do you think that is likely to be resolved in some sort of constructive way now because. this is the last change in borders that happens this way that i'm not saying will be forgotten but you know people conduct themselves to new realities if it turns out though this is the first step in that this is going to go on indefinitely. and threaten the very existence of between the state and work on it is a different game. alone wilkens technology dates is the end of all it's all but not so close in moscow but luckily for us the sun hasn't been east everywhere so we see we pop culture go in

search of a song winter is knocking at moscow's door but when nobody's done a long johns just yet so we travel to europe to soak up some rays imbibes a culture and see what's going on in the world of technology fronts was europe's largest exporter of electricity last year but despite this upon the same power the country is still looking for new energy sources and even hosting the power that drives the song. there's a lot of energy in france and i'm not just talking about the street don says the country ranks second in the world in terms of nuclear power stations but with growing environmental and safety concerns the sun may be setting on nuclear energy as we know it's so ministers from around the world have come to discuss a possible shift away from nuclear fission. there are currently one hundred eighty five nuclear power plants in europe and another seventeen on the way sunsets almost a third of the total with fifty eight plants producing seventy eight. percent of

the country's energy needs only stations have produced well over one million cubic meters of radioactive waste ninety percent of which is stored in three facilities this is where nuclear fusion comes in almost the difference. nuclear fission isn't normally found in nature it's the process by which heavy elements split to form lighter elements and has been created by mankind to make our stations and nuclear bombs. typical reaction a neutron hits isotope which caused it to destabilize and splits into small elements and neutrons giving off energy unfortunately its also uses a large amounts of radioactive waste which is incredibly hard to dispose of safely nuclear fusion on the other hand is nature's atomic power you just have to look at the some of the stars to see it in action in this reaction hydrogen isotopes in this case here you combine to form a heavy isotope helium a single neutron and lots of energy because most importantly fusion gives off

hardly any radioactive waste. the idea of eater was first discussed at an international forum in washington in one nine hundred seventy five together with the leader of the us thermo nuclear program we gave a report on things we could do together and on ways to do that back in one nine hundred seventy five we said we should work on what is known today as a technological platform this was it or this is what we said back in one nine hundred seventy five and all the work after that basically followed this plan. of suggests that general secretary got about twelve bring it up at the geneva superpower summit one thousand nine hundred eighty five he discussed it with president reagan and the international thermonuclear experimental reactor project was born in europe france in particular was already looking to diversify its energy sources. and joined the project along with japan in two thousand and six the. build

and decommission was signed and dramas finally broke in two thousand and seven construction is now in full swing and gathering momentum every day. is also latin for the way symbolizing the way that she located in the south of france is one of the most ambitious international scientific collaboration is ever undertaken the e.u. india japan and china russia south korea and the u.s. representing over one hoth of the world's population all taking part in the project to make the holy grail of energy production a reality. but nuclear fusion won't come easy even the groundwork for the project is a feat in itself the east this site is the size of sixty football pitches making it one of the largest manmade level surfaces in the world the access roads from the poles have all been reinforced to support the weight of the deliveries and five thousand people are expected to be working on the site during the peak of

construction as the host country france is responsible for a lot of the infrastructure but the sheer size of the projects is too much for one country alone. since this is an international project it's very important to make sure we're all on the same page different countries will be providing different components and it's important that all the components are supplied at the right time compatibility issues need to be taken care of. nature has none of these problems and creates fusion a long time ago the temperature at the sun's core is fifteen million degrees centigrade this combined with these huge mass and density create the perfect conditions for fusion so perfect some fights that it fuses six hundred twenty million tons of hydrogen every second one is construction is complete the real fun starts at the heart of the entire complex is this fusion reactor which will recreate the conditions in the sense of the sun. deuterium. equally charged so to

overcome the not sure portion which happened so easily in the sun they need to be heated to over one hundred fifty million degrees in a vacuum at this temperature they form a plasma which is confined to detroit old or donut shaped the only magnetic field on electric currents is run through the plasma to help heat it on the walls of the chamber had to be built to withstand the intense heat in the vacuum conditions and this magical device that can create stars is called to talk a mark but it's not a new invention. is a russian acronym for toroidal chamber with magnetic coils and it was created in russia over sixty years ago. many of the people i've spoken to mention the young red army soldiers when i asked them about the history of nuclear fusion so i went to the state library in moscow to find out more i was intrigued by this mysterious figure despite having received very little formal education before the outbreak of the second world war i developed a passion and the talent for nuclear physics. alexandra answered with the first

person propose confront possible an electrostatic field in one hundred fifty brodie's ideas in a letter to stalin but never received a reply but the second letter addressed to the central committee caused quite a stir and he's invited to moscow to discuss his ideas with soviet physicists andre sucker of an ego to tom and they were impressed by his originality and boldness sucker of recommended that will continue cliff fusion get started straight away but to find eleven inches i did using a circular magnetic field instead of physicist eagle chris shots of gave a talk in england where he revealed the soviet union's novel approach in progress the world was impressed the u.k. declassified its nuclear fusion research and international cooperation began in earnest the first magnetic plasma containment device the t one was created in one thousand nine hundred fifty seven the teeth three which will sucker of and tom had been working on was completed in one thousand nine hundred sixty eight it's a huge record temperature levels and plasma confinement times and the talk of my quest to become the. dominant concepts in fusion research after this talk amounts

began to sprinkle all over the world. some of the most notable include the joint european taurus or jets. which achieve the first controlled release of fusion power and holds the record for the most power produced. is currently being used to test. japan's j c sixty which holds the record for the highest possible time and temperature ratio on the c.s.t. on america which means to heat the plasma to a mindblowing five hundred ten million degrees c. despite these advances no talking mike has ever achieved a long salt breakeven point where device releases the same amount of energy as it's used to start their reaction so. it's a is not a nuclear power plant it's an experimental reactor at its purpose is to show everyone that all the major technological and physical problems have been so.

thermo nuclear energy is now available as a source of electricity for industrial needs it's a problem with. the alternatives to the stellar rates it was in one thousand nine hundred fifty in the us and doesn't run a current through the plasma making it easy to operate however any deviation from the complex geometric form results in a significant reduction in plasma containing characteristics was a lot of progress has been made in germany in recent years with a fine seventy six inertial confinement fusion uses dozens of high powered lasers to heat a compressed hydrogen fuel pellets and ignite a fusion reaction although exciting from a theoretical point of view it can be tricky to extract power from this matter it. turned out to be the most practical plasma confinement system. these days you know every decent university or laboratory has its own. proves it.

the first ever talk a mock the team one was built right at the could chose to ski institute in moscow. the institute is named after. the russian domestic agencies also based here managing all aspects of the country's participation in the project. he's now home says he wants distant dissent in the t. ten which was built almost forty years ago and is the largest talk among currently operating in russia that see time has generated around ninety thousand positive pulses which is way over its original designation despite its age old faithful still has a place in today's research and plays an important part in testing how plasma interacts with electromagnetic waves for the tap. firstly it will use this tocome up to test out new technologies once that does that we can apply them in a big scale secondly that we also use it to develop new diagnostic methods for me this is not an easy task because in actual fact many of these diagnostic tools do

not yet exist and will use either to develop them in some of these diagnostic tools will be developed here at the office and it's either more or less the talk is located just behind these walls and take it from me it's quite something to see the possibility of naked eye but if you want to be able to control it you have to be able to monitor it and this is why they have this being generator generates a sense of being a neutral part schools through the plasma which of course it's on the go a series of spectral changes the beam and comes out of the plasma in the sensors five optic cable the constant being is given a frame rate of about two hundred fifty per second with this filter to be in the this box and through a series of lenses and it's finally picked up by the spectrometer to see. the spectrometer that send all this information to a computer which does the number crunching to calculate the spectral properties of the beam and these these pulses that you calculate the heat and the concentration of the. the electric field strength and rotation speed of the.

measurements these are the most important characteristics. and. will eventually be fitted in the. one diagnostic system is far from enough. be monitored closely. there are different types of diagnostics there physical diagnostics. technological diagnostics safe diagnostics give us a clear picture of the things happening inside the reactor. given the experimental nature if. you will have around forty five diagnostic systems nine of which have been developed here in russia three in the institute three in the institute and three in the institute. the diagnostic systems range from lasers x. rays a neutron cameras to impurity monitors particle spectrometers and radiation. unfortunately

we can't cover them all but check out a few. institute is also working on these high fields side reflect the system. and use the extent to which they reflected to gauge the density and therefore the stability of the plasma a wide range of frequencies are used which allows them to take a cross-section and see the density distribution within this system is tested using this full. wave. but the main challenge different way frequency is done the same guide without distorting them this diagnostic technology the way it is meant to be applied editor has never been used with a talk a mark. so we decided to start by installing diagnostic sensors inside the t ten and now we have collected a full. re-image diagnostic results. this is a full scale replica of the e.o.

for institute diverted thomson scattering system for. the sixth device would be located just one point five meters away from the. business and only a two centimeter gap in the. diverts helps maintain the purity of the place an important role in ensuring the safety of the. registers the gamma radiation produced during the reaction this information can be used to measure the confinements of the alpha particles generated during fusion alpha particles play a crucial role in producing a burning plasma which is a self-sustaining reaction. if any power. to institute he's also building these neutral particle. concentrations. ionizers them. energy to identify the isotopes deviation from.

the fish and see if he reacts to this information allows a few levels to be adjusted accordingly. russia has been put in charge of supplying this dog gnostic system basically that's because we've been leaders in the application of these diagnostics nuclear installations for a number of decades now we've dozens of instruments operating on this principle and supplied them to our foreign partners. institute he's also located in st petersburg and is heavily involved. so i went down. to see what they were up to maxime he's currently working on pas make mission systems for. generate the huge electrical currents required to heat the plasma they're also developing. to protect the soup can too. from overheating if these small explosive charge in the prior

break could detonate causing a small and medium brings to expunge and completed by prosecutes which discharges the excess current in less than twenty microseconds kind of like a giant fuse. or we have a range of key technologies being developed for the ether that must be supplied to . some of the needed to ensure the experiment safety. among them the technology is related to the magnetic system the vacuum chamber. system and some chamber elements with. this panel is part of the inside wall of the talk a mark is made up of lots of little tiles like this one. consists of a layer of tungsten papa. and the inside wall have over one million of them and six hundred thousand we made here in russia europe and japan also made these panels and the sun them hits we tested in this chamber the chamber can hear them to three thousand degrees c. but till its essence fifty hundred which is the exact same temperature as inside

the talk of. the inside wall of the reactor represents an immense engineering challenge the heat is subjected to the sequence of one hundred thousand light bulbs shining on one square meter the force exerted by the magnets could be compared to the way to fifty lorries and if this weren't enough. to grade the structural integrity of the wall this testing shave their concerns and electron beam which imitates the heat load on the wall to ensure it's capable of dissipating all this heat over a relatively small area without fracturing so how can two stand with a melting point of three and a half thousand degrees based on temperatures of over one hundred million. most of the particles held in the plasma only a few of them can escape the magnetic field and reach the first hole the talk of the density of the particles drops significantly which means that the fates attention the wall is subjected to these also lowered the water cooling the juicing steam. this is

a complicated task because we have to combine different materials into a single structure which should be able to operate for a decade or so being exposed to aggressive plasma. and we draw from soviet and russian researchers experience with modern materials for example the high energy laser mirrors rocket. vehicle ferrying protection high energy radars. and this is why russia was able to achieve excellent results in this area because it's. the money has to be adopted especially for. this laser welding machine he's used to. traditional welding techniques. in the well. after the break.

i marinate join me. in that in part and. carry on from this and much much. only on past and. i suspect. we're going to go digital the price is the only industry specifically mentioned in the constitution and. that's because a free and open process is critical to our democracy albums. in

fact the single biggest threat facing our nation today is the corporate takeover of our government and i was crushed cynical we've been a hydrogen lying handful of friends dash all corporations that will profit by destroying what our founding fathers once told us about my job market and on this show we reveal the big picture of what's actually going on in the world we go beyond identifying the problem trucks and rational debate in a real discussion critical issues facing up to five different job ready to join the movement then walk away from the big picture. if you need to review economic ups and downs in the final month they belong to the

old sang i and the rest because i was a neat case you believe everything we can all think. economic record sales force. north. korea. during johnson's term in office now right and. you know what if the republicans have signed.

a lot of the work for each as we count out here in st petersburg and what better place to come in the institute which is the birthplace of nuclear physics in russia it is also home to the country's newest talk of the global. church of himself which is a senior research at the ofer institute before moving to moscow to head his own lab as well as developing many diagnostic systems for you to the institutions also built to talk a mark of its own it uses a device to study plasma behavior as well as tests reheating systems police not like any talk we've seen before. the global sam is a spherical talk among it's also the new eastern russia i was built entirely in st petersburg it's more compact and traditional talk marks so the money so located much closer to the plasma which greatly reduces the amount of energy required to confine it the shape of the chamber also makes the past mean currently more stable and an increase in efficiency is achieved by holding the puzzling much more

centrally. despite the magnetic fields being generally we can this type of talk a mark making it harder to reach required possible density is certainly not without its uses. as far as the energy industry is concerned research is a currently designing a hybrid reactor that's a token mark or a spherical talk in our case is used as a source of false neutrons among like say there's no self-sustaining reaction and those false neutrons say used to irradiate spent unspent nuclear fuel with the blood clots normally used in classic fission reactors. isn't just providing a lot of technology a lot of the money of production is being tried out here as well one of the country's speciality is the simple so that's why he's joined forces with five other countries. and systems bush will provide

a total of seventy three spools of superconducting my nets a cable for each for the length of eight hundred meters. we have very. much. takes. to sample the sample. is stable. and there are many stages to the money for it to process the same super conducting . mechanical fire. and then send seven hundred fifty miles hits of protest where they are cleaned and. the why is it then won't produce strong means which in turn around five times to produce a caver first sentences that. is then about in a steel jackets and compressed the cable is loaded onto an eight and a half ton school for transportation. to the money it will be assembled in the

test giant money to simply facilitate a pub which will be money for russia. eighteen superconducting two fields and six field goals essential solenoids on the sets of correction calls that can find shape and control the placement inside the box and vessel. is an ancient russian city not only known for its beauty and rich history but its reputation for science the research and manufacturers is known far outside russia's borders. production facility. is responsible for producing nine out of the twenty four. were invented in russia in one thousand nine hundred sixty four now called the nice thing north good at least you took pride physics. know used in the vast majority of talking marks throughout the world as heating the puzzler without them will be next

to impossible. he says twenty four gyra trying to locate it in a separate building one hundred fifty meters away from it reacts the electromagnetic waves the producer be sent by a long wave guys into the reactor helping keep the cosmic to the temperature necessary for fusion. we see each as a regular customer since we've agreed to supply it with knowing. the year two thousand and twenty there are a regular customer but we also hope to be able to sell to all three. under other contracts in the same period. gyro is lucky to circle untrimmed is taken from electron so it's a pretty good name for a device that's based on the rotates emotional electrons. beams of elections are accelerated towards a covered see where strong when they see the field is applying the interaction between the rotating motion of the electrons and the most basic field generates high frequency radio waves to travel in

a straight line like an optical beam the high frequency waves excite the electrons in the passenger causing it to he talked a bit like a microwave heats water enjoy it also has a stabilizing effect on the puzzler helping prolong the length of the reaction and therefore the energy produced so that all these benefits demand for jerry jones is pretty high at the moment. of orders from germany china and japan but in the meantime it looks like we have another such five customer. review for. the project therefore. i hope i have the confidence. it's quarter meant to the project and. there is a leading member of the project therefore result. of the project before returning to france. physics where the artificial

diamond windows for the produced highly conductive results in very little power and they don't. they don't come cheap the latest estimates place the final cost of the project at thirteen billion euros so may say that the countries have simply blown the money away so those see the benefits of the project for the next couple of decades the money now represents a huge investment in the future energy security of the entire world. example of international cooperation at its best peaceful use of nuclear power for the advancement of mankind and protection of the environment most of the money invested in the project has already been through the technologies and materials developed which have countless uses already. known there's no doubt there's a long way to go for. the progress so far i'm sure fusion has a bright future but until then enjoy the right.

as a new physician i swear to abide by the hippocratic oath. to the best of my ability and judgment. i will prescribe for the good of my patients. i will not give deadly doses to anybody. or advise others to do so. i will never do harm to any one the. doctors of the dogs are to. put it on your cultural camarillo i should be making news on the face i describe

people. a pleasure to have you with us here on t.v. today i'm researcher. i'm abby martin the stories we cover here in uk and here in iraq other big story the extra that lives there is a reason they don't want international airport. now let's break the set. good luck to him. to build a new. mission

to teach creation about humans. is why you should care only. washington launches its drones in the skies over baghdad as western diplomats try to persuade kurds to remain part of iraq and fight the jihad. a truce is extended in eastern ukraine with both the military. ceasefire for the next three days. the us city of detroit close to a humanitarian crisis with the u.n. accusing local authorities there of human rights violations for cutting off water supplies to the poor. nato secretary-general anders fogh rasmussen prepares to leave his post report on the shady deals which allowed him to get the job.