arment because science has proved beyond all doubt that there are very fundamental and important biological differences between men and women now you said earlier that. their records are archaeological records that show that the roles of man and women are becoming more equal over the last few decades probably even centuries but there is also an argument that could be made that this process of. social advancement of women is not really so much through equalizing their social roles but rather piling i dish and now social expectations on to women because if you look at even the most progressive western countries women are still carrying most of the burden in terms of household chores they're still doing much of the child rearing activity and that in addition to putting in the same hours at work as man so is it really women giving that much or are them just becoming much

more prominent not only in terms of their social roles but simply carrying most of the burden for for humanity and yes we're a many women who are very unhappy about the changes that feminism has brought because as i say it is even more stressful for them women are supposedly better at multitasking and they very often have to be because they have to be good at work and then they have to go home and clean the house and look after the children so there are many women who feel that the feminist movement has just made life more and more difficult for them would you agree with their argument that since you've just mentioned women's ability to multitask and obviously since you believe in the evolution i think many people would agree that this is essentially a product of evolutionary development that women's multitasking ability do you think that. that ability in and of itself makes women better positioned for the

times of uncertainty especially be economic and said and did that we are facing at the moment yes there's no doubt the men and women have slightly different skills profile the us has evolved that can be observed in brain structures there was a recent study coming out of pennsylvania which showed that if you look at the way in which my own female brains are typically wide. almost have wiring going from front to back which enables them to connect perception with physical skills and would enable them to develop as tennis players for example and go places where as women have have crossed wiring goes between the left and right hemispheres with the result that they can connect verbal processes with feelings and emotions on the right side so that when women talk to one another it is very much intimately tied

up with what they are feeling about things men tend to use language in a much more sort of logical and a little way there is also a tendency i think in the west you equate women's rights and gender equality many people treat those two concepts as synonymous but i wonder if you believe about is the case i mean i may have the same rights as my male peers but i think when it comes to social expectations and social norms there are there are still quite i make while they agree with that it's a very complex area there was a recent survey about asking women whether they liked chivalry on auto and the majority of them actually did like men to to help them put their coats on and to give up their seat for them on public transport whereas a lot of men were thinking that women would be insulted if they did this that things had reached. the point where women did not want to be patronized in this

kind of way and i would also like to touch. on one particular example and that is child rearing. there is a significant increase in the amount of time that man especially in the west bound providing direct care it's about children but i think it's still only a fraction of the parental investment provided by mothers i wonder if you believe that there are natural or maybe even biological limits to gender equality and oh i believe that women are actually naturally better at communicating with children knowing what it is that they want and need and they're also more motivated to take care of children than the average man so that i'm sure that we will in the future continue to have some differences in sex roles that are based to evolved preferences and tendencies it's a very complex area

a lot of women tennis players have been demanding equal pay but they still want to play against other women not against men and they can see the fact that men naturally better at sport and they want some of the rewards for playing against lesser opponents is this concept of dunder equality really supported by you know psychological and biological studies there is it just the concept or can we really achieve that in real life i think the attempt to override sex role differences completely is a luxury can be afforded only by affluent countries. there is a lot of argument for division of labor whereby people develop skills that are specific. to the their own abilities and interests and that the sex roles complimentary me. when women are bringing different kinds of skills and

expertise to a situation therefore they can raise children jointly in a way that is more effective than having them parallel each other's roles now speaking about raising children jointly correct me if i'm wrong but i think the idea of gender is very closely tied to the concept of the nuclear family and the distribution of labor of within it and this is where enormous changes are taking place at the moment in the united states i believe four out of town children are now born out of the wedlock in britain to the number of single mothers is on the increase and you know it's no longer associated to shame it's part of. social norms for the middle class but at the same time it's very strenuous both psychologically and financially and i guess it's a very loaded question but i wonder if it really constitutes a form of women's empowerment or rather just

a new form of patriarchy where man gets the best of both worlds because they they get to pass on bad genes without you know committing to spend too much resources on the raising their offspring yes that's a problem that is rearing its head in western societies most obviously where miles to escape response a pussy for looking after and financing their children because the for the family units break up so quickly and governments have to decide how they are going to deal with it how they're going to compel fathers to contribute to the upbringing of their children at least in terms of financial resources because otherwise they the government will be expected to to step in and back up the mothers now all the social advancements for women that's been have already discussed they all come at a cost. and there are also increasing issues with fertility with single motherhood

with low limit various psychological issues and i guess you would agree with me that. you know evolutionarily women haven't had haven't changed that fast as social norms i mean they they still crave you know family bonds and intimate connection so my question to you is whether female empowerment at least as it is understood these days ultimately at odds with deep seated psychological and probably even biological needs of women but i think you're absolutely right that the liberation of women has come at a cost and. what i applaud i think is the ability of women to make choices even if they're unusual choices for their gender if a woman wants to ply fly an airplane particularly then i think that's an excellent thing or be trying to say as

a surgeon but what we maybe shouldn't be doing is putting compulsion on this matter so that half of m.p.'s have to be women and half of the boardroom has to be female because that will push us into conflict with some natural biological differences which find their own level you know in clothing there is. the concept of the uni sags is increasingly popular something that is suitable for both both sexes and i wonder if it would be too far imagine a society that would be truly gender lassonde would do you live to live in kind of a society personally. no i think it would be terribly drab rather as chinese society because in terms of the clothing worn men and women so i think that men and women will inclined towards those different modes of dress and again any social can . to make them dress side down to play it would be very unfortunate well professor

wilson to have to take a short break now but when we come back gender roles have always been rooted in the concept of traditional marriage but as western countries take the lead in redefining these cornerstone social institution how willing to fact manhood and womanhood that's coming up in a few moments on worlds apart. transit

route to vnukovo report you'll best way to the heart of mosco. is obviously more for the latest because it's paying. women wanted to avoid rate they really needed to buy guns environ how to use them. this is the one that i want to go with them once again it's the field for women definitely the target of the gun lobby you don't kill them when you're killing money but if somebody would you would piss with her. i've noticed that more and more is this really scary marketing tactics which implies that women have some sort of moral obligation guns to protect their family and young girls shoot out here too so we do have a pink wife. or kids young kids choke on food than are killed by firearms if being armed made us safer in america we. should be the safest nation on.

were clearly not the safest. right. first. and i would think. an army would. be in the. united states has as many think tanks as the next ten countries combined guess one thousand eight hundred and twenty eight ten to tell three hundred million people i don't think.

welcome back to worlds apart a real discussing changing gender roles for a psychologist glahn of what will science professor wilson earlier we were talking about the steep rise in single parent households and there are many downsides to raising children alone for children for parents for societies at large and yet. this moral is becoming increasingly more widespread and it is all fun presented in terms of. women's liberation so much so that any government's efforts to intervene or protect the institution of marriage is sometimes viewed to suspicion or even condemnation i wonder if you think that government has any role to play in gender politics i think government alter things perhaps by incentives rather than by. by negative sanction. compulsion but we have

passed the point where we can tell people that they have to get married that they can't produce children out of wedlock and if they do they will take the children away and do something terrible but we also know that single parents are statistically more likely to be poor they're more likely to have emotional or behavioral problems and they're more likely to depend on social welfare so it's not exclusively i made sure of individual choices they have the government is expected to commit come in and help when times are tough but certainly the government will be required to help people who do have problems of poverty of jews or whatever reason and what we know from all the research is that all forms of social deprivation tend to accumulate in the one place that single parent families will go with with bad housing and poor education and and poverty inevitably these things

all then tend to accumulate in the same corners now many studies suggest that a successful marriage is usually good for you it is associated with increased life expectancy is a certain economic bana says. it also increases the overall life satisfaction and yet if we look at the most recent studies it seems that all those benefits and christen we conferred onto those who are well educated and reach marriage is essentially becoming a class thing you know decreasing among the poor and the middle class and yet staying fairly stable and among their reach why do you think that i think that class inevitably does connect with marital stability and so does health and happiness the no doubt about that again it's the same effect of everything accumulating in the same direction and the. cause and effect is going both ways so

that if people are healthy i'm wealthy that leslye have likely to have a marriage breakdown now in many parts of the world the social changes that we discussed previously including the changes in female gender roles are viewed as predominantly western that's part of the western value of janda and certain countries are actively resisting it i wonder if you think that these social trans irreversible to some extent and in other words of a likely to see any sort of counter revolution aimed at preserving dish and maybe even a charcoal gender roles i think there are counter movements i think that the islamic religion is is one very powerful counterforce towards maintaining traditional marriages and values. which doesn't suit the west.

just as they become more powerful western liberalism becomes powerful and we have to sort of make civilizations apparently on a collision course i think russia also comes into the mix here because i think that the counter revolution their revolution to or the movement to preserve to marriage has also started here and it's very interesting because traditionally women were expected to be breadwinners and take care of the household but most recently i think many women are putting a lot of emphasis on just finding a good provider but the problem is of course the male gender roles have changed as well and they are in no rush to tie the no other be the sole provider for the family so my question to you is whether you think this idea of the nuclear family could really be preserved as if. primary social union well marriage and family is

a social institution but i think it is also the way that human beings would naturally tend to live without any state marriage licensing system and without any religious beliefs i think there would be a tendency for people to gather together into into family groups what's probably more unusual is the size of major cities today we're probably evolved to live in communities of about one hundred fifty people where everybody knows each other and there are powerful social constraints based on expectations of what your role will be within the community from now. speaking about marriage equality there's also a concerted effort in some western countries including in britain to redefine the concept of traditional marriage and what i mean is of course redefining the marriage from. a union between a man and a woman or a union between

a two people of the same gender and i don't want to debate the merits of such moves per se but what i would like to ask is. about the speed of these social change because social norms usually take decades to change and crystallize but the same sex marriage it seems to be happening much quicker than the with other contentious social issues why do you think that would be yes the speed with which attitudes toward same sex relationships has changed in quite extraordinary when i was growing up as a schoolboy it was actually illegal to be homosexual in new zealand my home country now we seem to have switched from a time when i might throw you into jail for homosexual behavior to a time with are more likely you to throw you into jail if you express homophobic after choose the speed with which. particularly the legal background to those

attitudes is change is quite remarkable i wonder if there is if there is enough research to support. the concept of same sex marriage in relation at least to children because i think the issue of raising children is that is the most crucial here and whether or not children raised in same sex household as compared to maybe a single parent household or you know. people of two different genders are. if we really know that these doesn't the fact children is there enough research to support that yes there's a considerable amount of evidence and it goes both ways i think there is little doubt that children are best served by have. being a mother and a father together in. my land a female role model and the world looks simple from that point of view but it's also fairly clear that children are better off having stable parents even if they

are same sex parents than having only one parent and better off that way than having parents who abuse them melt treat them the most important thing is to be raised in a loving home and it doesn't matter quite so much the gender arrangement of the other people in that we're airing this program on the eve of valentine's day and i heard some gay activists compared jagjit who perform same sex marriages to same valentine the who as large and has it was in prison for performing weddings for soldiers who were forbidden to marry and i wonder to what extent these same sex marriage controversy is an outcome of the it's forbidden fruit mentality because heterosexuals as we discussed previously are losing their appetite for marriage at the same time as the l g b t community seems to be making it the core issue of that

movement we've had same sex partnerships in britain for some time and that seems to work fairly well with the step towards calling it marriage and making it identical to my all female marriage is a further step and it's seems as though it's going to go fairly smoothly at the moment. i don't see any great problem with personally a lot of people feel uncomfortable with it because the same sex orientation is a minority one but then it's not so long ago that the people who were left handed got a hard time as well even. my school days i remember left handers being compelled to change to the right hand for writing when it was totally unnatural for them to do that and they suffered enormous stress many of them develop stuff as an stammer as

i see sex orientation as being parallel so that i think that a gay or intention is inborn so that by the time you're born i think you're pretty much on track to to whichever sex orientation you have i think this is a scientific consensus but the question is a bit broader here is the question of the social attitudes and as you pointed out homosexuality was pathologist only a few decades ago so for society at large it is understandably taking some some time to. get used to that what could be the potential ramifications of pushing these changes before our society comes to terms with it well it's a very divisive issue i agree there are some very entrenched attitudes on both sides but i suppose it's an area where i quite favor the legislation that will permit people to to follow their own drums because very often social

attitudes will only change after the last steps in to defend minority interests and finally very quickly it's interesting that those countries that are. more traditional in terms of the intel partition of gender roles they also tend to be far more conservative on the eligibility rides and i know that another area of your expertise is the study of liberalism versus conservatism and i think they at least in the main point that i took from your research was that. liberalism and conservatism are you know they both serve. an important evolution their role in. it's not like one is good and one is bad you know they're centrally provide a system of checks and balances and i wonder if we if that's conclusion those findings could be extrapolated to national and possibly even international levels oh why should all countries be the same i mean wouldn't we all benefit as

a humanity if our certain countries were allowed to be more conservative than others who that's a different one of the asli we must allow different countries to organize things in their own way but. brutality and i have sort of executing people for their for their beliefs and unconventional behaviors and sun seems to be taking a little bit too far absolutely nobody is arguing for that it seems to me that. this seems to me that western countries have a right to to try to persuade other countries to to alter their laws in a more liberal sort of direction and a more tolerant kind of direction so they can accept a greater spectrum of behaviors for their people but what gives them this

right to spread their liberal values because as you argued in your research you know conservatism and liberalism is to some extent inborn and i guess the same type of argument could be made for country says well because you know of where your propensity towards you know embracing change would also depend on your fear of uncertainty you know your previous previous experience as a country your values your traditions and i don't think you can change all that quickly overnight yes well you certainly get very ocean in liberalism and conservatism within countries and those two facets will argue with one another as to who. scott the better perspective on things it seems reasonable to allow them to do that likewise you've got differences across nations and there is no debate going on between nations as to who is organizing things in

a better and fairer way i think that's inevitable attacking another country because they have a different religion or viewpoint on things it's a step one that i would argue for well professor wilson unfortunately this is all we have time for i really appreciate your appearing on the show and so our viewers if you like the shell please join us again same place same time here in a while but find. there's a city when you're in the arctic you have the entire world at your feet. she looks

like a fairly simple shit but really she's not simple little. and full of people have access to the nuclear icebreakers the real king here is the polar bear and ice breakers come second not a single complex expedition to the arctic can be conducted with the russian nuclear powered fleet of ice breakers we've undertaken a unique operation in. the northern sea route russia's arctic ice breakers.

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star studded team russia cruised to a solid win over slovenia in their first ice hockey match at the winter olympics but the bitter disappointment also has a recurring injury forces skating superstar go to withdraw from competition. some media outlets here have tried so hard to make the olympics in russia smell like cold war recycled symbols and thirty year old rhetoric to look at why some in the media seem to be on a crusade against the winter games. also leave the u.k. leave sterling london says it won't share currency with scotland if it votes yes for independence. and a radical anarchist movement in greece declares war on the german capitalist machine blaming berlin for the country's surge in poverty and unemployment.