hello and welcome said old your date is the end of all it's all but not so closing in moscow but luckily for us the summer hasn't finished everywhere so we thought we pop culbut go in search of a song winter is knocking at moscow's door between normally sit on a long johns just yet so we travel to europe to soak up some rays imbibes a culture and see what's going on in the world of technology fronts with europe's largest exporter of electricity last year but despite this abundance in power the country is still looking for new energy sources and even has to bring the power that drives the song down so we're. there's a lot of energy in france and i'm not just talking about the street dunces the

country ranks second in the world in terms of nuclear power stations but with a growing environmental and safety concerns the sun may be setting on nuclear energy as we know it so ministers from around the world have come to discuss a possible shift away from nuclear fission. there are currently one hundred eighty five nuclear power plants in europe and another seventeen on the way france has almost a third of the total with fifty eight plants producing seventy eight percent of the country's energy needs only stations have produced well over one million cubic meters of radioactive waste ninety percent of which is stored in three facilities this is where nuclear fusion comes in almost the difference. nuclear fission isn't normally found in nature it's the process by which heavy elements split to form lighter elements and has been created by mankind to make poa stations and nuclear bombs. do typical reaction a neutron hits isotope which caused it to destabilize and splits into smaller.

neutrons giving off energy unfortunately its also uses a large amount of radioactive waste which is incredibly hard to dispose of safely nuclear fusion on the other hand is nature's atomic power you just have to look at the some of the stars to see it in action in this reaction hydrogen isotopes in this district humans uteri and combines a form of heavy isotope helium a single neutrons and lots of energy because most importantly fusion gives off hardly any radioactive waste. a slow the idea of eater was first discussed at an international forum in washington in one nine hundred seventy five together with the leader of the us thermo nuclear program we gave a report on things we could do together and on ways to do them back in one nine hundred seventy five we said we should work on what is known today as a technological platform this was it or this is what we said back in one nine

hundred seventy five and all the work after that basically followed this plan which you. really have suggests that general secretary got about twelve bring it up at the geneva superpower summit in one thousand nine hundred eighty five he discussed it with president reagan and the international thermonuclear experimental reactor project was born in europe france in particular was already looking to diversify its energy sources and joined the project along with japan in two thousand and six . to build run and decommission was signed and dramas finally broke in two thousand and seven construction is now in full swing and gathering momentum every day. heat is also latin for the way symbolizing the way that she locating cataracts in the south of france is one of the most ambitious international scientific collaboration is ever undertaken the e.u. india japan and china russia south korea and the u.s. representing over one hundred. the world's population all taking part in the

project to make the holy grail of energy production a reality. but nuclear fusion won't come easy even the ground work for the project is a feat in itself that each test site is the size of sixty football pitches making it one of the largest manmade level surfaces in the world the access roads from the poles have all been reinforced to support the weight of the deliveries and five thousand people are expected to be working on the site during the peak of construction as the host country france is responsible for a lot of the infrastructure but the sheer size of the projects is too much for one country alone. since this is an international project it's very important to make sure we're all on the same page different countries will be providing different components and it's important that all the components is supplied at the right time compatibility issues need to be taken care of. nature has none of these problems and creates fusion a long time ago the temperature at the sun's core is fifteen million degrees

centigrade this combined with this huge mass and density create the perfect conditions for fusion so perfect in fights that the fuse is six hundred twenty million tons of hydrogen every second construction is complete the real fun starts at the heart of the entire complex is this fusion reactor which will recreate the conditions in the sense of the sun. equally charged so to overcome the natural repulsion which happen so easily in the sun they need to be heated to over one hundred fifty million degrees in a vacuum at this temperature they form a possum which is confined to detroit old or donut shaped magnetic field an electric current through the plasma to help heat it on the walls of the chamber have to be built to withstand the intense heat and vacuum conditions and this magical device that can create stars. but it's not a new invention. is a russian acronym for toroidal chamber with my next. coyle's and it was created in

russia over sixty years ago many of the people i'd spoken to mention the young red army soldiers when i asked them about the history of nuclear fusion so i went to the state library in moscow to find out more i was intrigued by this mysterious figure despite having received very little formal education before the outbreak of the second world war i developed a passion and the talent for nuclear physics. a little princess was the first person proposed from fun passing an electrostatic field in one hundred fifty brodie's ideas in a letter to stalin but never received a reply but the second letter addressed to the central committee caused quite a stir and he's invited to moscow to discuss his ideas with soviet physicists andre sucker of tom and they were impressed by his originality and boldness son could have recommended that work canoe cliff fusion get started straight away but you find. using a secure magnetic field instead physicist eager to push outs or gave a talk in england where he revealed the soviet union's novel approach and progress

the world was impressed by the u.k. declassified its nuclear fusion research and international cooperation began in earnest the first magnetic plasma containment device the t one was created in one thousand nine hundred fifty seven the teeth three which will sucker of and tom had been working on was completed in one thousand nine hundred sixty eight it's a huge record temperature levels and plasma confinement times and the talk of my quest to become the dominant concept in fusion research after this talk amounts began to sprinkle all over the world. some of the most notable include the joints european taurus or jets in the u.k. which if the first controlled release of fusion power and holds the record for the most power produced this talk of mark is currently being used to test a wall lining for. japan's j c sixty which holds the record for the highest plasma time density and temperature ratio on the c.s.t. on america which means to heat the plasma to a mind going. ten million degrees c.

despite these advances no talking mike has ever achieved a long salt breakeven point where device releases the same amount of energy as it used to start the reaction. at the to is not a nuclear power plant it's an experimental reactor at its purpose is to show everyone that all the major technological and physical problems have been solved and that thermo nuclear energy is now available as a source of electricity for industrial needs if you get a problem with. the alternatives to talk of the stellar rater was invented nine hundred fifty in the us and doesn't run a current through the plasma making it easy to operate however any deviation from the complex geometric form results in a significant reduction in plasma containment characteristics was a lot of progress has been made in germany in recent years with the fine seventy six initial confinement fusion uses dozens of high powered lasers to heat a compressed hydrogen fuel pellets and ignite

a fusion reaction although exciting from a theoretical point of view it can be tricky to extract power from this method. there's also the talk about turned out to be the most practical plasma confinement system. the fact that these days every decent university or laboratory has its own talk a market proves it. the first ever talk of mark the team warm was built right at the could chose a ski institute in moscow. the institute is named after. the russian domestic agencies also based here managing all aspects of the country's participation in the project. he's now home says he wants distant descendant which was built almost forty years ago and is the largest talk among currently operating in russia that see time has generated around ninety thousand positive pulses which is way over its original designation despite its age old faithful still has

a place in today's research and plays an important part in testing how plasma interacts with electromagnetic waves for. firstly it will use this tocome up to test out new technologies once that does that we can apply them in a big scale secondly that we also use it to develop new diagnostic methods for me this is not an easy task because in actual fact many of these diagnostic tools do not yet exist and millions are eager to develop them and some of these diagnostic tools will be developed here at the office and it's. this is located just behind these walls and take it from me it's quite something see the possibility of naked eye but if you want to be able to control it you have to be able to monitor it and this is why they have this being generator generates a sense of being of neutral particles through the plasma which cause it's on the go a series of spectral changes the beam and comes out of the plasma sensor is five optic cable the constant being is given

a frame rate of about two hundred fifty per second with this filter to be in the this box and through a series of lenses and it's finally picked up by the spectrometer to see. the spectrometer that send all this information to a computer which does the number crunching to calculate the spectral properties of the beam on these these properties that you calculate the heat and the concentration of the. the electric field strength and rotation speed of the. measurements these are the most important part. and. be fitted in the. one diagnostic system. monitored closely. there are different types of diagnostics. physical diagnostics. technological diagnostics safe diagnostics give us

a clear picture of the things happening inside the reactor. given the experimental nature if. you will have around forty five diagnostic systems nine of which have been developed here in russia. institute three in the institute and three in the institute. the diagnostic systems range from lasers x. rays a neutron cameras same purity monitors particle spectrometers radiation. and fortunately we can't cover them all checkouts a few. is also working on these high fields side reflects the system. and uses the extent to which they are reflected to gauge the density and therefore the stability of the plasma a wide range of frequencies are used which allows them to take a cross-section and see the density distribution within this system is tested using this full. wave. but the main challenge different way frequency is done the same

guide without distorting them this diagnostic technology the way it is meant to be applied editor has never been used with the talk of mark. so we decided to start by installing diagnostic sensors inside the t ten and now we have collected a full. re-image results. this is a full scale replica of the e.o. for institute. a six ton device would be located just one point five meters away from the. business and only a two centimeter gap in the. diverts helps maintain the purity of the place an important role in ensuring the safety of the. gamma radiation produced during the reaction this information to measure the confinement of the alpha particles generated during fusion. play

a crucial role in producing a burning plasma which is a self-sustaining reaction. if any power. to institute is also building this neutral particle. concentrations. isotopes deviation from. this information allows a few levels to be adjusted accordingly. russia has been put in charge of supplying this dog gnostic system basically that's because we've been leaders in the application of these diagnostics nuclear installations for a number of decades now we've dozens of instruments operating on this principle and supplied them to our foreign partners. institute is located in st

petersburg and is heavily involved. so i went down. to see what they were. clearly working on mission systems for the. generate the huge electrical currents required to heat the plasma they also developed. to take control. from overheating if the small explosive charge in the prior break could detonate causing a small a minion bring to expand and complete a bypass circuits which discharges the excess current in less than twenty microseconds kind of like a giant fuse. or we have a range of key technologies being developed for the ether that must be supplied on time some of the needed to ensure the experiment safety. among them the technology is related to the magnetic system the vacuum chamber. system and some chamber elements. this panel is part of the inside wall of the talk of mach is made up of

lots of little tiles like this one. consists of a layer of tungsten copper i'm wrong and the inside wall have over one million of them and six hundred thousand we made here in russia europe and japan also made these panels and the sun hits recessed in this chamber the chamber can heat into three thousand degrees c. but still it's essence fifty hundred which is the exact same temperature as inside the talk of. the inside wall of the reactor represents an immense engineering challenge the heat is subjected to the sequence of one hundred thousand light bulbs shining on one square meter the force exerted by the magnets could be compared to the way to fifty lorries and if this weren't enough. to grade the structural integrity of the wall this testing shaper contains an electron beam which imitates the heat load on the wall to ensure it's capable of dissipating all this heat over a relatively small area without fracturing so how can two stand with

a melting point of three and a half thousand degrees based on temperatures of over one hundred million. kids most of the pond schools are held in the plaza only a few of them can escape the magnetic field and reach the first role of the talk of the density of the particles drop significantly which means that the if the wall is subjected to these also lowered the water cooling the juicing steam. selectric city. this is a complicated task because we have to combine different materials into a single structure which should be able to operate for a decade or so being exposed to aggressive plasma you know his q. which we draw from soviet and russian researchers experience with modern materials for example the high energy laser mirrors rocket. reentry vehicle fairing and thermal protection high energy radars. and this is why

russia was able to achieve excellent results in this area because it's. a lot of the money makes it has to be adopted especially for. this laser welding machine is used to create seamless joints and stainless steel water cooling system traditional welding techniques there are no impurities in the well splashes of molten metal morning after the break. so we believe that maybe. the sea potion security. issues that no one is with the guests that deserve answers from. politics.

it looks like. we're going to go digital the price is the only industry specifically mentioned in the constitution and. that's because a free and open process is critical to our democracy but albus. role. in fact the single biggest threat facing our nation today is the corporate takeover of our government and our crowd semi-colons we've been hijacked lying handful of transnational corporations that will profit by destroying what our founding fathers one still just my job market and on this show we reveal the big picture of what's actually going on in the world if we go beyond identifying the problem trucks and rational debate and a real discussion of critical issues facing america to find a job ready to join the movement then walk a little bit. right

from the sea. first street. and i think pictures. on our reporters' twitter. and instagram. would be in the mold of a mom. much to. a lot of the wood for each says we conduct here in st petersburg all bets of place to come in the e.u. also institutes which is the birthplace of nuclear physics in russia it is also

home to the country's newest talk of the global. shots of himself which is a senior research at the ofa institute before moving to moscow to head his own lab as well as developing many diagnostic systems for each had the institute has also built a talk a mark of its own it uses a device to study plasma behavior as well as tests or heating systems please not like any talk we've seen before. the global sam is a spherical talk a much it's also the newest in russia and was built entirely in st petersburg is more compartment traditional talk much so the money so located much closer to the plasma which greatly reduces the amount of energy required to confine it the shape of the chamber also makes the past mean currently more stable and an increase in efficiency is achieved by holding the postman much more centrally. despite the magnetic fields being generally we can this type of talk mark making it harder to reach required positive density is certainly not without its uses.

as far as the energy industry is concerned research is a currently designing a hybrid reactor that's a mark or a spherical talk i'm back in our case is used as a source of false neutrons among like say there's no self-sustaining reaction and those false neutrons say used to irradiate spent unspent nuclear fuel with the blood clots normally used in just six fission reactors. isn't just providing a lot of technology for a lot of the money a fraction is being tried out here as well one of the country's speciality superconductors so that's why he's joined forces with five other countries to produce coils but he says to royal and preorder my next existence bush will provide a total of seventy three spools of superconducting my nets a cable for each for the length of over eight hundred meters you would want but. we are very pleased that as superconductors such

a stable characteristics. stable . there are many stages to the money far to process the same superconducting producer the mechanical fire chief. seven hundred fifty miles hits a patrol where they are cleaned. the why is it then won't be too strong which in turn around five times to produce a cable for sentences that. is then wrapped in a steel jackets and compressed the cable is loaded onto an eight and a half ton school for transportation. to the minute it will be assembled to test giant money to. a pulp which will be money for russia. eighteen superconducting two oil fields and six field goals. on the sets of

correction that can find shape and control the placement inside the box and vessel . is an ancient russian city not only known for its picturesque beauty and rich history but its reputation for science the research and manufacturing is known far outside russia's borders. production facility. is responsible for nine out of the twenty four. thousand nine hundred sixty four. physics. know used in the. next to impossible. twenty four gyra trying to relocate it in a separate building one hundred fifty meters away from. the electromagnetic waves they produce obesity waveguides interacts helping. the cosmic to the temperature

necessary for fusion. we see each as a regular customer since we've agreed to supply it with knowing. the year two thousand and twenty there are a regular customer but we also hope to be able to sell to all three. under other contracts in the same period of the gyro is latin for circle untrimmed is taken from electron so it's a pretty good name for a device that's based on the rotates emotional electrons in a gyra drawn the beams of elections are accelerating towards a covered c west strong when they see the field is apply neat the interaction between the rotating motion of the electrons and the most basic field generates high frequency radio waves to travel in a straight line most likely not. the high frequency waves excite the electrons in the past causing it to talk a bit like a microwave heats water enjoy it also has a stabilizing effect on the puzzler helping prolong the length of the reaction and

therefore the energy produced so that all these benefits demand could gyra jones is pretty high at the moment. of orders from germany china and japan but in the meantime it looks like we have another such five customer. review. of the project therefore. i hope i have the confidence. this quarter meant to the project and those so already there is a leading member of the project for results for sure. since the excess over the project before returning to france which gina visited to teach the plight of physics where the artificial diamond windows for the gyrations of being produced the highly conductive results in very little power loss and they don't look about bad either but i bet they don't come cheap the latest estimates

place the final cost. of the projects at thirteen billion euros or so may say that the countries of simply blown the money away but the will see the benefits of the project for the next couple of decades the money put into it now represents a huge investment in the future energy security of the entire world he said is a sterling example of international cooperation at its best and of the peaceful use of nuclear power for the advancement of mankind and protection of the environment most of the money invested in the project has already been recruited through the technologies and materials developed which have countless uses already with the project been such an endeavor into the unknown there's no doubt there's a long way to go for. the progress so far i'm sure fusion has a bright future but until then enjoy the right. people.

you don't know if you don't panic or. response to ruse. everyone in my life that i cared about they're gone and then. i came askin well. i was a national champion in track and field and also was able to go in qualify for the olympic games. you know nine hundred eighty eight i started to experiment with that the drugs i had lost all the financial means that i. was really on the street. black market can. take great. interest.

put it on your show common law should be making news all the face time people. a pleasure to have you with us here on t.v. today i'm sure. the olympic torch is on its epic journey to such a. one hundred twenty three days. through two thousand nine hundred ton two cities of russia. relayed by fourteen thousand people or sixty five thousand killings.

in a record setting trip by land air sea and others face. a limp dick torch relay. on r t r c dot com. to teach me.

a breach of trust. that u.s. intelligence. reports from a refugee camp.