the first step in the this is going to go on indefinitely. threatening very existence between the state and work under the different. alone welcome said old europe dates is the end of all it's all but not supposing in moscow but locally for us the someone hasn't been east everywhere so we see we pop culture bikes going to solve winters knocking at moscow's door which we normally

see done a long johns just yet so we travel to europe to soak up some rays imbibes a culture and see what's going on in the world of technology fronts was europe's largest exporter of electricity last year but despite this upon the steam power the country is still looking for new energy sources and even hosting the power that drives the song. there's a lot of energy in france i'm not just talking about the street don says the country ranks second in the world in terms of nuclear power stations but with a growing environmental and safety concerns the sun may be setting on nuclear energy as we know it's so many says from around the world have come to discourse of possible shift away from nuclear fission. there are currently one hundred eighty five nuclear power plants in europe and another seventeen on the way sun says almost a third of the total with fifty eight plants producing seventy eight percent of the country's energy needs only stay. have produced well over one million cubic meters

of radioactive waste ninety percent of which is stored in three facilities this is where nuclear fusion comes in almost the difference. nuclear fission isn't normally found in nature it's the process by which heavy elements split to form lighter elements and has been created by mankind to make our stations a nuclear bomb it's. typical reaction a neutron hits isotope which caused it to destabilize and splits into small elements and neutrons giving off energy unfortunately it's also uses a large amount of radioactive waste which is incredibly hard to dispose of safely nuclear fusion on the other hand is nature's atomic power i just have to look at the some of the stars to see it in action in this reaction hydrogen isotopes in this case here you combine to form a heavy isotope helium a single neutrons and lots of energy because most importantly the fusion gives off hardly any radioactive waste. a slow the idea of eater was first

discussed at an international forum in washington in one nine hundred seventy five together with the leader of the us thermo nuclear program we gave a report on things we could do together and on ways to do them back in one nine hundred seventy five we said we should work on what is known today as a technological platform this was it or this is what we said back in one nine hundred seventy five and all the work after that basically followed this plan which you. really have suggests that general secretary got about twelve bring it up at the geneva superpower summit in one thousand nine hundred eighty five he discussed it with president reagan and the international thermonuclear experimental react to project was born in europe france in particular was already looking to diversify its energy sources and join the project along with japan into cells. six. build

and decommission was signed and promise finally broken in two thousand and seven construction is now in full swing and gathering momentum every day. is also latin for the way symbolizing the way that she located in the south of france is one of the most ambitious international scientific collaboration is ever undertaken the e.u. india japan and china russia south korea and the u.s. representing over one hoth of the world's population all taking part in the project to make the holy grail of energy production a reality. but nuclear fusion won't come easy given the ground work for the project is a feat in itself that each test site is the size of sixty football pitches making it one of the largest manmade level surfaces in the world the access roads to the poles have all been reinforced to support the weights of the deliveries and five thousand people are expected to be working on the site during the peak of

construction as the host country france is responsible for a lot of the infrastructure but the sheer size of the projects is too much for one country alone. since this is an international project it's very important to make sure we're all on the same page different countries will be providing different components and it's important that all the components are supplied at the right time compatibility issues need to be taken care of. nature has none of these problems and creates fusion a long time ago the temperature at the sun's core is fifteen million degrees centigrade this combined with this huge mass and density create the perfect conditions for fusion so perfect in fights that the fuse is six hundred twenty million tons of hydrogen every second once construction is complete the real fun starts at the heart of the entire complex is this fusion reactor which will recreate the conditions in the center of the sun. due to equally charged so to overcome the not too. repulsion which happen so easily in the sun they need to be

heated to over one hundred fifty million degrees in a vacuum at this temperature they form a plasma which is confined to the to avoid old or donut shaped the only magnetic field on electric currents is going through the plasma to help heat it on the walls of the chamber have to be built to withstand the intense heat in vacuum conditions and this magical device that can create stars is called a talker mark but it's not a new invention. is a russian acronym for toroidal chamber with magnetic coils and it was created in russia over sixty years ago many of the people i'd spoken to mention the young red army soldiers when i asked them about the history of nuclear fusion so i went to the state library in moscow to find out more i was intrigued by this mysterious figure despite having received very little formal education before the outbreak of the second world war i developed a passion and a talent for nuclear physics. alexandrians here was the first person propose confining possible an electrostatic field in one hundred fifty brodie's i days in

a letter to stalin but never received a reply but the second letter addressed to the central committee caused quite a stir and his invited to moscow to discuss his ideas with soviet physicists andre sucker of an ego to tom and they were impressed by his original ity and boldness sucker of recommended that work canoe cliff fusion get started straight away but to find eleven inches i did using a circular magnetic field instead physicist eager to push outs of gave a talk in england where he revealed the soviet union's novel approach in progress the world was impressed the u.k. declassified its nuclear fusion research and international cooperation began in earnest the first magnetic plasma containment device the t one was created in one thousand nine hundred fifty seven the t. three which both sucker of and some had been working on was completed in one nine hundred sixty eight it's achieved record temperature levels and plasma confinement times and the talk about a quest to become the dominant concept in fusion research. after this talk amounts

began to sprinkle all over the world. some of the most notable include the joints european tourists or jets. which is chief the first controlled release of fusion power and holds the record for the most power produced this talk is currently being used to test a wall lining for. japan's j c sixty which holds the record for the highest possible time and temperature ratio on the c.s.t. on america which means to heat the plasma to a mindblowing five hundred ten million degrees c. despite these advances no talk of mike has ever achieved a long salt breakeven point where device releases the same amount of energy as it's used to start the reaction so experimental reactor at the it's purpose is to show everyone that all the major technological and physical problems have been so thermo nuclear energy is now available as a source of electricity for industrial needs it's a problem with. the alternatives to talk among the stellar rates it was in one

thousand nine hundred fifty in the us and doesn't run a current through the plasma making it easy to operate however any deviation from the complex geometric form results in a significant reduction in plasma containment characteristics was a lot of progress has been made in germany in recent years with a fine seventy six inertial confinement fusion uses dozens of high powered lasers to heat a compressed hydrogen fuel pellets and ignite a fusion reaction although exciting from a theoretical point of view it can be tricky to extract power from this method. there's also the talk turned out to be the most practical plasma confinements system. these days you know every decent university or laboratory has its own talk or marcus will proves it. the first ever talk a mock the team one was built right at the could chose to ski institute in moscow. the institute is named after a good coach author of the russian domestic agencies also based here managing all

aspects of the country's participation in the beats have projects. home since he was distant dissent in the t ten which was built almost forty years ago and is the largest talk among currently operating in russia that see time has generated around ninety thousand positive pulses which is way over its original designation despite its age old faithful still has a place in today's research and plays an important part in testing how plasma interacts with electromagnetic waves for the tap. firstly it will use this tocome up to test out new technologies once that does that we can apply them in a big scale secondly that we also use it to develop new diagnostic methods for me this is not an easy task because in actual fact many of these diagnostic tools do not yet exist and millions are eager to develop them and some of these diagnostic tools will be developed here at the office and it's. the talk of markets located

just behind these walls and take it from me it's quite something to see the possible of your naked eye but if you want to be able to control it you have to be able to monitor it and this is why they have this being generator generates a sense of being of neutral particles through the plasma which cause it's on the go a series of spectral changes the beam and comes out of the plasma center is five optic cable the constant being is given a frame rate of about two hundred fifty per second with this filter the beam then goes through this box and through a series of lenses and is finally picked up by the spectrometer to see. the spectrum it's been sent all this information to a computer which does the number crunching to calculate the spectral properties of the beam and these these properties that you calculate the heat and the concentration of the. the electric field strength and rotation speed of the. measurements these are the most important. and it.

will eventually be fitted in the. one diagnostic system is far from enough. monitored closely. there are different types of diagnostics. physical diagnostics technological diagnostics safe diagnostics give us a clear picture of the things happening inside the reactor. given the experimental nature if. you will have around forty five diagnostic systems nine of which have been developed here in russia. institute three in the institute and three in the institute. the diagnostic systems range from lasers x. rays a neutron cameras to impurity monitors particle spectrometers and radiation. unfortunately we can't cover them all checkouts

a few. institute is also working on these high fields side reflect the system we sense michael. and use the extent to which they reflected to gauge the density and therefore the stability of the plasma a wide range of frequencies are used which allows them to take a cross-section and see the density distribution within this is tested using this full. wave. but the main challenge different way frequency is done the same guide without distorting them this diagnostic technology the way it is meant to be applied editor has never been used with a talk a mark. so we decided to start by installing diagnostic sensors inside the t ten and now we have collected a full. re-image results. this is a full scale replica of the e.o. for institutes divert. the six ton device would be located just one point five

meters away from the. business and only a two centimeter gap in the. diverts helps maintain the purity of the place an important role in ensuring the safety of the talk. this. is the gamma radiation produced during the reaction this information used to measure the confinements of the alpha particles generated during fusion. a crucial role in producing a burning plasma which is a self-sustaining reaction. if any power. to institute is also building this neutral particle. concentrations. isotopes deviation from. the reactor this information allows

a few levels to be adjusted accordingly. russia has been put in charge of supplying this dog gnostic system basically that's because we've been leaders in the application of these diagnostics nuclear installations for a number of decades now we've dozens of instruments operating on this principle and supplied them to our foreign partners. institute he's also located in st petersburg and is heavily involved. so i went down. to see what they were up to maxime he's currently working on pas make mission systems for the. generate the huge electrical currents required to heat the plasma they also develop. conduit. from overheating if the small explosive charge in the prior break could detonate causing a small a minion bring to expunge and completes a bypass circuits which discharges the excess current in less than twenty

microseconds kind of like a giant fuse. or we have a range of key technologies being developed for the ether that must be supplied on time some of the needed to ensure the experiment safety. among them the technology is related to the magnetic system the vacuum chamber the palaces the chamber elements. this panel is part of the inside wall of the talk a mark is made up of lots of little tiles like this one. consists of a layer of tungsten copper. and the inside wall have over one million of them and six hundred thousand we made here in russia europe and japan also made these panels and the sun them hits we tested in this chamber the chamber can get into three thousand degrees c. but they only sessoms fifty hundred which is the exact same temperature as inside the talk of. the inside wall of the reactor represents an immense engineering challenge the heat is subjected to the sequence of one hundred thousand light bulbs

shining on one square meter on the force exerted by the magnets could be compared to the way to fifty lorries and if this weren't enough. to grade the structural integrity of the wall this to cinch a book contains an electron beam which imitates the heat load on the wall to ensure it's capable of dissipating all this heat over a relatively small area without fracturing so how can two stand with a melting point to three and a half thousand degrees based on temperatures of over one hundred million. most of the pond schools are held in the plasma only a few of them can escape the magnetic field and reach the first hole the talk of the density of the particles drops significantly which means that the fates attention the wall is subjected to these also lowered the water cooling the juicing steam. which drives a turbine to produce electricity. as of issues of storm this is a complicated task because we have to combine different materials into

a single structure which should be able to operate for a decade or so being exposed to aggressive plasma which we draw from soviet and russian researchers experience with modern materials for example the high energy laser mirrors rocket nozzles. vehicle fairing and thermal protection high energy radars. and this is why russia was able to achieve excellent results in this area that. there's. a lot of the money fight since it makes it has to be adopted especially for. this laser welding machine is used to get seamless joints and stainless steel water cooling system traditional welding techniques there are no impurities in the well to spouses of molten metal morning after the break.

i'm out in martin the stories we cover here are not in here in iraq but start. to reason they don't want you to know. now let's break the set. as a new physician i swear to abide by the hippocratic oath. to the best of my ability and judgment. i will prescribe for the good of my patients. i will not give deadly doses to anybody. or advise of those to do so. i will never do harm to any why. doctors of the dogs on to.

right from the scene. of the first strike. and i think the church. on our reporters twitter. and instagram. to be in the know. on mom. your friend posts a photo from a vacation you can't afford. to different. the boss repeats the same old joke of course you like. your ex-girlfriend still tends to rejection poetry keep. ignore it. we post only what really matters at r.t.

to your facebook use feet. first ok last us russia in russia i'm going to be on the cluster of nuts times that's a revolution of a ever asking us to sell all. straight. a lot of the work for each as we count out here in st petersburg and what better place to come than the e.o. for institute which is the birthplace of nuclear physics in russia it is also home to the country's newest talk of the global. church of himself which is a senior research at the ofer institute before moving to moscow to head his own lab as well as developing many diagnostic systems for you to the institute has also

built a talk of its own it uses a device to study possible behavior as well as test sample delivery heating systems police not like any talk about we've seen before. the global sam is a spherical talk among it's also the newest in russia and was built entirely in st petersburg is more compartment traditional talk much so the money so located much closer to the plasma which greatly reduces the amount of energy required to confine it the shape of the chamber also makes the past mean currently more stable and an increase in efficiency is achieved by holding the puzzler much more centrally. despite the magnetic fields being generally we can this type of talk about making it harder to reach required plasma density is certainly not without its uses. as far as the energy industry is concerned research is a currently designing those called a hybrid reactor that's a token mark or a spherical talk i'm back in our case is used as

a source of false neutrons among like say there's no self-sustaining reaction and those false neutrons say used to irradiate spent unspent nuclear fuel with the blood clots normally used in classic fission reactors. isn't just providing a lot of the technology for. a lot of the money a function is being carried out here as well one of the country's speciality is the simple so that's why he's joined forces with five other countries but he says. six systems bush will provide a total of seventy three spools of superconducting my nets a cable for each for the length of eight hundred meters. we are very pleased that the savage stream characteristics. are stable from sample to sample. is stable.

and there are many stages to the money for it to process the same superconducting produce so that you pick mechanical fire chief and then send seven hundred fifty miles heats up a job where they are cleaned and. the why is it then wanted to strongs which in turn around five times to produce a cable for sentences that it. is then about in a steel jackets and compressed the cable is loaded onto an eight and a half ton school for transportation. most of the miners will be assembled in the test giant money to simply facilitate a puff which will be money for russia. eighteen superconducting to oil field and six field goals essential solenoids on the sets of correction calls that can find shape and control the placement inside the box and vessel. is an ancient russian city not only known for its keep stress beauty and rich history but his

reputation for science the research and manufacturing is known far outside russia's borders. production facility. is responsible for nine out of the twenty four. joe johns were invented in russia in one thousand nine hundred sixty four now called a nice north institute for pride physics. know used in the vast majority of talk of marks throughout the world as heating the puzzle without them next to impossible. he says twenty four gyro trying to be located in a separate building one hundred fifty meters away from the reactor the electromagnetic waves the producer be sent via long wave guides into the reactor helping the cosmic to the temperature necessary for fusion. we see each as a regular customer since we've agreed to supply it with knowing ga trolls for the

year two thousand and twenty there are a regular customer but we also hope to be able to sell to all three. under other contracts in the same period. gyro is latin for circle untrimmed is taken from electron so it's a pretty good name for a device that's based on the rotates emotional electrons image. beams of elections are accelerated towards a covered see where strong when they see the field is applying the interaction between the rotating motion of the electrons and the maybe it's a field that generates high frequency radio waves to travel in a straight line most likely not. the high frequency waves excite the electrons in the customer causing it to he talked a bit like a microwave heats water the judge also has a stabilizing effect on the pulse helping prolong the length of the reaction and therefore the energy produced so that all these benefits demand could jar jones is pretty high at the moment. of orders from germany china and japan but in the

meantime it looks like we have another such five customer. review for. the project therefore. i hope i have the confidence. this quarter meant to the project. there is a leading member of the project for. the perfect before returning to france jean of. physics where the artificial diamond windows for the produced highly conductive resulting in very little power and they don't. they don't come cheap the latest estimates place the final cost of the project at thirteen billion euros so may say that the countries have simply blown the money away so the will see the benefits of the project for the next couple of

decades the money now represents a huge investment in the future energy security of the entire world. international cooperation at its best peaceful use of. mankind and protection of the environment most of the money invested in the project has already been through the technologies and materials developed which have already. known there's no doubt there's a long way to go for. the progress so far i'm sure fusion has a bright future but until then enjoy the right. his name was joseph he was nazi germany's minister of propaganda in the midst that he created exist to this day.

it was google's propaganda it was posing actually trying to denigrate other nations while at the same time raising ordinary german so students would. keep its. new precisely what the masses needed to hear in order to make them follow him he was like the pied paper from the fairy tale who made the rats fall to the tune of the spite of. the myths created by the chief nazi ideologist bound for tal soil in the west we have to fight these myths today in memory of those who won in the second world war. one of the wonderful moment was should be. the face.

of pleasure to have you with us here on t.v. today i'm sure. the for.

washington launches its drones in the skies over western diplomats try to persuade courage to remain part of iraq and. extended in eastern ukraine by both military and self-defense. continuing with mortar shells hitting russian territory. the u.s. city of detroit humanitarian crisis with the u.n. accusing local authorities of human rights violations or cutting off water supplies to the poor. to leave his post.