted accordingly. russia has been put in charge of supplying this dog gnostic system basically that's because we've been leaders in the application of these diagnostics nuclear installations for a number of decades now. we've dozens of instruments operating on this principle

and supplied them to our foreign partners. institute is located in st petersburg and is heavily involved. so i went down. to see what they were. currently working on pas make mission systems for that. generate the huge electrical currents required to heat the plasma they also developed. to take control. from overheating if this happens a small explosive charge in the pyre break could detonate causing a small a million brings to expand and complete a bike prosecutes which discharges the excess current in less than twenty microseconds kind of like a giant fuse. or we have a range of key technologies being developed for the heater that must be supplied on time some of the needed to ensure the experiments safety. among them the technology is related to the magnetic system of the vacuum chamber the palaces the chamber

elements. this panel is part of the inside wall of the is made up of lots of little tiles like this one. consists of a layer of tungsten copper i'm wrong and the inside wall have over one million of them and six hundred thousand we made here in russia europe and japan also made these panels and the sun them hits we tested in this chamber the chamber can heat into three thousand degrees c. but still it's s m fifty hundred which is the exact same temperature as inside the talking mark. the inside wall of the reactor represents an immense engineering challenge the heat is subjected to the sequence of one hundred thousand light bulbs shining on one square meter the force exerted by the magnets could be compared to the way to fifty lorries and if this weren't enough. to grade the structural integrity of the wall this to cinch a bit contains an electron beam which imitates the heat load on the wall to ensure it's capable of dissipating all this heat over

a relatively small area without fracturing so how can two stand with a melting point to three and a half thousand degrees based on temperatures of over one hundred million. kids most of the pond schools are held in the plasma only a few of them can escape the magnetic field and reach the first roll the talk among the density of the particles drops significantly which means that the fates attention the wall is subjected to these also lowered the water cooling the water juicing steam. which drives a turbine to produce electricity flows lists of actions of which oh it's this is a complicated task because we have to combine different materials into a single structure which should be able to operate for a decade or so being exposed to aggressive plasma which we draw from soviet and russian researchers experience with modern materials for example the high energy laser mirrors rocket. vehicle fairing and family protection

high energy radars. and this is why russia was able to achieve excellent results in this area because. there's. a lot of the money fighting techniques have had to be adopted especially for. this laser welding machine is used to create seamless joints and stainless steel water cooling system traditional welding techniques there are no impurities in the weld splashes of molten metal morning after the break. so we believe that maybe. the sea potion security. issues that no one is asking with the gas that you deserve answers from. politics.

i think. we're going to go digital the price is the only industry specifically mentioned in the constitution and. that's because a free and open press is critical to our democracy but albus. role. in fact the single biggest threat facing our nation today is the corporate takeover of our government and across a cynical we've been hijacked lying handful of transnational corporations that will profit by destroying what our founding fathers one school class i'm tom hartman and on this show we reveal the big picture of what's actually going on in the world we go beyond identifying the problem trucks rational debate and a real discussion of critical issues facing their five different job ready to join the movement then walk a little bit of. drama

as they're trying to be ignored to. stories others refuse to notice. the faces change the world writes never. filled picture of today's news no longer from around the globe. broke to. the. a lot of the work for each as we count out here in st petersburg and what better place to come in the institute which is the birthplace of nuclear physics in russia

it is also home to the country's newest talk of the global. church of himself which is a senior research at the ofer institute before moving to moscow to head his own lab as well as developing many diagnostic systems for each at the institutions also built to talk a mark of its own it uses a device to study possible behavior as well as tests reheating systems police not like any talk about we've seen before. the global sam is a spherical talk it's also the new eastern russia i was built entirely in st petersburg it's more compact lynch additional talk marks so the money so located much closer to the plasma which greatly reduces the amount of energy required to confine it the shape of the chamber also makes the past mean currently more stable and an increase in efficiency is achieved by holding the puzzler much more centrally. despite the magnetic fields being generally we could this type of talk mark making it harder to reach required possible density is certainly not without

its uses. as far as the energy industry is concerned research is a currently designing a hybrid reactor that's a token mark or a spherical talk i'm back in our case is used as a source of false neutrons among like say there's no self-sustaining reaction and those false neutrons say used to radiate spent unspent to nuclear fuel with the blood clots normally used in fission reactors. isn't just providing a technology for a lot of the money a function is being carried out here as well one of the country's speciality superconductors so that's why it's joined forces with five other countries to produce coils for each. systems bush will provide a total of seventy three spools of superconducting my next a cable for each for the length of eight hundred meters. we are very.

stable to sample the sample. is stable. and there are many stages to the money for it to process the same superconducting producer that you pissed mechanical fire chief and then sent seven hundred fifty miles hates it but they are cleaned. the why is it then won't put you strong which in turn around five times to produce a case for first sentences that. is then about in a steel jackets and compressed the cable is loaded onto an eight and a half ton school bus transportation. to the minus will be assembled in the test giant money to simply facilitate a puffer more which will be money for russia all in all eighteen superconducting to

oil field and six political field calls essential solenoids on the sets of correction calls that can find shape and control the past me inside the box and vessel. is an ancient russian city not only known for its beauty and rich history but its reputation for science the research and manufacturing is known far outside russia's borders. production facility. is responsible. producing nine out of the twenty four. were invented in russia in one thousand nine hundred sixty four now called a nice north good institute for pride physics they know used in the vast majority of talk of marks throughout the world as heating the puzzle without them next to impossible. he says twenty four gyra trying to locate it in a separate filled

a one hundred fifty meters away from it reacts the electromagnetic waves to do so he sends by a long way for guys into the reactor helping the cosmic to the temperature necessary for fusion. we see each other as a regular customer since we've agreed to supply it with knowing. the year two thousand and twenty there are a regular customer but we also hope to be able to sell to all three. under other contracts in the same period. gyro is latin for circle untrimmed is taken from electron so it's a pretty good name for a device that's based on the rotates emotional electrons in the. beams of electrons are accelerated towards a covered see where strong when they see field is applying the interaction between the rotating motion of the electrons and the magnetic field to generate high frequency radio waves to travel in a straight line striking up to. the high frequency waves excite the electrons in the customer causing it to talk a bit like

a microwave heats water the judge also has a stabilizing effect on the puzzler helping prolong the length of the reaction and therefore the energy produced so that all these benefits demand for jerry jones is pretty high at the moment. of orders from germany china and japan but in the mean time it looks like we have another such site customer. review for. the project therefore. i hope i have the confidence to share. its corrected. if a project. there is leaving open the project there for the south. of the first before returning to france jima visit. physics where the artificial diamond windows for the produced highly

conductive results in very little power and they don't. they don't come cheap the latest estimates place the final cost of the project at thirteen billion euros so may say that the countries of simply blown the money away so those see the benefits of the project for the next couple of decades the money now represents a huge investment in the future energy security of the entire world. international cooperation at its best and of the peaceful use of nuclear power for the advancement of mankind and protection of the environment most of the money invested in the project has already been through the technologies and materials developed which have already. known there's no doubt there's a long way to go for. the progress so far i'm sure fusion has a bright future but until then enjoy the right.

you know people worried and they would be worried if when we looked to islamic leaders such as when we saw different islamic leaders iranian president say in. your freedom through the woman's womb this look this is not things that we have and you can just go on mourning you can listen to even shelly malik in this country who was a like who is the second in charge of gordon brown in a speech she says it's three thousand one woman paid in two thousand and two mr mathieson two thousand and seven peace and see friends in ten or ten muslim and these he says would in twenty years every m.p. in this country be muslim and in between saying each thing he says inshallah which is choice and his. government and then he says when he is a prime minister should prime minister of this country which are all five now that's what he's saying there's no way that's what they say.

you. know everyone in my life that i cared about their goal. and then. they came to skin. i was so national champion in track and field and also i was able to go and qualify for the olympic games. you know nine hundred eighty eight i started to experiment with that the drugs i had lost all the financial means that i. was really on the street. black market can. pay a great. interest. to

cook right from the scene took the first trip. and i think the church. on our reporters twitter. and instagram. could be in the know. on the. wealthy british style. markets why not. find out what's really happening to the global economy in these kinds of reports on a. deliberate

torch is on its epic journey to such. one hundred twenty three days. through two thousand and nine hundred towns and cities. the pressure. really for people who are sixty five those who kill them. in a record setting trip by land. sea and others face. olympic torch relay. on r t r two dogs. were not psyched to active camps on a mode where patients are forced that. the first strike never turned world's attention to the place that sometimes gulag of our times.

the breach of trust leaders expressed frustration with their long time ally after reports that u.s. intelligence has been eavesdropping on dozens of world leaders also. have feed not only. as migrants from africa and the middle east struggle to rebuild their lives across the mediterranean we reported from a refugee camp in the heart of europe. and the u.s. policeman who pepper spray or a group of peaceful protesters is awarded compensation for psychological damage a ruling doubts likely to fuel anger over police brutality.