you were always nori pop culture bugs go in search of a song winter is knocking at moscow's door but we're not ready to die alone jones just yet so we travel to europe to soak up some rays imbibe the culture and see what's going on in the world of technology fronts was europe's largest exporter of electricity last year but despite its opponents in power the country is still looking for new energy sources and even has to bring the power the jobs the sun don't. there's a lot of energy in france and i'm not just talking about the street dunces the country ranks second in the world in terms of nuclear power stations but with growing environmental and safety concerns the sun may be setting on nuclear energy as we know it so many says from around the world have come to discourse of possible shift away from nuclear fission. there are currently one hundred eighty five nuclear power plants in europe and another seventeen on the way france has almost a third of the total with fifty eight plants producing seventy eight percent of the country's energy needs only stations have produced well over one million cubic

meters of radioactive waste ninety percent of which is stored in three facilities this is where nuclear fusion comes in almost the difference. nuclear fission isn't normally found in nature it's the process by which heavy elements split to form lighter elements and has been created by man kind to make poa stations and nuclear bombs. typical reaction a neutron hits isotope which caused it to destabilize and splits into small elements and neutrons giving off an edgy unfortunately it's also produces a large amounts of radioactive waste which is incredibly hard to dispose of safely nuclear fusion on the other hand is nature's atomic power you just have to look at the some of the stars to see it in action in this reaction hydrogen isotopes in this case tritium and uteri and combine to form a heavy isotope helium a single neutron and lots of energy because most important. fusion gives off hardly

any radioactive waste. a slow the idea of eater was first discussed at an international forum in washington in one nine hundred seventy five together with the leader of the us thermo nuclear program we gave a report on things we could do together and on ways to do them back in one nine hundred seventy five we said we should work on what is known today as a technological platform this was it or this is what we said back in one nine hundred seventy five and all the work after that basically followed this plan which you. have suggested that general secretary got about twelve bring it up at the geneva superpower summit in one nine hundred eighty five he discussed it with president reagan and the international thermonuclear experimental react to project was born in europe france in particular was already looking to diversify its energy sources and joined the project along with japan in two thousand and six the

agreement to build and decommission was signed and dramas finally broken in two thousand and seven construction is now in full swing and gathering momentum every day. heat is also latin for the way symbolizing the way that she locating cataracts in the south of france is one of the most ambitious international scientific collaboration is ever undertaken the e.u. india japan and china russia south korea and the u.s. representing over one hoth of the world's population all taking part in the project to make the holy grail of energy production a reality. but nuclear fusion won't come easy given the ground work for the project is a feat in itself that each site is the size of sixty football pitches making it one of the largest manmade level surfaces in the world the access roads from the poles of all the lean force to support the weight of the deliveries and five thousand people expected to. working on the site during the peak of construction as the host

country france is responsible for a lot of the infrastructure but the sheer size of the projects is too much for one country alone. since this is an international project it's very important to make sure we're all on the same page different countries will be providing different components and it's important that all the components are supplied at the right time compatibility issues need to be taken care of. nature has none of these problems and creates fusion a long time ago the temperature at the sun's core is fifteen million degrees centigrade this combined with this huge mass and density create the perfect conditions for fusion so perfect some fights that it fuses six hundred twenty million tons of hydrogen every second construction is complete the real fun starts at the heart of the entire complex is this fusion reactor which will recreate the conditions in the sense of the sun. due to equally charged so to overcome the not

to repulsion which happen so easily in the sun they need to be heated to over one hundred fifty million degrees in a vacuum at this temperature they form a possum which is confined to detroit all four donut shaped unique magnetic field and electric currents is run through the plasma to help heat it on the walls of the chamber have to be built to withstand the intense heat and vacuum conditions and this magical device that can create stars is called talk a mark but it's not a new invention. is a russian acronym for toroidal chamber with magnetic coils and it was created in russia over sixty years ago. many of the people i've spoken to mention the young red army soldiers when i asked them about the history of nuclear fusion so i went to the state library in moscow to find out more i was intrigued by this mysterious figure despite having received very little formal education before the outbreak of the second world war i developed a passion and the talent for nuclear physics. a little princess was the first person to post. an electrostatic field in one hundred fifty votes in

a letter to stalin but never received a reply but a second letter addressed to the central committee caused quite a stir and he's invited to moscow to discuss his ideas with soviet physicists andre sucker of tom and they were impressed by his originality and boldness some kind of recommended that will continue cliff fusion get started straight away but you find . using a secure magnetic field instead of physicist eager to chris shots of gave a talk in england where he revealed the soviet union's novel approach in progress the world was impressed by the u.k. declassified its nuclear fusion research and international cooperation began in earnest the first magnetic plasma containment device the t one was created in one thousand nine hundred fifty seven the teeth three which will cycle of and tom had been working on was completed in one thousand nine hundred sixty eight it's a huge record temperature levels and plasma confinement times and the talk about to become the dominant concept in fusion research after this talk amounts began to

sprinkle all over the world. some of the most notable include the joint european taurus or jets in the u.k. which if the first controlled release of fusion power and holds the record for the most power produced this talking mark is currently being used to test a wall lining for. japan's j c sixty which holds the record for the highest plasma time density and temperature ratio and it's t.n.t. on america which managed to heat the plasma to a mindblowing five hundred ten million degrees c. despite these advances no talking mike has ever achieved a long salt breakeven point where device releases the same amount of energy as it's used to start the reaction. it. is not a nuclear power plant it's an experimental reactor at its purpose is to show everyone that all the major technological and physical problems have been so thermo nuclear energy. he is now available as

a source of electricity for industrial needs if you get a problem with. the alternatives to talk among the stellar rater was invented nine hundred fifty in the us and doesn't run a current through the plasma making it easy to operate however any deviation from the complex geometric form results in a significant reduction in plasma containment characteristics was a lot of progress has been made in germany in recent years with the bengals trying seventy six inertial confinement fusion uses dozens of high powered lasers to heat a compressed tight ship fuel pellets and ignite a fusion reaction although exciting from a theoretical point of view it can be tricky to extract power from this method. there's also the talk turned out to be the most practical plasma confinement system . the fact that these days every decent university or laboratory has its own talk a market proves it. the first ever talk a mock the team one was built right at the could just as he institutes in moscow.

the institute is named after eagle of course shots of the russian domestic agencies also based here managing all aspects of the country's participation in the project . he's now home says he wants distant descendant which was built almost forty years ago and is the largest talk among currently operating in russia that see time has generated around ninety thousand positive pulses which is way over its original designation despite its age old faithful still has a place in today's research and plays an important part in testing how plasma interacts with electromagnetic waves for each. firstly it will use this tocome up to test out new technologies once that does that we can apply them in a big scale secondly that we also use it to develop new diagnostic methods for this is not an easy task because in actual fact many of these diagnostic tools do not

yet exist and millions are eager to develop them and some of these diagnostic tools will be developed here at the office and it's either more or less the talk is located just behind these walls and take it from me it's quite something to see the possible of your naked eye but if you want to be able to control it you have to be able to monitor it and this is why they have this being generated. that generates a sense of being of neutral particles through the plaza which cause it's on the go a series of spectral changes the beaming comes out of the plasma sensors five optic cable the constant beam is given a frame rate of about two hundred fifty per second with this filter to be in the go through this box and through a series of lenses and it's finally picked up by the spectrometer to see. the spectrometer that sends all this information to a computer which does the number crunching to calculate the spectral properties of the beam and these these properties let you calculate the heat and the concentration of the. the electric field strength and rotation speed of the can

also be from these measurements these are the most important. version of this laser system will eventually be fitted in the. one diagnostic system is far from enough. be monitored closely. there are different types of diagnostics. physical diagnostics. technological diagnostics and then there are safe diagnostics that give us a clear picture of the things happening inside the reactor we were. given the experimental nature of the reality will have around forty five diagnostic systems nine of which have been developed here in russia three in the institute three in the institute and three in the institute. the diagnostic systems range from lasers x. rays a neutron cameras same purity monitors particle spectrometers and radiation. unfortunately

we can't cover them all but check out a few. institute is also working on these high fields side reflect the system since michael. and uses the extent to which they reflected to gauge the density and therefore the stability of the plasma a wide range of frequencies are used which allows them to take a cross-section and see the density distribution within the system is tested using this full. wave. but the main challenge different way frequency is done the same guide without distorting them this diagnostic technology the way it is meant to be applied editor has never been used with the talk of mark. so we decided to start by installing diagnostics sensors inside the t ten and now we have collected a full. ray machine results. this is a full scale replica of the e.o.

for institute divert. the six ton device would be located just one point five meters away from the. business and only a two centimeter gap in the. diverts helps maintain the purity of the plays an important role in ensuring the safety operation of the. vertical gamma ray camera registers the gamma radiation produced during the reaction this information used to measure the confinement of the alpha particles generated during fusion. a crucial role in producing a burning which is a self-sustaining reaction. if any power. to institute is also building this neutral particle. concentrations. in energy. isotopes deviation from.

the reactor this information allows a few levels to be adjusted accordingly. russia has been put in charge of supplying this dog gnostic system basically that's because we've been leaders in the application of these diagnostics nuclear installations for a number of decades now we've dozens of instruments operating on this principle and supplied them to our foreign partners. institute he's also located in st petersburg and is heavily involved. so i went down. to see what they were up to maxime he's currently working on pas make mission systems for that. generate the huge electrical currents required to heat the plasma they also develop. come to. from overheating if this happens

a small explosive charge in the pyre break could detonate causing a small and medium brings to expand and complete to bypass circuits which discharges the excess current in less than twenty microseconds kind of like a giant fuse. or we have a range of key technologies being developed for the ether that must be supplied on time some of the needed to ensure the experiment safety. among them the technology is related to the magnetic system the vacuum chamber. system and some chamber elements. this panel is part of the inside wall of the talk a mark is made up of lots of little tiles like this one. consists of a layer of tungsten copper bronze and the inside wall have over one million of them and six hundred thousand we made here in russia europe and japan also made these panels and the sun them hits we tested in this chamber the chamber can have been for three thousand degrees c. but still it's less than fifty hundred which is the exact same temperature as

inside the talk of. the inside wall of the reactor represents an immense engineering challenge the heat is subjected to the sequence of one hundred thousand light bulbs shining on one square meter the force exerted by the magnets could be compared to the way to fifty lorries and if this weren't enough. degrades the structural integrity of the wall this testing shaper contains an electron beam which imitates the heat load on the wall to ensure it's capable of dissipating all these heat over a relatively small area without fracturing so how can two stand with a melting point to three and a half thousand degrees based on temperatures of over one hundred million. cases most of the possibles are held in the plasma only a few of them can escape the magnetic field and reach the first hole the talk of the density of the particles drops significantly which means that if a detention the wall is subjected to these also lowered the water cooling the wall using steam. which drives a turbine to produce electricity. this is

a complicated task because we have to combine different materials into a single structure which should be able to operate for a decade or so being exposed to aggressive plasma which we draw from soviet and russian researchers experience with modern materials for example high energy laser mirrors rocket nozzles. vehicle fairing and thermal protection high energy radars. and this is why russia was able to achieve excellent results in this area that. there's. a lot of the money has to be adopted especially for. this laser welding machines used to be seamless joints and. traditional welding techniques there are no impurities in the weld. metal. after the break.

to cook right on the scene took the first trip to a not a gripping picture. on a reporter's twitter. and instagram. to be in the. mob. his name was joseph goebbels he was nazi germany's minister of propaganda in the midst that he created exist to this day.

it was google's propaganda it was posing actually trying to denigrate other nations while at the same time raising ordinary german soldier steams who would. keep its complete use of go bill sniff precisely what the masses need to hear in order to make them follow him he was like the pipe paper from the fairy tale that made rats fall to the tune of the spite of. the myths created by the chief nazi ideologist bound for tal soil in the west we have to fight these myths today in memory of those who was in the second world war. the first school the tried to. pull out of. the war to destroy the teaching everybody to.

come up. oh well. my. wife. was saying this setting all time low for excuses not to meet women. sometimes for nothing. this season and. it's not just the story will be just a.b.c. being a stage eight will be. the teacher was. playing . your friend post a photo from a vacation you can't afford. to different. the boss repeats the same old joke of course you like. your ex-girlfriend still pens

tear jerking poetry keep. ignoring. the post only what really matters. to your facebook news feed. a lot of the work for. petersburg and what better place to come in the institute which is the birthplace of nuclear physics in russia it is also home to the country's newest to the globe. himself which is a senior research at the ofer institute before moving to moscow to head his own lab as well as developing many diagnostic systems for the institutions also talk

a mark of its own it uses a device to study possible behavior as well as tests. reheating systems please not like any talk we've seen before. the global sam is a spherical talk he's also the newest in russia and was built entirely in st petersburg is more compact lynch additional talk much so the money so located much closer to the plasma which greatly reduces the amount of energy required to confine it the shape of the chamber also makes the past main currently more stable and an increase in efficiency is achieved by holding the puzzler much more centrally. despite the magnetic fields being generally we can this type of talk mark making it harder to be true quite possibly density is certainly not without its uses. as far as the energy industry is concerned research is a currently designing a hybrid react it's a talk a mark or a spherical talk i'm back in a case it's used as a source of false neutrons among like say there's no self-sustaining reaction and

those votes in your home say used to irradiate spent unspent nuclear fuel like what's normally used in just six fission reactors. isn't just providing a lot of technology for a lot of the money a fraction is being tried out here as well one of the country's speciality specific conduct says so that's why it's joined forces with five other countries to produce coils but he says to royal and preorder my next existence bush will provide a total of seventy three spools of superconducting my nets a cable for each for the length of over eight hundred meters you would fall but. we are very pleased that superconductors a bunch of the stable characteristics. that is don't get a high and then for very low water. a stable from sample to sample. means of production method is stable. but. there are many stages to the money for

it to process the same stupid. producer that ship is commit chemical factory and then send seven hundred fifty miles hits of where they are cleaned. the why is it then won't produce strongs which in turn around five times to produce a cable first sentences that. is then dropped in a steel jackets and compressed the cable is loaded onto an eight and a half ton school for transportation. most of the money is will be assembled in the test giant money to simply facility. which will be money for russia. eighteen superconducting two oil fields and six political field calls essential solenoids on the sets of correction calls that can find shape and control the placement inside the box and vessel. is an ancient russian city not only known for its beauty and rich history but his reputation for science the

research and manufacturing is known far outside russia's borders. production facility. is responsible for producing nine out of the twenty four. were invented in russia in one thousand nine hundred sixty four. physics. are used in the vast majority of the world. next to impossible. twenty four joe johns will be located in a separate building one hundred fifty meters away from. the electromagnetic waves the producer of the senate trial wave guys into the reactor helping keep the cosmic to the temperature necessary for fusion. we see each as a regular customer since we've agreed to supply it with knowing. the year two

thousand and twenty there are regular customers but we also hope to be able to sell . under all the contracts in the same period. gyro is likely to circle untrimmed is taken from electron so it's a pretty good name for a device that's based on the rotates emotional electrons image. beams of elections are accelerated towards a covered c. west strong when they see the field is applying it the interaction between the rotating motion of the electrons and the magnetic field generates high frequency radio waves to travel in a straight line most likely not. the high frequency waves excite the electrons in the customer causing it to he talked a bit like a microwave heats water enjoy it also has a stabilizing effect on the puzzler helping prolong the length of the reaction and therefore the energy produced so that all these benefits demand could jar jones is pretty high at the moment. of orders from germany china and japan in the meantime it looks like we have another such fight customer. reviewing.

the project therefore. i hope i have the confidence. it's correct amount to the project and also already there is a leading member of the project or results. since the excess over the project before returning to france which gina visited the plight of physics where the artificial diamond windows for the gyrations of being produced highly conductive resulting in very little power loss and they don't look that bad either but i bet they don't come cheap the latest estimates place the final cost of the project at thirteen billion euros or so may say that the countries have simply blown the money away so those see the benefits of the project for the next couple of decades the money put into it now represents

a huge investment in the future energy security of the entire world is a sterling. best of the peaceful use of. mankind and protection of the environment most of the money invested in the project has already been through the technologies and materials developed which have already. known there's no doubt there's a long way to go for. the progress so far i'm sure fusion has a bright future but until then enjoy the right.

i'm abby martin the stories we cover here are not going here in iraq it's our big story that lives there's a reason they don't want you to. point. out now let's break the set. first class russia yet seen profit played up to be on the cost will not stop i said something about revolution only ever in the us itself. don't think the united states bond for ousting in a polish neither did russia i think fine for taking control of more crimea and yet there we have a major crisis is on our hands. do you think that is likely to be resolved in some sort of constructive way now because. this is the last change in borders that happens this way that i'm not saying will be forgotten but you know people. on that

them selves to the realities if it turns out though the system first up of this is going to go on indefinitely. to threaten the very existence of between the state and work under the different. for ever new should to go straight from being a violent side of the existing order to being a well run from zero kristie is impossible it just won't happen because the acts of the revolution is so fond of the off the shoulder a so great that there is a period of chaos. since the end of the cold war the media environment has transformed almost beyond recognition today there is a global battle for hearts and minds and the west mainstream media is losing about .

the. iraqi kurds take. to shelve the ongoing chaos to capture the economy do you want to energy science while running a referendum on finally getting the independent state. ukraine's president extends the trousseau with anti-government forces for three more days very sizeable to uphold the ceasefire but stray shells from sporadic fighting keep hitting the russian border. done another world cup worth his protest against labor conditions of that group described as nothing short of a hole with ink. and the you want is calling massive water cut off something he was a city of detroit and while a shell of human rights while authorities are still trying.