hello and welcome said old your date is the end of all it's all but not so closing in moscow but luckily for us the summer hasn't finished everywhere so is the we pop culture glorious that the song winter is knocking at moscow's door but we're not ready to donna long johns just yet so we travel to europe to soak up some rays imbibe the culture and see what's going on in the world of technology fronts was europe's largest exporter of electricity last year but despite its opponents in power the country is still looking for new energy sources and even has to bring the power that drives the song down so. there's a lot of energy in france and i'm not just talking about the street dunces the

country ranks second in the world in terms of nuclear power stations but with growing environmental and safety concerns the sun may be setting on nuclear energy as we know it so many says from around the world have come to discourse of possible shift away from nuclear fission. there are clearly one hundred eighty five nuclear power plants in europe and another seventeen on the way france has almost a third of the total with fifty eight plants producing seventy eight percent of the country's energy needs only stations have produced well over one million cubic meters of radioactive waste ninety percent of which is stored in three facilities this is where nuclear fusion comes in almost the difference. nuclear fission isn't normally found in nature it's the process by which heavy elements split to form lighter elements and has been created by mankind to make poa stations and nuclear bombs. into typical reaction a neutron hits. isotope which caused it to destabilize and splits into small

elements of neutrons giving off energy unfortunately its also uses a large amounts of radioactive waste which is incredibly hard to dispose of safely nuclear fusion on the other hand is nature's atomic power just have to look at the some of the stars to see it in action in this reaction hydrogen isotopes in this case tritium and uteri and confined to form a heavy isotope helium a single neutron and lots of energy because most importantly the fusion gives off hardly any radioactive waste. a slow the idea of eater was first discussed at an international forum in washington in one nine hundred seventy five together with the leader of the us thermo nuclear program we gave a report on things we could do together and on ways to do them back in one nine hundred seventy five we said we should work on what is known today as a technological platform this was it or this is what we said back in one nine

hundred seventy five and all the work after the basically followed this plan. of suggests that general secretary got about twelve bring it up at the geneva superpower summit in one thousand nine hundred eighty five he discussed it with president reagan and the international thermonuclear experimental reactor project was born in europe france in particular was already looking to diversify its energy sources and joined the project along with japan in two thousand and six the agreement to build the commission was signed and dramas finally broke in two thousand and seven construction is now in full swing and gathering momentum every day. he says is also latin for the way symbolizing the way that she locating color rush in the south of france is one of the most ambitious international scientific collaboration is ever undertaken the e.u. india japan and china. russia south korea and the us representing over one hoss of

the world's population all taking part in the project to make the holy grail of energy production a reality. but nuclear fusion won't come easy given the ground work for the project is a feat in itself that each test site is the size of sixty football pitches making it one of the largest manmade level surfaces in the world to access roads from the poles have all been reinforced to support the weight of the deliveries and five thousand people are expected to be working on the site during the peak of construction as the host country france is responsible for a lot of the infrastructure but the sheer size of the projects is too much for one country alone. since this is an international project it's very important to make sure we're all on the same page different countries will be providing different components and it's important that all the components is supplied at the right time compatibility issues need to be taken care of. nature has none of these problems

and creates fusion a long time ago the temperature at the sun's core is fifteen million degrees centigrade this combined with this huge mass and density create the perfect conditions for fusion so perfect some fights that the fuse is six hundred twenty million tons of hydrogen every second construction is complete the real fun starts at the heart of the entire complex is this fusion reactor which will recreate the conditions in the sense of the sun. due to equally charged so to overcome that not sure which happens so easily in the sun they need to be heated to over one hundred fifty million degrees in a vacuum at this temperature they form a plaza which is confined to detroit all four donut shaped magnetic fields and electric currents through the plasma to help heat on the walls of the chamber have to be built on the intense heat in vacuum conditions and this magical device that can create stars. but it's not a new invention. is

a russian acronym for toroidal chamber with magnetic coils and it was created in russia over sixty years ago many of the people i'd spoken to mention the young red army soldiers when i asked them about the history of nuclear fusion so i went to the state library in moscow to find out more i was intrigued by this mysterious figure despite having received very little formal education before the outbreak of the second world war i developed a passion and the talent for nuclear physics. a little princess was the first person propose confining passing an electrostatic field in one hundred fifty brodie's i days in a letter to stalin but never received a reply but the second letter addressed to the central committee caused quite a stir and he's invited to moscow to discuss his ideas with soviet physicists andre sucker of an ego to tom and they were impressed by his originality and boldness sucker of recommended that work canoe cliff fusion get started straight away but you find they're using a circular magnetic field instead physicist eager to push outs of gave

a talk in england where he revealed the soviet union's novel approach in progress the world was impressed the u.k. declassified its nuclear fusion research and international cooperation began in earnest the first magnetic plasma containment device that he won was created in one thousand nine hundred fifty seven the t. three which both sucker of and tom had been working on was completed in one thousand nine hundred sixty eight it's a huge record temperature levels and plasma confinement times and the talk of mark was to become the dominant concept in fusion research after this talk amounts began to sprinkle all over the world. some of the most notable include the joint european taurus or jets in the u.k. which achieved the first controlled release of fusion power and holds the record for the most power produced this talk of marquees currently being used to test a wall lining for. japan's j c sixty which holds the record for the highest plasma time density and temperature ratio and the c.f. . america which means to heat the plasma to

a mind blowing five hundred ten million degrees c. despite these advances no talk of mike has ever achieved a long salt breakeven point where device releases the same amount of energy as it used to start the reaction. at the to is not a film or a nuclear power plant it's an experimental reactor at its purpose is to show everyone that all the major technological and physical problems have been sold and that thermo nuclear energy is now available as a source of electricity for industrial needs if you get a problem with. the alternatives to talk among the stellar rates it was in the nine hundred fifty in the us and doesn't run a current through the plasma making it easy to operate however any deviation from the complex geometric form results in a significant reduction in plasma containment characteristics was a lot of progress has been made in germany in recent years with the bengals trying seven takes initial confinement fusion uses dozens of high powered lasers to heat

a compressed tight ship fuel pellets and ignite a fusion reaction although exciting from a theoretical point of view it can be tricky to extract power from this method. there's also the talk about turned out to be the most practical plasma confinement system. the fact these days you know every decent university or laboratory has its own talk or marcus will proves it. the first ever talk of mark the team one was built right at the coast chasa ski institute in moscow. the institute is named after. the russian domestic agencies also based here managing all aspects of the country's participation in the project. now holmes says he wants distant descendant which was built almost forty years ago and is the largest talk among currently operating in russia that see time has generated around ninety thousand positive pulses which is way over its original designation despite its age old faithful

still has a place in today's research and plays an important part in testing how plasma interacts with electromagnetic waves from the tap. firstly it will use this tocome up to test out new technologies once that does that we can apply them in a bigger scale secondly that we also use it to develop new diagnostic methods this is not an easy task because in actual fact many of these diagnostic tools do not yet exist and millions are eager to develop them and some of these diagnostic tools will be developed here at the office and it's. the talk is located just behind these walls and take it from me it's quite something to see the possibility of naked eye but if you want to be able to control it you have to be able to monitor it and this is why they have this being generator generates a sense of being a neutral part schools through the plasma which of course it's on the go a series of spectral changes the beaming comes out of the plasma sensors fiber

optic cable the constant being is given a frame rate of about two hundred fifty per second with this filter the beam then go through this box and through a series of lenses and it's finally picked up by the spectrometer to see. the spectrometer that send all this information through a computer which does the number crunching to calculate the spectral properties of the beam and these these properties that you calculate the heat and the concentration of the. the electric field strength and rotation speed of the past can also be worked on these measurements these are the most important. version of this laser system will eventually be fitted in the reactor but one diagnostic system is far from enough. it's a must be monitored closely. there are different types of diagnostics physical diagnostics. technological diagnostics and then there are safety

diagnostics that give us a clear picture of the things happening inside the reactor we were. given the experimental nature of the reality will have around forty five diagnostic systems nine of which have been developed here in russia three in the institute three in the institute and three in the institute. the diagnostic systems range from lasers x. rays a neutron cameras to impurity monitors particle spectrometers and radiation. unfortunately we can't cover them all check out a few. institute is also working on these highly fields side reflects the system we sense michael. and use the extent to which they are reflected to gauge the density and therefore the stability of the plasma a wide range of frequencies are used which allows them to take a cross-section and see the density distribution within this system is tested using

this full scale mockup of the wave. but the main challenge be sending different way frequencies down the same guide without distorting them you know this diagnostic technology the way it is meant to be applied a heater has never been used with a talk a mark. so we decided to start by installing diagnostic sensors inside the t ten and now we have collected a full. re-image results. this is a full scale replica of the institute. the six ton device would be located just one point five meters away from the. business and only a two centimeter gap in the. diverts helps maintain the purity of the place an important role in ensuring the safety alteration of the talk among. the gamma radiation produced during the reaction this information to measure the

confinement of the alpha particles generated during fusion. a crucial role in producing a. which is a self-sustaining reaction. if any power. to institute is also building this neutral particle. concentrations. isotopes deviation from. this information allows a few levels to be adjusted accordingly. russia has been put in charge of supplying this dog gnostic system basically that's because we've been leaders in the application of these diagnostics nuclear installations for a number of decades now we've dozens of instruments operating on this principle and

supplied them to our foreign partners. institute is. heavily involved. so i went down. to see what they were up to. clearly make mission systems for the reactor. generate the huge electrical currents required to heat the plasma they also. protect. from overheating if the small explosive charge in the prior break could detonate causing a small of a million brings to expand and complete the bypass circuits which discharges the excess current in less than twenty microseconds kind of like a giant fuse. or we have a range of key technologies being developed for each other that must be supplied on time some of the needed to ensure the experiment safety. among them the technology is related to the magnetic system the vacuum chamber the palaces the chamber

elements. this panel is part of the inside wall of the talk a mock is made up of lots of little tiles like this one. consists of a layer of tungsten copper i'm wrong and the inside wall have over one million of them and six hundred thousand we made here in russia europe and japan also made these panels and the sun them hits we tested in this chamber the chamber can get into three thousand degrees c. but still it's essence fifty hundred which is the exact same temperature as inside the talking mark. the inside wall of the reactor represents an immense engineering challenge the heat is subjected to the sequence of one hundred thousand light bulbs shining on one square meter on the force exerted by the magnets could be compared to the way to fifty lorries and if this weren't enough. degrades the structural integrity of the wall this testing shaper contains an electron beam which imitates the heat load on the wall to ensure it's capable of dissipating all these heat over

a relatively small area without fracturing so how can two stand with a melting point to three and a half thousand degrees based on temperatures of over one hundred million. cases most of the possibles held in the plaza only a few of them can escape the magnetic field and reach the first hole the talk of the density of the particles drops significantly which means that the fates attention the wall is subjected to these also lowered the water cooling the juicing steam. tricity. this is a complicated task because we have to combine different materials into a single structure which should be able to operate for a decade or so being exposed to aggressive plasma. draw from soviet russian researchers experience with modern materials for example. energy laser mirrors.

protection. and this is why russia was able to achieve excellent results in this area. with. the money. to be adopted especially for. traditional. mind. and very. much and i'm.

here to. more news today. flared up. these are the images the world has been seeing from the streets of canada. showing corporations are on the day. big bucket. over by joe did you know the price is the only industry specifically mention in the constitution and. that's because a free and open press is critical to our democracy albus. role. in fact the single biggest threat facing our nation today is the corporate takeover of

our government and our proximity we've been a hydrogen client handful of transnational corporations that will profit by destroying what our founding fathers one still just i'm job market and on this show we reveal the big picture of what's actually going on in the world we go beyond identifying the problem trucks rational debate and a real discussion critical issues facing america ready to join the movement then walk a little bit of. a lot of the would be conned out here in st petersburg and what better place to come than the e.o. for institutes which is the birthplace of nuclear physics in russia it is also home

to the country's newest to the globe. shots of himself which is a senior research at the ofer institute before moving to moscow to head his own lab as well as developing many diagnostic systems for the to the institution's also built to talk a mark of its own it uses a device to study possible behavior as well as to some old silly heating systems police not like any talk about we've seen before. the global sam is a spherical talk a much he's also the newest in russia i was built entirely in st petersburg. it's more contact lynch additional talk much so the money so located much closer to the plasma which greatly reduces the amount of energy required to confine it the shape of the chamber also makes the past mean currently more stable and an increase in efficiency is achieved by holding the puzzling much more sensually. despite the magnetic fields being generally we can this type of talk mark making it harder to reach required pozen the density is certainly not without its uses.

as far as the energy industry is concerned research is a currently designing a hybrid reactor that's a token mark or a spherical talk i'm back in that case is used as a source of false neutrons like say there's no self-sustaining reaction and those votes neutral and say used to irradiate spent unspent nuclear fuel like what's normally used in six fission reactors. isn't just providing a lot of technology for a lot of the money a fraction is being tried out here as well one of the country's speciality superconductors so that's why he's joined forces with five other countries to produce coils but he says to royal and preorder my next existence bush will provide a total of seventy three spools of superconducting my next a cable for each for the length of over eight hundred meters you would want but. we

are very pleased that a superconductor such a stable characteristics. does them good at a high and then for. a stable of from sample the sample this means of production method is stable but if. there are many stages to the money for it to process the same superconducting why is a producer that you pissed mechanical fire chief and then send seven hundred fifty miles hits of patrols where they are cleaned and could steam chrome the why is it then one to put you strong. which until now won five times to produce a case for first sentences that. is then about in a steel jackets and compressed the cable is loaded onto an eight and a half ton school for transportation. to the minute it will be assembled in the giant money to simply facilitate apart from which will be money for russia all in all eighteen superconducting to oil field and six political field calls

essential solenoid on the sets of correction calls that can find shape and control the plasma inside the box and vessel. is an ancient russian city not only known for its beauty and rich history but its reputation for science the research and manufacturing is known far outside russia's borders. this year. production facility. is responsible for producing nine out of the twenty four. were invented in russia in one thousand nine hundred sixty four called a nice north. physics. are used in the vast majority of the world. without them next to impossible. twenty four gyra trying to be located in a separate building one hundred fifty meters away from. the electromagnetic waves

the producer of the senate wave guys into the reactor helping keep the cosmic to the temperature necessary for fusion. we see as a regular customer since we've agreed to supply it with knowing. the year two thousand and twenty there are a regular customer but we also hope to be able to sell. under other contracts in the same period. gyro is locked in for circle is taken from so it's a pretty good name for a device that's big. on the rotates emotional electrons in the beams of elections are accelerated towards a cavity where strong when they see the field is applied the interaction between the rotating motion of the electrons and the most basic field generates high frequency radio waves to travel in a straight line most likely not. the high frequency waves excite the electrons in the possible causing it to talk a bit like a microwave water enjoy it also has

a stabilizing effect on the pulse helping prolong the length of the reaction and therefore the energy produced all these benefits demand could joe johns is pretty high at the moment. is from germany china and japan but in the meantime it looks like we have another such five customer. review. the project therefore. i hope i have the confidence. it's correct amount to the project and also already there is a leading member of the project therefore results. since the excess over the project before returning to france which gina visited she took place physics where the artificial diamond windows for the gyrations of being produced highly conductive resulting in very little power loss and they don't look

about bad either but i bet they don't come cheap the latest estimates place the final cost of the project at thirteen billion euros or so may say that the countries have simply blown the money away so the will see the benefits of the project for the next couple of decades the money put into it now represents a huge investment in the future energy security of the entire world is a sterling example of international cooperation at its best and of the peaceful use of nuclear power for the advancement of mankind and protection of the environment most of the money invested in the project has already been through the technology. the materials developed which have countless uses already been such an endeavor into the unknown there's no doubt there's a long way to go for the tech but given the progress so far i'm sure fusion has a bright future but until then enjoy the right.

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